This thesis is based on the historical base, a deep look at the Norwegian referendum results and public opinion development. We concentrated on three research questions and on three related hypotheses studying Norway history, Norwegian politics and the possibilities of Norwegian integration to the European Union. We studied intrastate and also international aspects of this integration process. The Nordic cooperation is very important for this research. This Nordic cooperation provided a platform for alternative economic cooperation and this cooperation is also a special first stage on the way to the EU. We fulfilled the thesis goals, we answered the research questions and we verified all three hypotheses. In conclusion, we think that Norwegian admission to the EU is unreal nowadays because there are non-sufficient economic and non- economic reasons and stimuli for that. Norwegian political parties are not interested in this topic because this topic is very risky. Moreover, Norwegian public opinion is against the full membership in the EU.

The main objective of this Master thesis was to test the claim that economic dependence on oil exports impedes enduring democratic stability in the case of Venezuela in the period of 1970-2010. This assumption was based on a broad resource curse theory which addresses negative economic, political and social consequences of precious resource export dependency. The hypothesis was that exogenous variables could intesify these malign consequences. In this study we focused on the role(s) performed by multinational oil corporations (MICs) in Venezuelan petroleum industry, on the impact of the nationalization of the oil sector and on the impact of the foundation of a state-owned corporation PDVSA, which became responsible for subsequent development of oil extraction. Fist, I proved that the nationalization led to profound restructuring of institutional and power relations that had negative impact on economic prosperity and stability of the democratic regime in a long-term perspective. Soon after its establishment the national oil corporation became an independent actor able to follow its own agenda and to promote its own economic and political interests and therefore polarized the already divided society. Second, I documented empirical evidence that corroborated most of the previous theoretical...

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between a possible shortage of oil in Saudi Arabia and access to drinking water. The work is based on the hypothesis that in this area peak oil has taken place. Through method of disciplined interpretive study we focus on the influence of both sources in Saudi Arabia from the theory of sustainable development and conclusion are dealing with a scenario of possible solutions.

Europe suffers from a new form of dependence. Not only does it need to import natural gas, crude oil, and nuclear fuel, but it also cannot meet its own demand for crude oil products such as the jet fuel and the diesel fuel, most of which comes from Russia. Furthermore, Russian state owned and private companies have been steadily extending their influence in the refining sector of the European Union. They possess a complete control over the refining sector of Bulgaria, and have a significant position in Romania, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Italy. The leverage of Russian companies in European oil refining sector is set to rise, because Europe will inevitably experience further closures of refineries in the future. The overall level of risks associated with Russian control of European refineries is significant, and policy makers should see it in context with other tools of Moscow's influence such as the dependence on natural gas or the anti-EU and the anti-US propaganda, disinformation campaigns and financial support for the extremist parties.

El presente trabajo de investigación busca evaluar la viabilidad de la propuesta de valor de Marfil Pet’s Atelier que consiste en la co-creación, diseño y personalización de ropa para perros mediante un aplicativo amigable y que además le permita acceder a promociones y/o descuentos con los socios estratégicos que definamos. De esta manera aseguramos una experiencia 360 para el bienestar del perro y del dueño de la mascota. Se propone una idea de negocio que se adapte a las actuales necesidades del mercado ofreciendo una asesoría online, delivery sin contacto, pago en línea, entre otros. Nuestra idea de negocio está dirigido a los segmentos de NSE A y B que viven en la zona 6 y 7 de Lima Metropolitana. Además, como parte de la validación de mercado se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a potenciales clientes, así como una landing page y utilización de los formularios de Facebook a fin de obtener datos de potenciales clientes mediante tráfico pagado y orgánico. Por otro lado, se han desarrollado un plan de marketing y plan de operaciones a fin de alcanzar los objetivos de ventas, posicionamiento en el mercado y diseño de procesos. También hemos detallado nuestra estructura organizacional, las políticas y objetivos organizacionales. Por último, la evaluación financiera ha determinado la viabilidad de la propuesta de valor, generando rentabilidad para todos los inversionistas, con un VPN para los accionistas de S/ 75,735.00 y una TIR de 70.79%. / This research work seeks to assess the feasibility of the value proposition of Marfil Pet's Atelier, which consists of the co-creation, design, and personalization of dog clothes through a friendly application and that also allows you to access promotions and / or discounts with the strategic partners we define. In this way we ensure a 360 experience for the dog and the pet owner’s wellness. The business proposal adapts to the current needs of the market by offering online advice, contactless delivery, online payment, among others. Our business idea aims at the NSE A and B segments that live in zone 6 and 7 of Metropolitan Lima. In addition, as part of the market validation, in-depth interviews were conducted with potential clients, as well as a landing page and the use of Facebook forms in order to obtain data on potential clients through paid and organic traffic. On the other hand, a marketing and operations plans have been developed in order to achieve sales objectives, market positioning and process design. We have also detailed our organizational structure, organizational policies and objectives. Finally, the financial evaluation has determined the viability of the value proposition, generating profitability for all investors, with a NPV for shareholders of S / 75,735.00 and an IRR of 70.79%. / Trabajo de investigación

