Aim of this thesis was finding out whether there is asymmetry on gasoline market in Czech republic, which is common knowledge or if asymmetry is only illusion. With daily data about gasoline and diesel prices from CZ market and also daily Brent Crude Oil price, thesis tires to prove that there is no asymmetry on the market. Analysis was done with asymmetric error correction model and further testing of asymmetry with koeficients from ECM. Results yield that both gasoline and diesel markets show rather symmetrical reaction on entry price change. Asymmetry was proven only in few lags and final statement is that asymmetry on market in Czech republic is rather illusion then reality.

The thesis focuses on China's economic diplomacy in Africa. The theoretical part deals with the concept of economic security (as a part of soft security) and economic diplomacy (as a way how to secure economic security). Africa is just one of many areas where China is engaged. The objective of the thesis is to identify the particular policies of China's economic diplomacy. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part deals with the theoretical concepts, the second part with the energy security and policy in China. The third part deals with the individual areas of cooperation between China and Africa and China's main principles of cooperation. The main areas are international trade, foreign direct investment and foreign aid. The last part describes the Chinese cooperation with two particular countries -- Angola and Sudan.

The diploma thesis analyses the role of Iran in contemporary relations. It discuss its position by means of its historic background, its religious beliefs, its economic situation, the monetary aspects and its inner politic situation. The main attention is focused on its relations with the United States of America, particularly on economic ties, petrodollar policy and on the Iranian nuclear program threat. It also pays attention to the context of oil importance in the Middle East and to the Israeli foreign policy.

The growing world population accompanied by an increase in GDP is effectively raising the demand for energy. One of the options are unconventional means of oil and gas, originating mainly from shales and oil sands. The goal of this thesis is to introduce the reader to unconventional means and their influence on international business. After a short introduction and definition an analysis of the situation in the U.S. follows, where the recent years have brought an increase in production from unconventional sources. The positive influence on the economy, employment and energetic security will be mentioned same as possible impacts on the environment. Furthermore the paper provides an analysis of the potential of repeating the U.S. shale revolution in other countries, with special focus on the EU. The success of unconventional sources opens the possibility of new trade routes, influence on the trade balance and the potential of influencing the whole gas market. However, it will also have an impact on current oil and gas producers. Considering the close bond between energetic security and politics, the thesis closes with an analysis of influences on the economy and politics of both -- current oil and gas producers and countries, which might be directly and indirectly affected by changes in the oil and gas market.

Import Easy brinda asesoría en apoyo logístico para las importaciones de productos de tecnología, ropa y accesorios de moda desde Estados Unidos y China mediante la modalidad de servicio de Entrega Rápida dirigido al segmento de Microempresas formales del sector comercio ubicados en Lima y Callao. Esta idea de negocio nace como una solución a la necesidad de los microempresarios que requieren contar con stock de mercadería importada con una inversión de 500 a 2,000 dólares en menor tiempo mediante una importación rápida y segura. Por ello, se ofrece al cliente “rapidez y seguridad en sus importaciones” con entrega en un plazo de 7 a 12 días. En este sentido, el servicio inicia en comunicarse con el cliente por videollamada a través de la plataforma digital para la gestión de la importación, una vez que el cliente ya tenga comprado el producto, se coordina el traslado desde el warehouse para el transporte aéreo hasta el aeropuerto Jorge Chávez de Lima desde donde se traslada la mercancía al depósito temporal de Import Easy para el inicio de la distribución hasta el establecimiento del cliente. La principal fuente de ingreso se obtiene por la venta del servicio de asesoría con proyecciones de crecimiento en promedio de 5% anual con un financiamiento de S/ 78, 255 en cinco años se genera una Tasa Interna de Retorno de 78.99% mayor al costo promedio ponderado del capital de 13.09%, lo cual, evidencia que el proyecto es viable y rentable. / Import Easy provides advice on logistical support for imports of technology products, clothing and fashion accessories from the United States and China through the Fast Delivery service aimed at the segment of Formal Microenterprises of the retail sector located in Lima and Callao. This business idea was born as a solution to the need of microentrepreneurs who need to have a stock of imported merchandise with an investment of 500 to 2,000 dollars in less time through a fast and safe import. Therefore, the customer is offered “quickness and security in their imports” with delivery within 7 to 12 days. In this sense, the service begins by communicating with the customer by video call through the digital platform for the management of the import. Once the customer has already purchased the product, the transfer from the warehouse for the air transport to the Jorge Chavez airport in Lima from where the merchandise is transferred to the temporary warehouse of Import Easy for the beginning of the distribution to the customer’s establishment. The main source of income is obtained from the sale of the consulting service with growth projections averaging 5% per year with a financing of S/ 78, 255 over five years, generating an Internal Rate of Return of 78. 99% higher than the weighted average cost of capital of 13. 09%, which is evidence that the project is viable and profitable. / Trabajo de investigación

