Role models can serve as a means to counteract the prevalent 'Think Leader, Think Male' stereotype. This study was designed to assess the impact of role model similarity on women's leadership self-efficacy, task performance and future leadership behavior, using two conceptualizations of similarity – match with leadership self-concept and attainability of the role model. Additionally, the process by which one's self-perceptions of leadership impact judgments of one's own behavior was also investigated. Participants were presented with a role model vignette in a laboratory setting, following which they complete a leadership task. Results indicated that there were no significant effects of the interaction of the two role model manipulations of various leadership outcomes. However, match of role model with one's self-concept did impact one's leadership self-efficacy. Results also indicated that agentic leader prototypes partially mediated the relation between individuals' self-concept and self-judgments, such that participants whose self-concept matched the role model activated the agentic leader prototype. Overall findings suggest that match with one's self concept plays an important role in role models being perceived as similar to the self, which can have important implications for women's leadership development. / Master of Science

The creation of identity, a stable sense of one's self, is a major developmental process in adolescence (Erikson, 1950). Identity develops through the process of socialization and identification with other people, such as role models. Adolescents have a primary inclination to use media in socialization, and Arnett ( 1995),reasons that the familial sources of socialization start to diminish during adolescence. Although peers are a major contributor of identity formation, media personalities are also used in the development of identity (Arnett, 1995). The purpose of the present study was to examine adolescents' identity-socialization process through use of 'media-based personalities. A sample of three-hundred-and-one students between the ages of 11 and 21 were surveyed. The participants were administered a questionnaire packet including written instructions and questions pertaining to the individual’s demographics, and identification with media-based role models. The packet also included the following inventories: the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (O'Brien and Epstein, 1987), the Emotional Autonomy Scale (Steinberg and Silverberg, 1986), and the Extended Version: Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (Adams and Grotevant, 1979). The results of the present study suggested that media role models do have a significant impact on identity development in adolescence. Younger adolescents did not differ from older adolescents in overall level of media role model identification, but the variation in level of identification was much smaller for younger than for older adolescents, indicating that older adolescents are more individuated in their attitudes toward role models. Significant correlation's were also found between how often one wears clothing and jewelry associated with media role models and personality variables, such as emotional autonomy and level of identity attainment. Level of Total identification with media role models stayed high and steady throughout all adolescent age ranges. This finding suggests that media role models are highly identified with by adolescents. Overall, this study purports that media role model identification is a healthy process in identity achievement.

Os estudantes desenvolvem suas atividades em diferentes ambientes educacionais, internalizando modelos de atuação profissional e espelhando-se nas experiências profissionais de seus professores e profissionais não docentes. Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar a percepção de estudantes de Terapia Ocupacional sobre os atributos mais importantes em bons modelos de profissional e identificar a percepção de terapeutas ocupacionais docentes e não docentes apontados pelos estudantes como bons modelos sobre os atributos que consideram como representativos desta sua característica. Foram abordados 116 estudantes da FMRP-USP e 102 da UFSCar, através de questionário estruturado e grupos focais; 12 profissionais docentes e não docentes da FMRP-USP e 10 da UFSCar, através de entrevista individual semi-estruturada. Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente (por meio de estatística descritiva) e qualitativamente (através de análise de conteúdo). Os estudantes identificaram como atributos importantes de um bom modelo de profissional: ter um bom relacionamento com o aluno, com o paciente e com a equipe de trabalho; demonstrar empatia; possuir didática; ser organizado e demonstrar comprometimento com o seu crescimento pessoal e profissional. Os profissionais docentes e não docentes referiram que foram indicados como bons modelos por demonstrarem empatia; apresentarem bom relacionamento interpessoal (com o estudante e com o paciente) e mostrar relação teórico-prática. Pode-se concluir que os atributos de um bom modelo para estudantes, não diferem da percepção de docentes/profissionais sobre suas próprias habilidades positivas. Os dados obtidos neste estudo sobre os atributos de um bom modelo na formação do terapeuta ocupacional poderão ser aplicados em programas nacionais de capacitação e desenvolvimento docente. / Students develop their activities in different educational environments, internalizing models of professional performance and mirroring themselves in the professional experiences of their teachers and non-teaching professionals. The objective of this study was to identify the perception of Occupational Therapy students about the most important attributes in good role models and to identify the perception of occupational and non-teaching occupational therapists pointed out by the students as good models about the attributes they consider as representative of their characteristic . A total of 116 students from FMRP-USP and 102 from UFSCar were approached through a structured questionnaire and focus groups; 12 teaching and non-teaching professionals from FMRP-USP and 10 from UFSCar, through a semistructured individual interview. Data were analyzed quantitatively (through descriptive statistics) and qualitatively (through content analysis). The students identified as important attributes of a good role model: having a good relationship with the student, the patient and the work team; demonstrate empathy; possess didactics; be organized and demonstrate commitment to your personal and professional growth. Clinical tutors believed that they were nominated as good role models because they demonstrated empathy; a good relationship with student and patient and were able to link theory to professional practice. It can be concluded that the perceptions of occupational therapy students and clinical tutors about role models attributes were similar. Identification of good role model characteristics may inform teacher training and faculty development in occupational therapy.

