Une méthode d'évaluation environnementale de tronçons routiers, modulaire, basée sur l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie et développée au LCPC, a été étendue aux calculs d'impacts et aux matériaux alternatifs. L'objet de cette thèse était de comparer des variantes d'autoroutes interurbaines utilisant des matériaux naturels et alternatifs et d'étendre l'outil associé au milieu urbain, tout en menant une réflexion sur l'accessibilité de l'outil par des non-spécialistes de l'environnement. Les spécificités de conception urbaine ont été implémentées sur une base de dimensionnement classique. L'extension aux matériaux alternatifs a été traitée pour des laitiers de hauts fourneaux. Plusieurs applications à des cas types de chaussées ainsi que des études d'ouvrages sont présentées. Une enquête sous forme d'entretiens et de questionnaires a été réalisée auprès de différents acteurs de la profession, permettant de dégager la place des critères environnementaux au sein du processus décisionnel.

L'évolution des transports, au cours des dernières décennies, témoigne d'une volonté continue de réduire les contraintes associées à la notion de déplacement. Dans ce but, une part importante des efforts engagés a pour objectif de raccourcir la durée des trajets, essentiellement grâce à l'amélioration des infrastructures et la diversification des modes de transport. La multiplicité modale, censée répondre aux différents besoins des usagers, n'a cependant pas suffi à stopper l'essor de l'automobile au sein des agglomérations. La voiture individuelle est ainsi progressivement devenue la principale source de nuisances et d'accidents urbains. Les solutions étudiées pour remédier à cette situation reposent principalement sur la responsabilité du facteur humain. Elles proposent donc essentiellement de remplacer l'automobile par des systèmes de transport autonomes. L'automatisation des véhicules, progressivement mise en place par la démocratisation des systèmes d'aide à la conduite (ADAS), nécessite le développement de modules de perception de l'environnement, qui analysent et traitent l'information acquise à partir d'un ou plusieurs capteurs. Avec l'explosion des capacités computationnelles des systèmes embarqués, la caméra est devenue l'un des capteurs les plus utilisés, tant pour la richesse de l'information contenue dans une séquence d'images, que pour son faible coût et son encombrement limité. Les travaux présentés dans ce document apportent une solution originale au problème de la perception visuelle pour la conduite automatisée, grâce à une approche monoculaire fondée sur l'étude de contraintes géométriques appliquées au mouvement image.

Les victimes d'accident de la route sont recensées par les forces de l'ordre, en France, et dans la plupart des pays. L'enregistrement des blessés non-décédés est incomplet et biaisé (biais de sélection et de classement de la gravité). Un registre médical couvre le département du Rhône. La coexistence des recensements policier et médical permet par capture-recapture d'estimer un bilan exhaustif au niveau rhodanien, et ainsi d'estimer les facteurs de correction des données policières. En faisant l'hypothèse d'homogénéité, sur le territoire national, des pratiques policières d'enregistrement des blessés, nous appliquons les coefficients de correction aux données policières nationales, en redressant sur les facteurs de biais. Les effectifs annuels moyens sur 1996-2004 sont alors estimés à 514 000 blessés dont 61 000 blessés graves, soit 3,7 et 2,2 fois les décomptes des forces de l'ordre. Les blessés avec séquelles lourdes sont estimés à 8000 annuellement, soit autant que les tués.

<p>More and more travellers use navigation-aid software to find the way while driving. Most of todays systems use static maps with little or no information at all about currently yeilding roads conditions and disturbances in the network. It is desirable for such services</p><p>in the future to include information about road works, accidents, surface conditions and other types of events that affects what route is currently the best.</p><p>It is also desirable to notify users about changes in the prerequisites of the chosen route after they have started their trip.</p><p>This thesis investigates methods to include dynamic traffic information in route calculations and notifying users when the characteristics change for their chosen route.</p><p>The thesis utilizes dynamic traffic information from The Swedish Road Agencys (Vägverket) central database for traffic information, TRISS and calculates affected clients with help of positioning through the GSM network.</p>

<p>This thesis is an experimental study to evaluate the performance of different routing protocols in commonly deployed scenarios. This study mainly focuses on how much time each protocol consumes while recovering from a link-loss. It provides a guide line for the best routing solutions for ISPs, individual organizations or other types of providers which are engaged in providing reliable real-time communications to their subscribers. Such communications may include vehicle trafficking data, online TV programs (IPTV), voice over IP telephony (VoIP), weather forecasts, tracking systems and many other services which totally depend upon the reliability of real-time data streams, where any major loss in received data may bring significant negative results in the integrity of the entire application.</p><p>This work experimentally observes and tracks the loss of UDP packets when changes in the network topology occur. In order to make this observation in real network topologies, a custom-designed software tool has been developed. The tool is capable of delivering enough resources to a tester in evaluating the performance of routing protocols. All the test results derived from the software tool are statistically evaluated and on the basis of the outcome a better proposition can be provided to network administrators which face inconsistent topological issues.</p>

