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This thesis examines issues surrounding route navigation. Emphasis is on the problems of elderly motorists. Elderly drivers have been said to avoid unfamiliar routes and may have wayfinding problems, but the extent and nature of these problems have not previously been investigated. This thesis aims to determine how drivers plan their routes and find their way in transit. It also seeks to investigate the prevalence and types of driver wayfinding problems, as well as their causes, consequences and psychological implications. Lastly, this thesis aims to measure the impact wayfinding problems have on mobility and identify potential solutions. Three studies were conducted, the first was a preliminary investigation into route navigation issues. Focus group discussions explored driver wayfinding strategies and problems. The second study consisted of a postal questionnaire survey of motorists. Results suggested the most common route planning method was to read a map and take notes of the route. For wayfinding on major roads, drivers stated a preference for road number, place name, and junction information. In cities, they requested information about street names, lane position and landmarks. More drivers under 60 years of age preferred landmark information than did elderly drivers. The most frequent wayfinding errors were: missing a road sign, choosing the wrong lane, and detecting a sign or a turn too late to respond safely. The most frequently reported causes of wayfinding errors were: insufficient, inaccurate, obscured or non-existent traffic signs; inattention or distraction; inaccurate directions; darkness; busy roads and road repairs. As hypothesised, elderly drivers reported more difficulties with wayfinding and this was related to reduced mobility. The third study explored different means of presenting route guidance information. An experiment was conducted to investigate the safety and efficiency of visual, auditory (speech) or a combined visual-auditory display. Driver performance, visual behaviour, subjective mental workload and preferences were recorded. For displaying simple route guidance information to drivers across ages, it is recommended that verbal displays be used as a primary source of guidance information and visual displays as a redundant reminder.

Την τελευταία δεκαετία έχει παρατηρηθεί μια σημαντική διάδοση των συστημάτων πλοήγησης οχημάτων. Τα συστήματα αυτά συνδυάζοντας τις δυνατότητες που προσφέρει η τεχνολογία και χρησιμοποιώντας τη γεωγραφική αναπαράσταση του οδικού δικτύου, την τρέχουσα θέση του οχήματος και συχνά πληροφορίες για την κίνηση προτείνουν στους οδηγούς τη διαδρομή που πρέπει να ακολουθήσουν για να φτάσουν πιο γρήγορα στον προορισμό τους. Οι εφαρμογές πλοήγησης οχημάτων μπορούν να προσφέρουν τη δυνατότητα διαχείρισης της κυκλοφορίας με τέτοιο τρόπο που επιτρέπει την αύξηση της χωρητικότητας του οδικού δικτύου και επομένως τη μείωση της συμφόρησης, χωρίς να είναι απαραίτητη η υψηλού κόστους επέκταση της οδικής υποδομής. Σε αντίθεση με το βέλτιστο για το χρήστη μοντέλο που εφαρμόζεται στα κλασικά συστήματα πλοήγησης και που δεν παρέχει καμία εγγύηση βελτίωσης της κυκλοφοριακής κατάστασης, για το σκοπό αυτό έχει προταθεί το βέλτιστο για το σύστημα μοντέλο. Το μοντέλο προτείνει διαδρομές με στόχο τη βελτίωση της κυκλοφοριακής κατάστασης στο δίκτυο, αλλά η εφαρμογή του είναι μη ρεαλιστική καθώς οι προτεινόμενες διαδρομές μπορεί να είναι πολύ μακρύτερες από το αναμενόμενο. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάται μια τρίτη προσέγγιση: ένας βέλτιστος για το σύστημα υπό περιορισμούς αλγόριθμος. Πρόκειται για ένα συνδυασμό των δύο μοντέλων πλοήγησης με σκοπό τη μείωση της συμφόρησης και ταυτόχρονα τη διατήρηση της δικαιοσύνης στην επιλογή των προτεινόμενων διαδρομών για τους οδηγούς. Αφού γίνει θεωρητική μελέτη του προβλήματος παρουσιάζεται η υλοποίηση ενός συστήματος πρότασης διαδρομών που χρησιμοποιεί το βέλτιστο για το σύστημα υπό περιορισμούς αλγόριθμο. / During the last decade, vehicles' route guidance systems have known a significant spread. These systems, taking advantage of the available technological features and by using the geographical representation of the road network, the current position of a vehicle and often traffic data, propose