This paper examines the differences between the Romantic, the Gothic, and the Dark Romantic literary genres by looking at the manifestations of the trope of the double within the works of Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville. The notion of the individual versus that of individualism helps highlight the disparity between Gothicism and Dark Romance, and the implications that these differences hold.

<p>This study focuses on a series of foundational stylistic and formal innovations in eighteenth-century and Romantic literature, and argues that they can be cumulatively attributed to the distinct challenges authors faced in representing human action and the will. The study focuses in particular on cases of “acting against better judgment” or “failing to do what one knows one ought to do” – concepts originally theorized as “akrasia” and “weakness of the will” in ancient Greek and Scholastic thought. During the Enlightenment, philosophy increasingly conceives of human minds and bodies like systems and machines, and consequently fails to address such cases except as intractable or incoherent. Yet eighteenth-century and Romantic narratives and poetry consistently engage the paradoxes and ambiguities of action and volition in representations of akrasia. As a result, literature develops representational strategies that distinguish the epistemic capacities of literature as privileged over those of philosophy.</p><p>The study begins by centering on narratives of distempered selves from the 1760s. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions and Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey narrate cases of knowingly and weakly acting against better judgment, and in so doing, reveal the limitations of the “philosophy of the passions” that famously informed sentimental literature at the time. These texts find that the interpretive difficulties of action demand a non-systematic and hermeneutic approach to interpreting a self through the genre of narrative. Rousseau’s narrative in particular informs William Godwin’s realist novels of distempered subjects. Departing from his mechanistic philosophy of mind and action, Godwin develops the technique of free indirect discourse in his third novel Fleetwood (1805) as a means of evoking the ironies and self-deceptions in how we talk about willing. </p><p>Romantic poetry employs the literary trope of weakness of will primarily through the problem of regretted inaction – a problem which I argue motivates the major poetic innovations of William Wordsworth and John Keats. While Samuel Taylor Coleridge sought to characterize his weakness of will in philosophical writing, Wordsworth turns to poetry with The Prelude (1805), revealing poetry itself to be a self-deceiving and disappointing form of procrastination. More explicitly than Wordsworth, John Keats identifies indolence as the prime symbol and basis of what he calls “negative capability.” In his letters and poems such as “On Seeing the Elgin Marbles” (1817) and “Ode on Indolence” (1819), Keats reveals how the irreducibly contradictory qualities of human agency speak to the particular privilege of “disinterested aesthetics” – a genre fitted for the modern era for its ability to disclose contradictions without seeking to resolve or explain them in terms of component parts.</p> / Dissertation

Byron’s women characters have typically been seen as, in Hazlitt’s early observation, ‘yielding slaves’. My study re-examines that assumption, finding instead, across Byron’s career, an abiding concern with the active individuality of women, and, more especially, with the creation of a specifically female form of heroism. Recent critical attention has discussed women in Byron’s poetry in general, notably Nigel Leask (British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire, 2004) and Susan Wolfson (Borderlines: The Shiftings of Gender in British Romanticism, 2006), but Byronic female heroism has gone unstudied. Caroline Franklin’s sociologically couched work (Byron’s Heroines, 1992) is one of the few to tackle the heroine, but she understands the term merely as ‘female protagonist’: my interest, by contrast, is in the development of a specific, new kind of gendered heroism. Byron’s representation of women takes shape within a number of discrete but inter-related discourses. The thesis examines the manner in which Byron engaged with previous literary and historical representations of proscribed gender roles. I remain alert to the literary heritage of Byron’s representation of female heroism, which extends beyond his own socio-historical context. The thesis is organised within the three major influences: (i) contemporary writings on gender and women, and a consideration of how Byron has ‘resisted’ availability for feminist critique, this being a result of an insufficiently nuanced approach to his poetry; (ii) eighteenth-century writings on the Orient and Oceania, which examines the concepts of Orient and Other as central to the destabilization of fixed perimeters of gender spheres in Byron’s Turkish Tales; (iii) epic, which establishes Byron’s relationship with his literary predecessors as one of reformation and resistance before demonstrating how Byron’s particular form of heroism and epic was one way that he made room for the heroic female. The thesis concludes with a brief coda, which extends the parameters of the governing concerns of the thesis, gender and heroism, arguing that Don Juan becomes a formal realization of the gendered heroics of Byron’s poetic consciousness.

