Les contrôleurs du trafic aérien ou « aiguilleurs du ciel », dont l’activité consiste à assurer la sécurité de l’écoulement du trafic aérien, vont bientôt être confrontés à une évolution sans précédent de leur activité de travail. Pour pallier à une évolution de contexte, associée principalement à une augmentation significative du niveau de trafic aérien, la construction d’un nouvel environnement de contrôle induisant l’introduction de nouvelles technologies et de l’automatisation partielle de la tâche de contrôle est visée. Ces perspectives, qui ont pour objectif de diminuer les sollicitations des contrôleurs aériens afin d’augmenter le seuil capacitaire de gestion du trafic aérien, suscitent l’interrogation. Notamment, comment assurer la validation de ces évolutions en vue des objectifs visés ? Ce doctorat porte sur l’étude de la charge mentale de contrôleurs aériens dans différents contextes, afin d’évaluer les effets engendrés par de telles modifications apportées à leur environnement de travail quotidien. L’évaluation proposée repose sur une approche multidimensionnelle centrée sur l’analyse de paramètres oculaires enregistrés grâce à une technique d’eye-tracking dans des situations de contrôle écologiquement valides, en référence à la tâche de contrôle du trafic aérien. La première étude a tout d’abord permis de caractériser la gestion de la charge mentale effectuée par les contrôleurs aériens au cours de leur activité dans une situation nominale (reflétant la situation de contrôle du trafic aérien actuelle). La deuxième étude porte sur les effets générés par l’introduction de nouveaux systèmes informatisés d’aide à la décision induisant une automatisation partielle de la tâche de contrôle. Enfin, la dernière étude souligne l’effet du niveau de formation sur les modes de gestion des ressources cognitives employés par les contrôleurs aériens. / The air traffic controllers, whose job is to ensure the safety of air traffic flow, will soon be faced to an unprecedented change in their work activity. To compensate a change of context, mainly associated with a significant increase of the air traffic density, the elaboration of a new air traffic control environment is considered. In particular, the introduction of new technologies (all electronic devices) causing the partial automation of the control task, has been defined as prospects for the En-Route air traffic control work position. These perspectives aim at reducing the air traffic controllers’ requirements in order to increase the capability threshold of air traffic management associated with air traffic control service rendered. Such a change may however query. Indeed, how to ensure the validation of these developments to the objectives? This research aims to study the air traffic controllers’ mental workload in different contexts. The objective of this approach is to assess the effects caused by such changes in the air traffic controllers’ daily work environment. The proposed assessment is based on a multidimensional approach mainly focused on the analysis of ocular parameters recorded through an eye-tracking technique in air traffic control situations ecologically valid with reference to the features of air traffic control task. The results deduced from the empirical work of this research were first used to characterize the management of mental workload carried by air traffic controllers during their activity in the nominal situation (reflecting the current air traffic control situation). The results obtained through this research also focused on the effects generated by the introduction of new computerized systems inducing a partial automation of the control task, and those induced by the level of training dedicated to the use of such systems on the management methods of cognitive resources employed by air traffic controllers.

When a large number of base stations fail due to the breakdown of some transmission circuit in a mobile cellular network, base stations located in neighboring areas may take over those malfunctioned base stations and continue to provide the access service of mobile communications for users in surrounding areas, thereby reducing the area in which mobile communications are out of service. Therefore, if leased circuits in base stations could complete the route distribution configuration prior to the onset of malfunction, it could decrease the impact of circuit breakdown and traffic loss. Also, the efficiency would be improved if the circuit assignment personnel could complete the job when the leased lines are less, while avoiding reassignment in the future and enhancing the mobile communications operations. In this study, we use a graph structure to represent the present mobile cellular network and establish the route-selection strategies. We define the "Optimal Route Assignment" for a newly constructed base station, which refers to the route assignment that causes least impact on disconnection area when any circuit in the network is broken. We also propose to use A* algorithm for optimal route assignment. However, the computation for the optimal route is time consuming. Measures such as computation time and least hops are considered in designing other strategies for route assignment. These strategies are parametric and we carried out experiments by adjusting and controlling parameters using real routing data. The experimental results demonstrate that there is no single winner among the proposed strategies. We identify a number of best strategies for different operating regions.