Os estudantes desenvolvem suas atividades em diferentes ambientes educacionais, internalizando modelos de atuação profissional e espelhando-se nas experiências profissionais de seus professores e profissionais não docentes. Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar a percepção de estudantes de Terapia Ocupacional sobre os atributos mais importantes em bons modelos de profissional e identificar a percepção de terapeutas ocupacionais docentes e não docentes apontados pelos estudantes como bons modelos sobre os atributos que consideram como representativos desta sua característica. Foram abordados 116 estudantes da FMRP-USP e 102 da UFSCar, através de questionário estruturado e grupos focais; 12 profissionais docentes e não docentes da FMRP-USP e 10 da UFSCar, através de entrevista individual semi-estruturada. Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente (por meio de estatística descritiva) e qualitativamente (através de análise de conteúdo). Os estudantes identificaram como atributos importantes de um bom modelo de profissional: ter um bom relacionamento com o aluno, com o paciente e com a equipe de trabalho; demonstrar empatia; possuir didática; ser organizado e demonstrar comprometimento com o seu crescimento pessoal e profissional. Os profissionais docentes e não docentes referiram que foram indicados como bons modelos por demonstrarem empatia; apresentarem bom relacionamento interpessoal (com o estudante e com o paciente) e mostrar relação teórico-prática. Pode-se concluir que os atributos de um bom modelo para estudantes, não diferem da percepção de docentes/profissionais sobre suas próprias habilidades positivas. Os dados obtidos neste estudo sobre os atributos de um bom modelo na formação do terapeuta ocupacional poderão ser aplicados em programas nacionais de capacitação e desenvolvimento docente. / Students develop their activities in different educational environments, internalizing models of professional performance and mirroring themselves in the professional experiences of their teachers and non-teaching professionals. The objective of this study was to identify the perception of Occupational Therapy students about the most important attributes in good role models and to identify the perception of occupational and non-teaching occupational therapists pointed out by the students as good models about the attributes they consider as representative of their characteristic . A total of 116 students from FMRP-USP and 102 from UFSCar were approached through a structured questionnaire and focus groups; 12 teaching and non-teaching professionals from FMRP-USP and 10 from UFSCar, through a semistructured individual interview. Data were analyzed quantitatively (through descriptive statistics) and qualitatively (through content analysis). The students identified as important attributes of a good role model: having a good relationship with the student, the patient and the work team; demonstrate empathy; possess didactics; be organized and demonstrate commitment to your personal and professional growth. Clinical tutors believed that they were nominated as good role models because they demonstrated empathy; a good relationship with student and patient and were able to link theory to professional practice. It can be concluded that the perceptions of occupational therapy students and clinical tutors about role models attributes were similar. Identification of good role model characteristics may inform teacher training and faculty development in occupational therapy.

Women in visual media are generally underrepresented and stereotypically portrayed.  It is a very undifferentiated image, that few women can actually identify with. Norm-breaking characters can have an essential part and a positive influence on humans identity formation, research shows. The purpose of this study is to examine eight women’s stories about how television shows had an impact on their identity formation, primarily focusing on Hannah from the very popular tv-series Girls. Hannah has been described as a plain and slightly overweight heroine, not suited for modern television. The study is built on a qualitative science-method through semi-structured interviews, with subjective stories as focal point. The selection of interviewees identify themselves as women and have seen Girls. The study shows that Hannah works as a role model by inspiring the interviewees to acknowledge and accept their self-view, in addition to increasing their bravery and place amongst other people. Thenceforth, they felt that there was a small representation of strong female characters on modern television and saw a necessity for Hannah in popular culture.