Nuestro proyecto de negocio llamado Baby Moda Shop se realizó pensando en las necesidades del consumidor, pues actualmente los clientes de ropa para bebé valoran la calidad del producto, así como el diseño de las prendas. Además, se ha determinado la necesidad de aquellos padres que buscan vestir a sus pequeños de manera rápida y práctica. Por ello, ofrecemos un producto con estos tres atributos que son valorados por los padres, pues nuestras prendas están confeccionadas para bebés de 0 a 12 meses, por lo que usamos como tela el algodón pima. Asimismo, ofrecemos los diseños de calidad y el valor agregado de utilizar los broches imantados para facilitar el cambio y darle una mayor practicidad al vestir a los bebés. Nuestro local estará ubicado en el distrito de Surco, Lima, estaremos enfocados a los NSE A, B y C, nuestra fuente de ingreso será la venta de ropa para bebés y para ello trabajaremos con un plan de marketing que nos permita lograr posicionamiento en el mercado objetivo, por medio de publicidad en redes sociales, influencers y página web. / Our business project named "Baby Moda Shop" was made thinking in consumer´s needs, because nowadays baby clothing costumers highly value the product quality as well as the clothing design. Furthermore, have been seen the necessity of parents, who seek to dress their children in a simple and fast way. That’s why, we offer a product with these three benefits that parents cares, our clothing are made for babies for zero to twelve months, so we use Pima cotton fabrics. In addition, we offer quality designs and the value added of using magnetic brooches to make it easier changing clothes and give more practicality when to dress babies. Our main Store will be in Surco, Lima; we are going to focus on NSE A, B and C, our incomes are going to be the sales of baby clothing therefore we are working with a marketing plan that allows us to positioned in the market target, using social media advertising, influencers, and a web page. / Trabajo de investigación

La moda es una tendencia muy variante en la actualidad que cada vez adopta nuevos estilos y diseños. Esto ha generado que la industria textil mantenga un gran crecimiento a lo largo de los últimos años, principalmente en el territorio peruano. A inicios del 2020, la pandemia causada por la Covid-19 provocó que miles de negociantes del rubro de la indumentaria cesaran sus operaciones. Muchos de ellos tuvieron que considerar nuevos canales de venta para lograr mantener la estabilidad de su negocio. Según CAPECE (2020) en un estudio realizado sobre la venta digital, asevera que ‘’ El comercio electrónico en el Perú creció 50% en el 2020, alcanzando los US$ 6.000 millones’’ (p.22). Este dato es muy importante, pues confirma el éxito que ha tenido la venta online en el país. Además, la consultora de marketing digital ATTACH (2020) asevera que ‘’La demanda de ropa en el sector moda creció 58.6% en el 2020, de acuerdo con datos del estudio ‘’Termómetro de Visibilidad ATTACH’’. Considerando dichas ventajas, desarrollaremos una plataforma virtual donde los emprendedores logren obtener mayor alcance y ventas. Así mismo, se realizó estudios cualitativos y cuantitativos que nos permitan obtener un mejor panorama acerca de la industria de la venta de ropa femenina. Para finalizar, el proyecto resulta viable ya que en el segundo año se obtienen ganancias y un alto porcentaje de rentabilidad, resultados que se han podido determinar a través análisis financiero realizado en este estudio. / Fashion is a very diverse trend that nowadays, increasingly adopts new styles and designs. This has generated the textile industry maintains a great growth throughout the last years, mainly in theperuvian territory. At the beginning of 2020, the pandemic caused by Covid-19 generated thousands of businesses in the clothing industry to close. Many of them had to consider new sales channels to maintain the stability of their business. According to CAPECE (2020) in a study carried out on digital sales, it asserts that '' Electronic commerce in Peru grew 50% in 2020, reaching US $ 6,000 million '' (p.22). This data is very important, as it confirms the success of online sales in the country. In addition, the digital marketing consultancy ATTACH (2020) asserts that ‘’ The demand for clothing in the fashion sector grew 58.6% in 2020, according to the investigation of the study ‘’ ATTACH Termómetro de Visibilidad’’. Considering these advantages, we will develop a virtual platform that under a monthly subscription, entrepreneurs can be part of our community and achieve greater reach and sales. Likewise, qualitative and quantitative studies were carried out that allow us to obtain a better overview of the female clothing industry. Finally, the project is viable since in the second year , profits and a high percentage of profitability are obtained, results that have been determined through financial analysis carried out in this study. / Trabajo de investigación