Commuter rail is increasingly popular as a means to introduce rail transportation to metropolitan transportation systems. The long-term benefits of commuter rail include the addition of capacity to the transportation system, providing a quality commute alternative, and shifting land use toward transit-oriented development patterns. The success of a commuter rail system depends upon cultivating a ridership base upon which to expand and improve the system. Cultivating this ridership is dependent upon offering a quality transportation option to commuters. Characteristics of commuter rail systems in the United States present challenges to offering quality service that must be overcome. Commuter rail has been implemented only on existing rail right-of-way (ROW) and infrastructure (depending upon condition) in the United States. Existing rail ROW does not often coincide with current commercial and residential demand centers and necessitates the use of a circulator system to expand the service boundary of commuter rail to reach these demand centers. The commuter rail circulator network design problem (CRCNDP) addresses a particular aspect of the commuter rail trip, seeking to improve the performance of the entire system through accurately modeling the portion of the trip from rail station to the final destination. This final leg includes both the trip on the circulator vehicle and the walking trip from the circulator stop to the final destination. This dissertation seeks to provide an innovative mathematical programming formulation and solution methodology for the CRCNDP and apply this method to a case study.

This thesis processes a database of technical monuments in the city of Týn nad Vltavou and its surroundings. There was made a survey and controlled interviews with local businessmen and on its basis two plans of tourist routes and one cycle route were created. These plans of technical monuments include also its financing and project of new bike rentals.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5944.pdf: 3753394 bytes, checksum: 4babbe51bdbcdccb3d5611114b35d9f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-12 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This study reports on the information obtained by analyzing actual urban bicyclecommuter routes in São Carlos, using Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) for collecting the data and a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analyzing the data. The characteristics of the routes used by cyclists were compared with the characteristics of the shortest-path routes. The extra distance travelled was computed by the difference between these two lengths, and a multiple linear regression was created for explain the reason for this extra distance. The results showed that 70% of the trips were, at most, 15% longer than the shortest path, the average extra distance was 220 meters and the factors that have an influence was the street hierarchy and pavement quality. / Este trabalho relata as informações obtidas através da análise de rotas reais de bicicleta em viagens urbanas na cidade de São Carlos, utilizando Sistemas de Posicionamento Global (GPSs) para a coleta de dados e um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a análise das informações. As características dos percursos realizados pelos ciclistas foram comparadas com as características dos caminhos mais curtos entre seus pontos de origem e destino. A distância adicional percorrida foi calculada pela diferença de comprimento entre estas duas rotas e uma regressão linear múltipla foi criada pra explicar o motivo deste acréscimo. Verificou-se que 70% das viagens realizadas foram, no máximo, 15% mais longas que o menor caminho, a distância adicional média foi igual a 220 metros e que os fatores que influenciam diretamente no acréscimo da viagem é a hierarquia viária e a qualidade do pavimento.