En el presente trabajo de investigación se llevaron a cabo todos los procedimientos de estudios necesarios para el desarrollo de un proyecto de negocio innovador y de ejecución viable, con el cual se busca cumplir con la satisfacción de la necesidad básica de vestir. El equipo llevó a cabo la investigación a un grupo de madres de familia, las cuales son las encargadas de realizar las compras de vestimentas para sus bebés. A través de ello, se logró identificar los problemas con respecto a la calidad de las distintas prendas de vestir de un bebé, las cuales generaban distintas enfermedades en la piel. Asimismo, mediante estas entrevistas se lograron escuchar opciones de solución ante los problemas que surgen en el vestir diario de un bebé. Debido a ello, nace EcoBaby con el fin de brindar productos confeccionados con algodón 100% orgánico para el extremo cuidado de la piel del bebé además permite la personalización de prendas a gusto del cliente. La rentabilidad que ofrece este proyecto es de 28.78%, ofreciendo un rendimiento equivalente al 31.28 % para los accionistas. Asimismo, el proyecto presentado requiere de una inversión total de S/30,012, de los cuales el 60% equivale al aporte de accionistas y el 40% restante deberá ser solicitado de manera externa, con el fin de lograr sacar adelante el proyecto. / In the present work of investigation all the procedures of studies were carried out necessary for the development of a project of innovative business and of viable execution, with which it is sought to fulfill the satisfaction of the basic need of dressing. The team carried out the research on a group of mothers, who are responsible for purchasing clothing for their babies. Through this, it was possible to identify problems with respect to the quality of the different garments of a baby, which generated different diseases in the skin. Also, through these interviews we were able to hear options for solutions to problems that arise in the daily dressing of a baby. Due to this, EcoBaby was born with the purpose of offering products made with 100% organic cotton for the extreme care of the baby's skin, in addition it allows the personalization of garments to the client's taste. The profitability offered by this project is 28.78%, offering a return equivalent to 31.28% for the shareholders. Likewise, the project presented requires a total investment of S/30,012, of which 60% is equivalent to the contribution of shareholders and the remaining 40% must be requested externally, in order to achieve the project's success. / Trabajo de investigación

En la actualidad el sector de la moda ha logrado posicionarse con mayor fuerza e importancia en el mundo y en el Perú. Esto se puede reforzar con lo que menciona Perú Retail en su plataforma web, la cual afirma que el mercado de moda podría llegar a mover unos US$ 1,326 millnes (Euromonitor International). Asimismo, es importante reconocer el rol importante que desempeñan los usuarios que deciden reinventarse ofreciendo prendas de segundo uso siguiendo los estándares de calidad, este fenómeno es conocido como el negocio de ropa de segunda mano. El presente proyecto se basa en la propuesta de una plataforma web intermediaria entre usuarios que poseen ropa o accesorios sin uso en buena calidad y clientes interesados en adquirir productos de moda con precios accesibles generando un proceso denominado economía circular. De esta forma, se evaluar la viabilidad operativa y económica de la venta de ropa y accesorios de segundo uso a través de la plataforma “Wara”. El internet y el avance en la tecnología permite optimizar las operaciones llevadas a cabo durante los diferentes procesos debido a que nuestras plataformas esenciales de venta son las redes sociales. El alcance mundial a través de canales on-line y la coyuntura actual son factores de oportunidad para implementar un negocio electrónico. La propagación del virus COVID 19 y la implementación de cuarentenas o estados de emergencia en diferentes países del mundo ha generado que las personas confinadas realicen prácticas de remodelación de dormitorios, guardar objetos sin uso pero sobretodo la limpieza de armarios. Ante ello, las personas a nivel mundial y nacional con la finalidad de obtener ingresos realizan este tipo de venta organica. Es importante señalar el crecimiento potencial y constante que muestra el mercado de reventa de moda, el cual se calcula un crecimiento de 20 veces más rápido que el mercado minorista peruano en los últimos tres años, según los índices de la investigación de Global Data para el Informe de la Segunda Mano 2019 (Perú Retail, 2019). Asocian este modelo de negocio con el impacto ambiental, el cual ha tomado mayor relevancia los últimos años. Es por este motivo, que se encontró potencial para el desarrollo de Wara, empresa que busca el bienestar social y medioambiental aportando significativamente con responsabilidad ante la realidad en la que se encuentra el planeta. / Currently the fashion sector has managed to position itself with greater strength and importance in the world and in Peru. This can be reinforced because Peru Retail (2019) mentions on its web platform that the fashion market could move around US $ 1,326 million (Euromonitor International). Likewise, it is important to recognize the important role played by users who decide to reinvent themselves by offering second-hand clothing following quality standards, this phenomenon is known as the second-hand clothing business. This project is based on the proposal of an intermediary web platform between users who have unused clothes or accessories in good quality and clients interested in acquiring fashion products with affordable prices, generating a process called circular economy. In this way, the operational and economic viability of the sale of second-use clothing and accessories through the “Wara” platform will be evaluated. The internet and the advancement in technology allow us to optimize the operations carried out during the different processes because our essential sales platforms are social networks. The global reach through online channels and the current situation are opportunity factors to implement an electronic business. The spread of the COVID 19 virus and the implementation of quarantines or states of emergency in different countries of the world have led to the confined people to carry out bedroom remodeling practices, store unused objects, but above all, closet cleaning. Given this, people worldwide and nationally in order to earn income carry out this type of organic sale. It is important to note the potential and constant growth shown by the fashion resale market, which is estimated to grow 20 times faster than the Peruvian retail market in the last three years, according to Global Data research indices for the Second Hand Report 2019 (Peru Retail, 2019). They associate this business model with the environmental impact, which has become more relevant in recent years. Regarding the financial structure of the project, it is essential to mention that the investment required to start operations is S / .6,029.24 and a financing of S / .50,000 to cover expenses and costs during the following operational years. The current situation does not allow the business model to be profitable due to the different limitations, which is why it does not show net profit in the projected 3 years. / Trabajo de investigación