Disproportionately high numbers of Black people use mental health services and experience involuntary treatment in the UK. There is no simple explanation, but research and policy suggest that groups run by and for Black people with mental health problems provide valued support. This study asks how community development (CD) practice can help these groups to develop and thrive. The research adopted an action research framework to develop four cycles of research, each informing the next, within a social constructivist paradigm. Methods were mainly qualitative: interviews, group discussions and observation, with a questionnaire survey in cycle one. This asked CD practitioners about their activities and helped to identify two groups for case studies in cycles two and three. During the case studies, groups received development support on their chosen topic while participating in qualitative research; activities were clearly demarcated. Reflective field notes added to the data. In the fourth cycle reflective conversations with eminent ‘critical friends’ refined and affirmed the learning. Thematic analysis was continuous and progressive. Findings suggest that CD practitioners can inspire and help Black people with mental health problems to come together in member-led, mutually supportive groups, justifying Black-only membership. Effective practitioners, especially Black role models, helped groups to generate self-belief and self-efficacy through collective action, enabling members to change their status, services and community. Those practitioners who demonstrated critical humility, commitment and competence broke the pattern of racial and psychiatric dominance. Others inadvertently reinforced societal oppression. A new concept is introduced to encapsulate the learning: the ‘liberation approach’ to CD which synthesises four perspectives: radical CD, mental health recovery, Black self-help and liberation theories. This approach helps groups to challenge oppressive processes, breaking the mould in which they feel constrained. The study contributes new theory, evidence and research methodology about CD and self-organising groups within this context.

Introduction: The deleterious health effects of tobacco use and smoking in particular have been well documented. Anti-smoking campaigns have been in existence for decades. Doctors, generally perceived as role models by members of their societies, can play a significant role in anti-tobacco programmes. Objectives: The objectives were: to determine the prevalence of tobacco use among medical students, their knowledge of the health effects of tobacco use, their beliefs and perceptions about anti-tobacco legislation/restrictions and the role of doctors as advocates in tobacco-cessation programmes. Methodology: A cross-sectional census was carried out using the 3rd and 5th year students at the medical school of the University of the Witwatersrand (n = 357). Results: The total prevalence of smoking was 15.4% (n = 53), with 9.6% (n = 34) smoking occasionally and 6.2% (n = 22) smoking daily. Among the smokers, more of the 3rd year students smoked daily compared to the 5th years (64% vs 19.3%, p = 0.001). Overall, there were no major differences between the sexes with respect to prevalence of smoking (P= 0.312 Fischer exact test) across both classes. Within the male population (Africans, whites and Asians) overall differences ( 2- אל 11.1, p= 0.006) existed in their smoking patterns. Both the whites and the Asians smoked more than their African counterparts (5.8%, n = 3). There were however no differences in the smoking prevalence rates between the whites and the Asians ((20.9% vs 31.6%: p= 0.314). The females differed (P = 0.042 Fischer exact test) in their smoking behaviour across the races: Coloured (33.3%, n = 2), white (16.5%, n = 18), Asian (13.3%, n =9) and Africans (4.0%, n = 2). The prevalence of noncigarette tobacco use was 14%, with the majority smoking hookahs (7.1%, n=26). More of the 5th year students than their 3rd year students counterparts (23.5% vs 7.1%) had very good knowledge of tobacco cessation techniques and overall differences were observed ( 2אל -35.5, P <0.001). About 90% (n = 316) of the students knew about the dangers of smoking, but 12% (n = 41) did not associate smoking with heart disease. About 45% (n= 179) of the respondents believed that ban of smoking in public space had reduced prevalence rates and about 40% (n= 172) believed that taxation had reduced prevalence rates of tobacco use in South Africa. Almost 50% (n= 164) students believed that the ban of tobacco sales to minors had reduced prevalence rates and about 85% (n= 286) of the respondents agreed that pictorial health warnings should be placed on the packages of tobacco products. The students generally believed that doctors are seen as role models (84%, n= 286) by society and should not smoke (86.3%, n= 299). Even though 81% (n= 279) of the students were willing to speak to the community about the dangers of tobacco, only about 30% (n= 101) were willing to be members in an anti-tobacco organisation. Discussion and conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among the respondents was lower than national prevalence rates among adults but similar to that of South African young adults. The students had a low knowledge of tobacco cessation techniques. Less than half of the respondents believed that the current anti-tobacco legislation was effective and the majority supported the inclusion of pictorial warnings on the packages of tobacco products. The majority of the participants agreed that doctors were perceived as role models by members of their communities and should not smoke. There was a general willingness on the part of the respondents to advice their patients to quit smoking but majority of the participants however would not want to get involved in anti-tobacco organisations in the future.