The purpose of this dissertation was to understand the possible relationships among exposure to high sound pressure levels, auditory processing, and performance in the routes of reading and writing, having in mind that children who are acquiring such abilities, into an improper acoustic environment, have tendency to have writing processing difficulties. In this context, this investigation was conducted through the integration among the knowledge of Acoustics, Audiology, and Neuropsychology in the acquisition of writing language. The accomplished procedures were acoustic measures, auditory evaluation, which include the inspection of the external auditory canal, vocal and pure-tone audiometry, imitanciometry, and for the auditory processing, the Staggered Spondaic Words (SSW) test was performed. The writing evaluation included reading and writing isolated words to analyze the use of the lexical and phonological routes. The results of the acoustic measurements through the dosimeter in four schools in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil divided the sample of 87 children of 3 and 4 years old of primary school, aged eight to ten years, into two groups exposed (17 children) and not exposed (70 children) to levels higher than 80dB(A). The sample with normal auditory threshold was also separated in groups with 38 children without changes in acoustic immittance measurements and 49 with changes. The results showed that the children who were exposed to high sound pressure levels are damaged to use the lexical and phonological routes in reading and writing, even if such alterations were not evidenced with significant differences in the auditory processing test, between the exposed and not exposed groups. It is possible to infer, however, that the noise affects the reading and writing processing, and preventive actions are necessary to avoid trouble to the students related to their academic and social abilities. / Esta dissertação teve como proposta de estudo compreender as possíveis relações entre exposição a níveis de pressão sonora elevados, processamento auditivo e desempenho nas rotas de leitura e escrita, visto que crianças que estão adquirindo tais habilidades, em meio a um ambiente acústico inadequado, são propensas a dificuldades no processamento da linguagem escrita. Nesse contexto, a investigação foi conduzida pela integração dos conhecimentos da Acústica, Audiologia e Neuropsicologia em aquisição de linguagem escrita. Os procedimentos realizados incluíram medições acústicas, avaliação auditiva que incluiu a inspeção do meato acústico externo, audiometria tonal e vocal, imitanciometria, e para o processamento auditivo realizou-se o teste dicótico de dissílabos alternados (SSW). A avaliação da linguagem escrita incluiu a leitura e escrita de palavras isoladas para análise do uso das rotas fonológica e lexical. Os resultados das mensurações acústicas realizadas por meio de dosímetro em quatro escolas de Santa Maria RS, dividiu a amostra de 87 crianças do 3º e 4º anos do ensino fundamental, na faixa etária de oito a dez anos, em dois grupos expostos (17 crianças) e não expostos (70 crianças) a níveis maiores que 80dB(A). A amostra com limiares auditivos normais foi distribuída em dois grupos: um de 38 crianças sem alterações e outro de 49 crianças com alterações imitanciométricas. Os resultados demonstraram que crianças expostas a níveis de pressão sonora elevados são prejudicadas no uso das rotas fonológica e lexical na leitura e escrita, ainda que tais alterações não tenham sido evidenciadas em diferenças significativas no teste de processamento auditivo entre o grupo não exposto e exposto. Pode se inferir, portanto, que o ruído prejudica o processamento da leitura e escrita, e tornam-se necessárias ações preventivas com a finalidade de evitar prejuízos aos escolares em suas habilidades acadêmicas e sociais.

A dissertação trata de Pau Brasil, de Oswald de Andrade, e Feuilles de Route: I. Le Formose e II. Sao-Paulo, de Blaise Cendrars, e pretende verificar como a cidade de São Paulo - em sua condição particular no contexto da modernidade brasileira - é transformada em matéria poética nessas obras. Em contraponto aos elementos do cosmopolitismo da metrópole, apresenta-se a vida rural no ambiente das fazendas do interior do Estado. Com base na análise das obras, procuro avaliar a poética dos autores em suas relações com a metrópole, considerando ainda temáticas associadas a outras questões da modernidade, como o progresso x a natureza e o tema da viagem. Na recomposição dos projetos poéticos dos autores nas obras estudadas, os desenhos elaborados por Tarsila do Amaral para ambas produções poéticas serão considerados como um ponto-chave. / This dissertation examines Oswald de Andrade´s Pau Brasil, and Blaise Cendrars´ Feuilles de Route: I. Le Formose and II. Sao-Paulo, and intents to verify how São Paulo has been - in its particular condition in the context of Brazilian modernity - transformed in poetic subject in these works. In contrast to the elements of metropolis´ cosmopolitism, presents the rural life in inner state farms. Based on work analysis, I attempt to evaluate the authors´ poetic in their relationship with the metropolis, considering also a subject matter associated to other modernity issues, like progress x nature and the travelling theme. In rearrangement of poetic projects from the authors in the studied works, the drawings created by Tarsila do Amaral for both poetic produtions are considered key-points.