The Internet traffic is constantly increasing following the emergence of new network applications like social networks, peer-to-peer, IP phone or IP television. In addition, these new applications request better path availability and path quality. Indeed the efficiency of these applications is strongly related to the quality of the underlying network. In that context network operators make use of traffic engineering techniques in order to improve the quality of the routes inside their network, but also to reduce the network cost of increased traffic handling with a better utilization of existing resources. This PhD thesis covers several topics of Traffic Engineering and Fast Restoration in IP/MPLS networks. Our first contribution is related to the definition of a well-engineered network. In the literature mathematical formulation of Traffic Engineering (TE) requirements are very diverse. We have thus performed a comparative study of many objective functions, in order to differentiate them and choose in a rational way the one that best reflects Traffic Engineering goals. We have also designed a method approaching optimal TE, whereby we divide the traffic matrix in N sub-matrices and route them independently, based on the derivatives of the objective function. The second topic addressed in this work concerns link weight optimizers (LWOs). Link weight optimization is the traffic engineering {it "standard"} technique in networks running link state routing protocols (which are widely used in transit networks). These link weight optimizers suffer from several limitations due to the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) Hot-Potato rule, which is basically not considered by such optimizers. Therefore we have proposed a BGP-aware link weight optimization method that takes problematic Hot-Potato effects into account, and even turns them into an advantage. We have also studied how LWOs behave in big networks which have to use BGP route reflectors. Finally we have studied whether forwarding loops can appear or not when traffic is split among multiple equivalent egress routers, an optional BGP feature that we did use in our Hot-Potato aware LWO. Our last contribution concerns network resilience. We have proposed a solution for a rapid recovery from a link or node failure in an MPLS network. Our solution allows a decentralized deployment combined with a minimal bandwidth usage while requiring only reduced amount of information to flood in the network. This method is the first that makes possible a decentralized deployment combined with an optimal resource consumption. To easily simulate and test the methods proposed in this work, we have also contributed to the development of TOTEM - a TOolbox for Traffic Engineering Methods.

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More and more travellers use navigation-aid software to find the way while driving. Most of todays systems use static maps with little or no information at all about currently yeilding roads conditions and disturbances in the network. It is desirable for such services in the future to include information about road works, accidents, surface conditions and other types of events that affects what route is currently the best. It is also desirable to notify users about changes in the prerequisites of the chosen route after they have started their trip. This thesis investigates methods to include dynamic traffic information in route calculations and notifying users when the characteristics change for their chosen route. The thesis utilizes dynamic traffic information from The Swedish Road Agencys (Vägverket) central database for traffic information, TRISS and calculates affected clients with help of positioning through the GSM network.

This thesis is an experimental study to evaluate the performance of different routing protocols in commonly deployed scenarios. This study mainly focuses on how much time each protocol consumes while recovering from a link-loss. It provides a guide line for the best routing solutions for ISPs, individual organizations or other types of providers which are engaged in providing reliable real-time communications to their subscribers. Such communications may include vehicle trafficking data, online TV programs (IPTV), voice over IP telephony (VoIP), weather forecasts, tracking systems and many other services which totally depend upon the reliability of real-time data streams, where any major loss in received data may bring significant negative results in the integrity of the entire application. This work experimentally observes and tracks the loss of UDP packets when changes in the network topology occur. In order to make this observation in real network topologies, a custom-designed software tool has been developed. The tool is capable of delivering enough resources to a tester in evaluating the performance of routing protocols. All the test results derived from the software tool are statistically evaluated and on the basis of the outcome a better proposition can be provided to network administrators which face inconsistent topological issues.

Trip planning is a well cited problem for which various solutions have been reported in the literature. This problem has been typically addressed, to a large extent, as a shortest distance path planning problem. In some scenarios, the concept of shortest path is extended to reflect temporal objectives and/or constraints. This work takes an alternative perspective to the trip planning problem in the sense it being situation aware. Thus, allowing multitudes of traveler centric objectives and constraints, as well as aspects of the environment as they pertain to the trip and the traveler. The work in this thesis introduces TSADA (Traveler Situation Awareness and Decision Aid) system. TSADA is designed as a modular system that combines linguistic situation assessment with user-centric decision-making. The trip planning problem is modeled as a graph G. The objective is to find a route with the minimum cost. Both hard and soft objective/attributes are incorporated. Soft objective/attributes such as safety, speed and driving comfortability are described using a linguistic framework and processed using hierarchical fuzzy inference engine. A user centric situation assessment is used to compute feasible routes and map them into route recommendation scheme: recommended, marginally recommended, and not recommended. In this work, we introduce traveler's doctrines concept. This concept is proposed to make the process of situation assessment user centric by being driven by the doctrine that synthesizes the user's specific demands. Hard attributes/objectives, such as the time window and trip monitory allowances, are included in the process of determining the final decision about the trip. We present the underline mathematical formulation for this system and explain the working of the proposed system to achieve optimal performance. Results are introduced to show how the system performs under a wide range of scenarios. The thesis is concluded with a discussion on findings and recommendations for future work.