El crecimiento poblacional es importante para el desarrollo de un país. La mayoría de las familias se organizan para celebrar la llegada del recién nacido, ya sea a lo grande realizando un babyshower o haciendo una pequeña reunión familiar. Para tales acontecimientos, se tiene que elegir un regalo especial que sea útil y detallista. Los invitados o familiares a dichos eventos tienen distintas opciones para elegir el presente a regalar, tales como un conjunto de ropa, coches, pañales o juguetes. Aunque las primeras opciones sea lo más común que se regala en este evento, existe una opción más personalizada para sacar de lo común aquel obsequio y convertirlo en el mejor detalle para regalar en dicha ocasión. “Jaiguawa” nace con la idea de brindar el mejor obsequio para la madre y el recién nacido, un arreglo de ropa de bebé con distintas presentaciones usando diversos accesorios de calidad para su mejor presentación, estos productos pueden llegar a ser de manera personalizada, de esta manera poder crear ese regalo u obsequio que nuestro cliente desee. Las personas que suelen trabajar y no tienen tiempo para encontrar un buen presente, tienden a comprar el regalo a última hora incluso retrasando su llegada al evento. Jaiguawa al ser una tienda online, realiza envíos vía delivery que permite evitar dichos sucesos y dando facilidades a nuestros clientes ahorrándose el tiempo invertido al buscar regalos de manera presencial. / Population growth is important for the development of a country. Most families organize to celebrate the arrival of the newborn, either in a big way by doing a babyshower or making a small family reunion. For such events, you have to choose a special gift that is useful and detailed. The guests or family members to these events have different options to choose the present, such as a set of clothes, cars for baby, diapers or toys. Although the first options are the most common that is given in this event, there is a more personalized option to take that gift out of the ordinary and turn it into the best detail to give on that occasion. "Jaiguawa" was born with the idea of providing the best gift for the mother and the newborn, an arrangement of baby clothes with different presentations using various quality accessories for their best presentation, these products can become personalized, in this way being able to create that gift or gift that our customer wants. People who usually work and don’t have time to find a good present, tend to buy the gift at the last minute even delaying their arrival at the event. Jaiguawa, being an online store, carries out shipments via delivery that allows to avoid such events and giving facilities to our clients saving the time invested when they look for a gift in person. / Trabajo de investigación

The main goal of the diploma thesis is to analyze the development of commodity prices affecting the prices of materials and to prove their impact on the materials. The monitored materials were selected to represent the widest possible range of the construction market. The final result of the work is the prediction of the price of reference object for the next five years.

The dissertation deals with prediction of crude oil price and is tailor-made for such companies which are heavily crude oil related. The main dissertation target is to make sure that such companies can get ready for price changes and safeguard themselves against negative consequences. Crude oil prices are the main factor which affects prices of such final products as petrol. It is a well known fact that quantitative predictions are not reliable and all those who are forced to real on such vague data set for their decision-making are reluctant to use them. That’s how we would like to have at least the correct trend information. The dissertation introduces some concepts originally developed within artificial intelligence theory for the crude oil predictions. Specifically common sense algorithms and qualitative interpretation of some aspects of theory of chaos are the main contribution towards expanding of available prediction tools described by the dissertation. A systematic analysis of a sequence of qualitative solutions is the key part of the dissertation.