to drivers the route they should follow in order to reach faster their destination. The applications of route guidance systems offer the chance to manage traffic in such a way that allows an increase in road network capacity and therefore a decrease in traffic congestion, without being necessary the high cost expansion of the road infrastructure. In contrast to the user optimal model that is followed by typical route guidance systems and provides no traffic improvement guarantees, the system optimal model has been proposed for this purpose. The model proposes paths with the goal of improving the traffic condition of the network, however its application is unrealistic since the proposed routes may be much longer than expected. In this thesis a third approach is studied: a constrained system optimal algorithm. The algorithm is a combination of the two navigation models with the goal of reducing congestion and at the same time remaining fair for drivers when selecting a route. After the theoretical study of the problem, the implementation of a route recommendation system that incorporates the constrained system optimal algorithm is presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pugliesi_ea_dr_prud.pdf: 3859130 bytes, checksum: 645542947cbc0887ddc9305b7a183a0b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar representações cartográficas para manutenção na rota, em um Mapa Visual Dinâmico de Sistema de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SNGRA), por meio das análises de demanda visual, preferência subjetiva e erro navegacional. Os pontos de referência e os sinais de direção de trânsito são elementos de informação importantes que auxiliam os motoristas nas tarefas de manutenção na rota. A tese central é que o Mapa Visual Dinâmico de um SNGRA pode apresentar baixa demanda visual, alta preferência subjetiva e pouco erro navegacional quando se combina representação cartográfica áudio-dinâmica com pontos de referência representados na perspectiva do motorista e representação de seta para indicar a direção da manobra. Os elementos de pontos de referência foram selecionados a partir das características da atratividade visual e cognitiva de um pequeno espaço urbano brasileiro e, principalmente, da rota de teste. As representações cartográficas foram produzidas com base em fatores humanos (cognição, percepção e atenção) e, testadas junto a um grupo de 28 motoristas. Utilizou-se a estatística não paramétrica para analisar os dados coletados nos testes de demanda visual. Os resultados indicam as representações cartográficas eficientes e eficazes para manutenção na rota, bem como apontam a relação da demanda visual com os fatores sexo, habilidade espacial e experiências com mapas. Este trabalho confirma os resultados de pesquisas anteriores de que os motoristas preferem mapas para navegação e guia de rota em automóvel porque querem conhecer sua localização e o contexto espacial, em relação às referências urbanas. / The aim of this research is to evaluate cartographic symbols for route following in a Dynamic Visual Map of a Car Navigation and Route Guidance System, taking into account visual demand, subjective preference and navigational error. Landmarks and traffic signs are information elements that help drivers when following a route. The central hypothesis is that Dynamic Visual Map could be more efficient and effective when combining audio-dynamic cartographic representation with landmarks in a driver's perspective view and arrow to indicate maneuver direction. The landmarks were selected from characteristics of visual and cognitive attractiveness from a town and, mainly of the test route. The cartographic symbols were produced based on human factors (cognition, perception and attention) and tested with 28 drivers. Non-parametric statistic was applied in order to analyze the collected data from visual demand test. The results indicate cartographic symbols efficient and effective for route following, as well as point out association between visual demand with sex, spatial abilities and experiences with maps factors. This work confirm previous research that the most of drivers prefer maps to navigation and route following in car, because they want know en-route where they are in relation to particular areas and landmarks.