Stereotypes associating men more strongly with science compared to women have harmful implications for women’s science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) outcomes. Exposure to successful female STEM role models can buffer women from the effect of these stereotypes and lead to better performance and greater interest in STEM fields. Moreover, role model identification is especially important for improving women’s STEM outcomes. The current study posits that encouraging women to reflect on the ways in which they identify with a role model will improve women’s STEM identification, STEM sense of belonging, weaken explicit STEM stereotypes, and will strengthen implicit associations between women and science over the course of a semester, which will then lead to increased desire to pursue STEM opportunities and improved STEM GPA. Seventy-two incoming freshmen women interested in majoring in STEM completed the study. Participants read two role model biographies at different time points during the semester, and at both time points were asked to either write about the ways in which they identified with the role model, asked to write facts about the role model, or asked to write facts about a woman whose hobbies they read about (i.e., control condition). Results revealed that encouraging women to identify with a role model weakened explicit stereotypes and strengthened implicit women-science associations compared to merely exposing women to a role model. Furthermore, encouraging women to identify with a role model and merely exposing women to a role model tended to increase STEM sense of belonging compared to not exposing women to a role model. These findings suggest that encouraging women to identify with a role model is important for improving women’s STEM attitudes. / acase@tulane.edu

<p>Syftet med föreliggande studie var att få en djupare förståelse för om, och i så fall hur, någravuxna skilsmässobarn upplevde att föräldrarnas skilsmässa har påverkat dem tanke-, känsloochbeteendemässigt. Studien baserades på följande frågeställningar: Vilken inställning hardessa vuxna skilsmässobarn haft till att själva ingå äktenskap och/eller bilda familj och skaffabarn? Vilken inställning har dessa vuxna skilsmässobarn haft till företeelsen skilsmässa? Ivilken utsträckning har dessa vuxna skilsmässobarn upplevt nära relationer och tillit till andramänniskor? Hur har dessa vuxna skilsmässobarn upplevt kortare perioder separerade från näraanknytningspersoner? Vilken erfarenhet har dessa vuxna skilsmässobarn av förebilder ochsubstitut? Metodologiskt användes en semistrukturerad intervjumetod, och urvalet bestod avtvå män och tre kvinnor. Intervjuerna pågick i cirka 45 minuter och behandlade följandeteman: ”äktenskap/skilsmässa”, ”bilda familj/skaffa barn”, ”nära relationer/tillit”,”separationssvårigheter” samt ”förebilder/substitut”. Resultatet visade att samtligaintervjupersoner, på ett eller annat sätt, och i större eller mindre utsträckning, upplevde attskilsmässan mellan föräldrarna har haft en negativ påverkan på dem. Bland annat visade detsig att flera var negativt inställda till att själva ingå äktenskap och rädda för att skaffa barn.Majoriteten av dem uppgav även bristande tillit till det motsatta könet, separationssvårigheterfrån nära anknytningspersoner, behov av förebilder samt ett stort behov av förståelse försituationen kring föräldrarnas skilsmässa. Diskussionen berörde äktenskap och barn, kärlekoch tillit, förebilder och substitut samt ålderns betydelse och vikten av förståelse.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to achieve a deeper understanding of if, and in that case how,some adult children of divorce experienced that their parents’ divorce has made an impact inthought, feelings and behavior. The study was based on the following questions: What attitudehave these adult children of divorce had towards marrying and/or forming families and gettingchildren of their own? What attitude have these adult children of divorce had towardsdivorce? To what extent have these adult children of divorce experienced close relationshipsand trust towards others? How have these adult children of divorce experienced beingseparated from their near and dear for short periods of time? What experience do these adultchildren of divorce have from role models and substitutes? Methodologically a semistructuredinterview method was used, and the sample was constituted by two male and threefemale subjects. The interviews lasted for about 45 minutes each and dealt with the followingthemes: “marriage/divorce”, “forming a family/getting children”, “close relationships/trust”,“separation difficulties” and “role models/substitutes”. The result of the study showed that allinterviewees, in one way or the other, and more or less, experienced that their parents’ divorcehas had a negative impact on them. Among other things it was shown that severalinterviewees had a negative attitude towards marrying and were afraid of getting children oftheir own. The majority of them also stated a lack of trust towards the opposite sex, separationdifficulties, a need for role models, and a need for understanding the circumstancesconcerning the divorce. The discussion treated marriage and children, love and trust, rolemodels and substitutes, and finally the matter of age and the importance of understanding.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att få en förståelse för hur mäklare uppfattar att de förhåller sig till, och tillämpar, lagar och etiska riktlinjer i sin yrkesutövning.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to understand how estate agents interpret and how they relate to, and applies, laws and ethical guiding lines in their practise.</p>