This study will examine the phenomenon of the elevation of Wagner from relative obscurity under Bismarck to the symbol of German Nationalism under the Third Reich, and will attempt to ascertain the reasons for Mann's continuing dedication to Wagner despite his growing apprehension about Germany's destiny under Hitler.

This document examines the theory behind the process leading to my paintings, as well as the content of the images I use. The former will invoke romanticism, infinite possibilities, and the need for having certain parameters and flexible rules. The latter will talk about sentimentality and contemporary culture. I will explain the mechanics of justifying the choice of a particular way of painting: the push and pull between the loaded content of an image versus the language of painting itself.

Entre 1815 et 1848, la figure napoléonienne s’impose comme l’une des sources d’inspiration majeures de la poésie française : les plus grands auteurs mais aussi les chansonniers populaires et les poètes d’occasion se confrontent à l’évocation de celui qui apparaît alors comme l’archétype du héros. Ce travail se propose d’explorer le corpus de la poésie napoléonienne en prenant pour guide la notion de mythe littéraire : de quelles façons, sous quelles formes et avec quels enjeux le mythe littéraire de Napoléon émerge-t-il de cette poésie ?On se propose ici trois objectifs : rendre compte de la naissance d’un mythe littéraire dans l’histoire ; aller au-delà d’une étude parcellaire pour exposer sa structure d’ensemble ; étudier les sens que prend le mythe littéraire en les comprenant dans le contexte plus large du Romantisme. Un travail de dénombrement de la poésie napoléonienne sert de point de départ à une analyse qui tente de marier les approches chronologique, thématique et esthétique du mythe. Quatre parties illustrent chacune un segment chronologique du corpus, alternant entre présentations d’ensemble et développements consacrés à des œuvres précises : passage de la représentation d’un héros épique à celle d’un héros mythique (1815-1821), premier essor du mythe sous la forme d’une aurore libérale (1821-1830), apothéose du mythe (1830-1840), reflux et in fine changement de statut de ce mythe (1840-1848). La cinquième partie propose une étude en synchronie qui synthétise les matériaux précédemment rassemblés : on y explore les thèmes constitutifs et les structures du mythe ainsi que ses liens avec le Romantisme. / Between 1815 and 1848, Napoleon became established as one of the major sources of inspiration in French poetry. Writers of all kinds – from the greatest poets of the age to lyricists of popular songs and part-time versifiers – took on the challenge of evoking a figure that came to be presented as the archetypal hero. This study aims to explore the corpus of Napoleonic poetry within the framework of the notion of literary myth : how, in what forms and with what consequences did the literary myth of Napoleon emerge in this poetry ?The following three objectives are thus proposed: to account for the historical birth of a literary myth ; to go beyond a fragmented analysis in order to identify an overarching structure ; to identify and situate the meanings of the literary myth in the broader context of Romanticism.A cataloguing of Napoleonic poetry serves as a starting point for an analysis that aims to marry chronological, thematic and aesthetic approaches to the myth. Each of the first four parts examines a chronological segment of the corpus, alternating between general presentations and more specific studies focusing on particular works : the transition from the representation of an epic hero to the representation of a mythical hero (1815-1821), the first blossoming of the myth, occurring together with a liberal rereading of Napoleon’s actions (1821-1830), the apogee of the myth (1830-1848), the decline and eventual redefining of the myth (1840-1848). The fifth part proposes a synthesis of the material that has been thus far assembled in order to explore the constitutive themes and the structures of the myth as well as its links to Romanticism.

The thesis aims to explore the relationship between national identity and the myth. Key to the analysis are the questions of the manner in which a collective identity becomes dependant on literary narrations as well as the particular motives that constitute these narrations. The analysis of the relationship is carried out in reference to particular literary texts. The discussion is based on the critical approach of literary theory and the analyses of relevant socio-political aspects. The discussion is based on a comparative approach to the chosen literary texts. The comparative method focuses on the socio-political and historical contexts of the literary works, as well as on the different concepts of communal identity portrayed. Key texts to the debate are the collection of poems of James Macpherson, Poems of Ossian, Sir Walter Scott's historical novel, Waverley, and the Czech Manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora. This thesis commences the discussion with a theoretical approach to the relationship between myth and history. The discussion aims at the manner in which both the mentioned elements constitute collective identity. The thesis emphasises those aspects which give rose to manipulative statements and conceptions that shape the discourse. To the fore thus comes the question of...