Avec l’identification des antigènes tumoraux et la compréhension de la réponse immunitaire mucosale, la vaccination par voie respiratoire est devenue un champ d’investigation prometteur pour le traitement du cancer. L’objectif de cette thèse était de concevoir des vaccins peptidiques nanoparticulaires à base de liposomes, destinés à la vaccination antitumorale par voie respiratoire ou nasale. Ainsi, nous avons formulé des liposomes vectorisant un épitope peptidique TCD8+ dérivé de l’oncogène ErbB2, un épitope TCD4+ et une molécule adjuvante. Cette construction a ensuite été optimisée en faisant varier les caractéristiques physicochimiques du vecteur liposomique (taille, structure, composition) ou de la formulation (viscosité). L’efficacité antitumorale des différents vaccins ainsi obtenus a été évaluée après administration respiratoire ou nasale, prophylactique ou thérapeutique, dans un modèle de tumeurs pulmonaires ou de tumeurs sous-cutanées chez la souris. L’ensemble de ces travaux a montré un intérêt indéniable des vaccins peptidiques à base de liposomes dans la vaccination antitumorale par voie respiratoire et nasale, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives pour le traitement du cancer. / With the identification of tumor antigens and the better understanding of the mucosal immune response, the vaccination by the respiratory route has become a promising field of investigation for cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to develop nanoparticulate peptide-based liposomal vaccines for antitumor vaccination by respiratory or nasal route. Thus, we have prepared liposomes associating ErbB2 TCD8+ and HA TCD4+ peptide epitopes with an adjuvant molecule. This construct was then optimized by varying its physicochemical characteristics (size, structure, composition) or its formulation (viscosity). The antitumor efficacy of the various vaccines obtained thereby was evaluated in a model of pulmonary or subcutaneous tumors in mice after prophylactic or therapeutic, nasal or respiratory immunization. All our data showed an undeniable interest of peptide vaccines based on liposomes in the antitumor vaccination by the respiratory and nasal routes, opening new perspectives for cancer treatment.

La présence de la sigillée gauloise en Transpadanie occidentale est connue de longue date par les chercheurs locaux, mais cela reste peu connu à la fois aux niveaux national italien et international. On en ignore surtout la portée. Un pourcentage de sigillée gauloise très important découverte dans chantiers de fouille immédiatement à l’intérieur de l’enceinte romaine de Turin, a modifié cette perspective. Il est apparu que les sigillées gauloises ne pouvaient plus être considérées comme une présence sporadique, ni comme le résultat de réapprovisionnements destinés exclusivement aux classes les plus aisées, mais constituaient un indicateur économique important. De cette constatation est née la nécessité de reprendre l’examen des attestations de sigillées gauloises en Transpadanie occidentale dans leur ensemble, y compris par comparaison avec la situation d’autres réalités de l’Italie du Nord, avec l’objectif d’établir non seulement la provenance du vaisselle, mais aussi des routes commerciales empruntées. La voie principale d’approvisionnement de toute la Cisalpine a été le Pô. Huile, vin et garum, atteignent les marchés transpadanes et de la Ligurie interne par voie fluviale, partant des côtes adriatiques et orientales et aussi depuis la péninsule ibérique. Le choix d’utiliser la diffusion des sigillées de la Gaule centrale en tant que fossile directeur pour reconstituer l’existence d’une voie de circulation commerciale en Cisalpine d’ouest en est naît de l’idée que l’on est en présence de produits qui ne disposent plus d’un réseau de distribution méditerranéen, alors qu’ils se concentrent en revanche en Europe continentale et en Bretagne. / The presence of the Gaulish Terra Sigillata in Transpadana has been well known for a very long time by local researchers, but on an Italian national and an international level, it is hardly known. Most importantly, its extent has been ignored. A very important amount of Gaulish Terra Sigillata, discovered on an excavation site immediately close to the city wall, inside and outside the Roman settlement of Turin, radically modified this idea. It has very quickly become apparent that the Gaulish Terra Sigillata cannot be considered as a random find any more, nor the result of supplying intended exclusively to the upper classes, but constituting a rather important economic indicator. From this observation, the need to re-examine the evidence of Gaulish Terra Sigillata in western Cisalpine is clear, including the need to compare the situation with others in northern Italy, with the aim to establish, not only the provenance of the crockery, but also, above all, the trade route that was used. The main trade route in the whole of Cisalpine Gaul was the river Po. Oil, wine and garum reached the markets of Transpadana and internal Liguria by waterway from the Adriatic and eastern coasts and, probably also, from the Iberian Peninsula. The decision to use the Terra Sigillata of central Gaul as a type fossil to reconstruct a circulation route from the west to the east of Cisalpine, with more or less distant provenances, was based on the consideration that these products didn’t use the Mediterranean distribution network any more, but actually they concentrated on continental Europe and Brittany.

No description available.