Orientador: Mônica Modesta Santos Decanini / Banca: Vilma Mayumi Tachibana / Banca: Nilton Nobuhiro Imai / Banca: Claudia Robbi Slutter / Banca: Luciene Stamato Delazari / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar representações cartográficas para manutenção na rota, em um Mapa Visual Dinâmico de Sistema de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SNGRA), por meio das análises de demanda visual, preferência subjetiva e erro navegacional. Os pontos de referência e os sinais de direção de trânsito são elementos de informação importantes que auxiliam os motoristas nas tarefas de manutenção na rota. A tese central é que o Mapa Visual Dinâmico de um SNGRA pode apresentar baixa demanda visual, alta preferência subjetiva e pouco erro navegacional quando se combina representação cartográfica áudio-dinâmica com pontos de referência representados na perspectiva do motorista e representação de seta para indicar a direção da manobra. Os elementos de pontos de referência foram selecionados a partir das características da atratividade visual e cognitiva de um pequeno espaço urbano brasileiro e, principalmente, da rota de teste. As representações cartográficas foram produzidas com base em fatores humanos (cognição, percepção e atenção) e, testadas junto a um grupo de 28 motoristas. Utilizou-se a estatística não paramétrica para analisar os dados coletados nos testes de demanda visual. Os resultados indicam as representações cartográficas eficientes e eficazes para manutenção na rota, bem como apontam a relação da demanda visual com os fatores sexo, habilidade espacial e experiências com mapas. Este trabalho confirma os resultados de pesquisas anteriores de que os motoristas preferem mapas para navegação e guia de rota em automóvel porque querem conhecer sua localização e o contexto espacial, em relação às referências urbanas. / Abstract: The aim of this research is to evaluate cartographic symbols for route following in a Dynamic Visual Map of a Car Navigation and Route Guidance System, taking into account visual demand, subjective preference and navigational error. Landmarks and traffic signs are information elements that help drivers when following a route. The central hypothesis is that Dynamic Visual Map could be more efficient and effective when combining audio-dynamic cartographic representation with landmarks in a driver's perspective view and arrow to indicate maneuver direction. The landmarks were selected from characteristics of visual and cognitive attractiveness from a town and, mainly of the test route. The cartographic symbols were produced based on human factors (cognition, perception and attention) and tested with 28 drivers. Non-parametric statistic was applied in order to analyze the collected data from visual demand test. The results indicate cartographic symbols efficient and effective for route following, as well as point out association between visual demand with sex, spatial abilities and experiences with maps factors. This work confirm previous research that the most of drivers prefer maps to navigation and route following in car, because they want know en-route where they are in relation to particular areas and landmarks. / Doutor

Connected vehicle is a fully connected transportation system in which vehicles, infrastructure, and mobile devices are enabled to exchange information in real-time to bring advancements in transportation operations. It is important to incorporate the new characteristics of the connected vehicle in the transportation planning process. Also, it is vital for planning and road agencies to better understand the impacts of connected vehicle on transportation networks, system demand, and travel behavior of road users in order to properly prepare for them. In addition, developers of connected vehicle systems can gain insight into how their systems will impact road users and network performance. When a change in performance of a transportation network occurs it can potentially cause users to change travel modes, known as mode choice. In this research, the change in mode choice, due to the change in network performance by introduction of connected vehicle is studied. This provides a more accurate depiction of the performance of the network and indicates how connected vehicles could change travellers’ preference in travel mode. The effect of this technology is explored on the performance of the Toronto waterfront, in a microsimulation environment. The results show that average travel time increases for high market penetrations when a dynamic route guidance algorithm is implemented, a phenomenon that occurs in dense, and complex traffic networks. Analysis of mode choice shows a loss in the auto mode share, for high market penetrations, due to the increased auto travel times. This loss in the auto mode share is compensated by increases in the other modes. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste na elaboração de mapas áudio-dinâmicos em múltiplas escalas automáticas, para um Sistema de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SINGRA). O projeto das representações cartográficas foi dividido em duas fases: projeto de composição geral e projeto áudio-gráfico. Os mapas visuais dinâmicos foram elaborados com base nos princípios da comunicação cartográfica e da percepção visual, com ênfase nas operações de generalização. A área de estudo apresenta uma malha urbana com diferentes tipos de vias, cruzamentos e limites de velocidade. Os mapas foram projetados para serem exibidos em um monitor de pequeno formato (sete polegadas), com alta resolução, e um total de quatro escalas de representação foi determinado: 1/10.000, 1/5.000, 1/2.500 e 1/1.000. Tais escalas foram definidas em função do tamanho da mídia de