Le romancier José de Alencar recourt en 1875 à la métaphore du "grand monument national" et de ses "artisans [...] rustres" pour qualifier l'oeuvre réalisée par ces hommes de lettres brésiliens qui, depuis l'indépendance en 1822, ont eu à coeur d'ériger une littérature nationale dont les principes fondateurs sont indissociables de la montée des nationalismes en Europe et des expériences "romantiques" qui les accompagnent. La constitution d'une histoire littéraire légitime l'oeuvre accomplie par les premières générations d'écrivains et fonde un modèle original de Letras Patrias, en vertu de leur engagement politique au service de l'Empire (1822-1889) et de l'idéal de "civilisation" qu'il inspire à incarner. cette définition des Letras Patrias est le préalable à une étude du profil et des trajectoires sociales de ces écrivains, à partir d'un échantillon de près de 200 auteurs que nous avons établi, afin de reconstituer par une analyse à la fois synchronique et diachronique la formation d'un milieu littéraire au Brésil (1ère partie). Soucieux de déterminer "les règles de l'art" littéraire qui sont alors élaborées, nous nous sommes intéressés à la question des processus identitaires et des sociabilités spécifiques au sein de cette communauté, et à celle de l'évolution des trajectoires socio-professionnelles à mesure que s'élaborent les prémices d'un champ littéraire, lorsque l'essor d'un public et la constitution d'un marché du livre, certes limité, laissent entrevoir la possibilité pour les écrivains de tirer profit de leurs créations (2ème partie). Toutefois, l'expression récurrente d'un malaise croissant chez ces derniers traduit les frustrations d'auteurs qui peinent à faire des Letras Patrias une littérature véritablement nationale. A travers l'exemple de la scène théâtrale, nous avons décrit ce "monument national" en état de siège dans les années 1870, avant la refondation de ses bases par une nouvelle génération d'écrivains (3ème partie). / In 1875, novelist José de Alencar referred to the "great national monument" and its boorish craftsmen" when speaking of the work of the Brazilian writers who had been intent on building a properly Brazilian literature. Its principles were narrowly linked to the emergence of nationalism in Europe and the romantic experiments which followed. The existence of a national literary history grants legitimacy to the work accomplished by the first generations of writers and constitutes a model of Letras Patrias, characterized by their political commitment in favour of the Empire (1822-1889) and its ideal of civilization. Defining the Letras Patrias is a prerequisite to the study of the profile and social trajectories of the 200 writers which constitute the chosen sample for this thesis. The first chapters present a tableau and a diachronic perspective on the creation of a literary milieu in Brazil (Part I).Examining the literary règles de l'art established by these writers, I have studied how this community forged a common identity and how specific sociabilities emerged from within. The second focal point of this study has been the evolution of their careers for, as a specific literay field and market emerged, it became possible for these writers to rely financially on their works (Part II). Nevertheless, a malaise soon took hold as the artists vented their frustration at the difficulty of creating a distinctly national literature. Finally, Brazilian theater is a perfect epitome of the hardship endured by the "national monument" in the 1870s, before a new generation of writers radically reformed its bases.