Actualmente, las marcas de ropa deportiva están presentando un incremento en la participación de contenidos en las redes sociales para generar un mejor engagement con sus consumidores en el mercado peruano. Por ello, en este trabajo analizaremos cómo estas actividades que realizan las marcas en sus redes sociales, tales como: Facebook, Instagram y Twitter, se relacionan con la variable de engagement. Investigaciones previas en la categoría han demostrado que estas marcas no generan muchas acciones de marketing de contenidos, sin embargo, tienen aceptación y compromiso por parte del consumidor peruano. Por lo tanto, mediante un estudio cuantitativo con un modelo de encuesta al público objetivo de la investigación; millennials de NSE A y B. Se comprobará si la variable de acciones de marketing de contenidos presenta una fuerte relación con el engagement. / Currently, sportswear brands are having an increase in participation of content on social networks to generate better engagement with their consumers in the Peruvian market. So, in this paper we will analyze how these activities carried out by brands in their social platforms, such as: Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, are related to the engagement variable. Previous research into the category has shown that these brands do not generate many content marketing actions, however, they have acceptance and engagement on the part of the Peruvian consumer. Therefore, through a quantitative study with a survey model to the target audience of the research; millennials from NSE A and B. It will be checked whether the content marketing actions variable has a strong relationship with engagement. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente proyecto de investigación busca demostrar la viabilidad de implementar un modelo de negocio, caracterizado por ser innovador y basado en la comercialización de prendas hipoalergénicas para mascotas en Lima, Perú. El emprendimiento tiene el nombre de 4Dogs Perú, el cual se origina como una alternativa para los dueños de mascotas que buscan moda, comodidad y calidad de ropa para sus mascotas. La característica principal de este producto es evitar las reacciones alérgicas sobre la piel del animal por el uso de ropa sintética convencional, el tedioso proceso de compra y una amplia búsqueda de la talla ideal y diseños exclusivos. Para ello, se ejecutaron numerosos experimentos, los cuales permitieron validar el proyecto de investigación. Además, se logró obtener información valiosa, la cual fue de ayuda para mejorar los procesos de creación. Con el propósito de desarrollar y mantener un crecimiento sostenible del negocio, se elaboró un plan estratégico, actividades y estrategias que posibilitaron hacer realidad la mejora del modelo de negocio. Más aún, durante la realización del proyecto, se tomó en consideración el comportamiento de los usuarios que demuestran amor por sus mascotas, a modo de retroalimentación.  De esta manera, se logra una mejora continua a lo largo del trabajo de investigación. Consecuentemente, se determinó que el modelo de negocio que ofrece 4Dogs Perú es viable, escalable y rentable. / This research project seeks to demonstrate the viability of implementing a business model, characterized by being innovative and based on the commercialization of hypoallergenic clothes for pets in Lima, Peru. The venture has the name of 4Dogs Perú, which originates as an alternative for pet owners looking for fashion, comfort and quality of clothing for their pets. The main characteristic of this product is to avoid allergic reactions on the animal's skin due to the use of conventional synthetic clothing, the tedious purchase process and a wide search for the ideal size and exclusive designs. For this, numerous experiments were carried out, which allowed to validate the research project. In addition, it was possible to obtain valuable information, which was helpful to improve the creation processes. In order to develop and maintain sustainable business growth, a strategic plan, activities and strategies were developed that made it possible to make the improvement of the business model a reality. Furthermore, during the project, the behavior of users who showed love for their pets was taken into consideration as feedback. In this way, continuous improvement is achieved throughout the research work. Consequently, it was determined that the business model offered by 4Dogs Peru is viable, scalable and profitable. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo tiene finalidad sustentar el modelo de negocio enfocado en la venta de ropa para perros en las tallas 7 y 8. ¿Cómo se surgió? Los participantes de este proyecto tenemos perros de diferentes razas, lo cual identificamos por medio de nuestras conversaciones y con otras personas, que son pocas las empresas que se enfocan en este segmento. La idea inicial, fue plantear y realizar las entrevistas para determinar el problema de muchos dueños que poseen perros de raza grande al momento de comprar una prenda para su engreído en talla grande. En base a la información recopilada se encontró que el problema es: el precio elevado en las prendas de tallas grandes, la poca producción de estas prendas en tallas grandes y la falta de diseños de estos. Asimismo, se realizó el prototipo, se creó las redes sociales y se publicaron las prendas para incrementar seguidores, también se identificó a 8 posibles compradores que interactuaban en nuestras publicaciones, lo cual se les envió el prototipo para recibir un feedback del producto. Después, con los comentarios de los entrevistados se mejoró el prototipo y se lanzó a la venta en nuestras redes sociales. Las nuevas prendas fueron confeccionadas por Ana Flores, la confeccionista escogida por la calidad de sus prendas y fueron publicadas tanto en Facebook como en Instagram y en Tik Tok. Finalmente, con los resultados de las ventas se hicieron los estados financieros, los flujos de caja y las proyecciones de ventas a 3 años / The purpose of this work is to support the business model focused on the sale of clothes for dogs in sizes 7 and 8. How did it come about? The participants of this project have dogs of different breeds, which we identify through our conversations and with other people, that few companies focus on this segment. The initial idea was to raise and conduct interviews to determine the problem of many owners who own large breed dogs when buying a garment for their cocky in large size. Based on the information collected, it was found that the problem is: the high price of large-size garments, the low production of these garments in large sizes and the lack of designs of these. Likewise, the prototype was made, social networks were created, and the garments were published to increase followers, 8 possible buyers who interacted in our publications were also identified, which were sent the prototype to receive feedback on the product. Later, with the comments of the interviewees, the prototype was improved, and it was launched for sale on our social networks. The new garments were made by Ana Flores, the garment maker chosen for the quality of her garments and were published on Facebook, Instagram and Tik Tok. Finally, with the sales results, the financial statements, the cash flows and the 3-year sales projections were made. / Trabajo de investigación