Orientador(a): Omar Khouri / Banca: Agnaldo Valente Germano da Silva / Banca: Ana Lucia Gimenez Ribeiro Lupinacci / Resumo: Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo esclarecer algumas questões que cercam a obra de Sebastião Salgado. Partindo do princípio de que o olhar contemporâneo do fotógrafo busca um registro pessoal de uma realidade frágil e sofrida no Brasil e ao redor do mundo, numa espécie de crítica à era pós-revoluções industriais, o estudo procurou mostrar que há um certo romantismo nessa abordagem. As fotografias, que vão além do mero registro objetivo dos fatos, ultrapassam as fronteiras do fotojornalismo e alcançam níveis de subjetividade tão intensos que estabelecem através de suas figuras e paisagens, não apenas um diálogo sensível com o espectador, mas uma estética que se aproxima da linguagem dos pintores românticos. Para tornar mais visível e clara essa análise, optou-se por um recorte cronológico das fotografias produzidas entre 1984 e 2000, período em que o fotógrafo mostrou o ser humano como vítima de um mundo consumido pelos efeitos das revoluções industriais. Através dessas fotografias, foi traçado um percurso de pesquisa que procurou construir possíveis relações de intertextualidade com pinturas românticas do século XIX, que também encontraram na subjetividade uma forma de expressar as próprias reações à nova realidade que se formava no período. A pesquisa buscou nos valores estruturais e temáticos das fotografias e das pinturas seus pontos de convergência, usando a metodologia iconográfica e iconológica de Erwin Panofsky. Essas relações revelaram que as fotografias de Sebastião... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aims to clarify some issues surrounding the work of Sebastião Salgado. Assuming that the contemporary look of the photographer seeks a personal record of a fragile and suffered reality in Brazil and around the world, in a kind of criticism of the post-industrial revolutions era, the study tried to show that there is a certain romanticism in this approach. The research demonstrated that the photos, which go beyond the mere objective record of events, also go beyond the boundaries of photojournalism and reach such intense levels of subjectivity that they establish through their figures and landscapes, not only a sensitive dialogue with the viewer, but an aesthetics approaching the language of romantic painters. To make this analysis more visible and clear, a chronological cut of the photographs produced between 1984 and 2000 was chosen, during which the photographer showed the human being as a victim of a world consumed by the effects of industrial revolutions. Through these photographs, a research course was traced that seeks to build possible intertextual relations with 19th century romantic paintings, which also found in subjectivity a way of expressing their own reactions to the new reality that was formed in this period. The research sought the point of convergences between the structural and thematic values of photographs and paintings, using the iconographic and iconological methodology of Erwin Panofsky. These conections revealed that Sebastião Salgado's... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Wilma Patricia Marzari Dinardo Maas / Banca: Eloá di Pierro Heise / Banca: Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite / Resumo: Por meio deste trabalho, procuramos identificar em uma das obras de Novalis, um dos autores mais significativos do assim chamado Primeiro Romantismo Alemão, os pressupostos de uma teoria da linguagem que se sustenta no Idealismo Alemão. O problema se delineia à medida que, para Novalis, contemporâneo do estabelecimento dos das bases da lingüística moderna, e, ele próprio, estudioso de filologia, observar-se-ia no fenômeno da linguagem uma possível relação entre espírito e mundo, o que, por sua vez, se opõe ao conceito hoje clássico da arbitrariedade do signo. No âmbito deste projeto de pesquisa, optamos por delimitar a investigação a uma narrativa curta do poeta, prosador e crítico Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), intitulada Die Lehrlinge zu Saïs (1801). Considerada pela crítica como um fragmento de romance, a narrativa de Novalis em questão apresenta um elenco bastante rico no que se refere aos pressupostos de uma possível teoria da linguagem de caráter simbólico-poético e messiânico. Assim sendo, a abordagem a Os Discípulos em Saïs terá como perspectiva a possível identificação, no texto literário, de características desta filosofia ou teoria romântica da linguagem, manifestada em alguns fragmentos do próprio Novalis e de seu contemporâneo Friedrich Schlegel. / Abstract: The intention of this research is to identify the characteristics of a language theory, which has its basis on German Idealism, in one of Novalis, fragmentary novels Die Lehrlinge zu Sais. For Novalis, contemporary of the establishment of modern linguistics, and himself researcher on philology, one would observe in language phenomena a possible relation between spirit and world, which would be directly opposed to today's classic concept of sign's arbitrariness. For research purposes, we chose to limit our investigation to a short narrative written by the poet, novelist and critic Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) entitled Die Lehrlinge zu Sais (1801). Considered by the critics to be a fragmentary novel, Novalis' narrative presents a great number of elements concerning of a symbolic- poetic language theory. Thus, the approach to Die Lehrling zu Sais will have as it's main perspective the possible identification of characteristics of this romantic philosophy or theory, exposed in some fragments written by Novalis and Friedrich Schlegel. / Mestre