apresentação e do tipo de tarefa tática. Os mapas generalizados foram obtidos pela aplicação das operações de simplificação, exagero e deslocamento, sobre uma base cartográfica na escala 1/1.000. As representações áudio-dinâmicas foram produzidas a partir de variáveis áudio-dinâmicas. As mensagens de voz foram pré-gravadas na voz feminina, executadas em sincronia com as informações visuais. O projeto foi implementado em um SINGRA disponível na FCT-UNESP, a partir do compilador Visual Basic e da biblioteca MapObjects. Ao comparar o sistema de múltiplas escalas com o de escala única, observa-se que os novos mapas adaptados ao contexto de direção do motorista, podem permitir que o usuário receba a informação de acordo com a tarefa de navegação desenvolvida ao longo da rota ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this research is to design and implement an automatics multi-scale and audio-dynamic map for an In-Car Route Guidance and Navigation System (RGNS). The design was organized in two stages: general composition and auditory-graphic design. The visual-dynamic maps were designed based on cartographic communication principles and visual perception, especially on the generalization operators. The area of study presents an urban network with different types of roads, nodes, and speed limits. The maps were designed for a small-screen display, and a total of four different scales were employed: 1:10.000, 1:5.000, 1:2.500 and 1:1.000. These scales were chosen according to the media size and type of tactical task. The maps were derived from an accurate cartographic database at scale of 1:1000, by applying generalization techniques, such as simplification, displacement, and enhancement. The audio-dynamic representations were produced by taking account a set of audio-dynamic variables. The voice messages were recorded in a female voice, and they were presented with visual information, simultaneously. The design was implemented in a navigation system, which is available in the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, by using Visual Basic compiler and MapObjects library. The results of comparison between the automatic multiple-scale and single scale system show that the new system, enhanced driver's context, can allow the user receiving information according to the tasks performed along of the route. From the employment of generalization technique it was possible to present in a properly way the amount of information in the display, in which it can contribute for reducing navigational errors and visual demand, when compared with single-scale map ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Mônica Modesta Santos Decanini / Coorientador: Edmur Azevedo Pugliesi / Banca: Claudia Robbi Sluter / Banca: Milton Hirokazu Shimabukuro / Mestre

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux types d’architectures dans les réseaux véhiculaires : les réseaux à infrastructure et les réseaux sans infrastructure. L’objectif de ce travail est de définir des solutions améliorant la connectivité des passagers des véhicules dans des environnements à densité variable en points d’accès. Pour ceci, dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons aux algorithmes de guidage routier (dont l’objet est de guider un véhicule d’un point de départ vers un point d’arrivée) en prenant en compte les emplacements des points d’accès le long des routes. Notre première contribution est de définir un algorithme de guidage qui offre une connectivité supérieure au chemin par défaut (en général le plus court chemin) tout en maintenant une distance parcourue raisonnable pour les passagers du véhicule. Nous nous intéressons également à la minimisation du nombre de handovers afin d’améliorer la qualité de service du réseau. Nous avons évalué notre algorithme en termes de distance couverte et du nombre de handovers, tout en s’assurant de garder une distance totale parcourue raisonnable. Nous avons étudié dans un deuxième temps l’impact du choix de l’algorithme du guidage routier sur les performances de la couche réseau, où nous avons pris en compte deux types de protocoles de routage de données : réactif et proactif. Ensuite, nous avons étudié une problématique récurrente dans les réseaux véhiculaires qui est le routage des données de véhicule à véhicule. Ceci est particulièrement utile en absence d’une infrastructure disponible sur la route. Nous proposons une solution inter-couches («cross-layer») qui tire profit des caractéristiques des réseaux sans fil pour offrir un protocole de routage multi-sauts. Contrairement à la plupart des propositions de protocoles de routage, notre solution ne requiert pas un échange de messages de signalisation entre les voisins, ce qui améliore les performances du réseau en termes de charge utile et efficacité, surtout pour un réseau à forte mobilité comme c’est le cas pour des réseaux véhiculaires où les voisins changent d’une seconde à une autre, rendant problématique la mise à jour des informations de chaque nœud mobile sur son entourage / In this thesis, we focus on two types of architectures in vehicular networks: infrastructure networks and networks without infrastructure. The goal of this work is to define solutions to improve connectivity for passengers of vehicles in environments with variable density of access points. For this, we start by studying route guidance systems (whose purpose is to guide a vehicle from a starting point to a destination point), taking into account the locations of access points along roads. Our first contribution is to define a route guidance algorithm that offers superior connectivity compared to the default path (usually the shortest path) while maintaining a reasonable distance for passengers. We dealt also another issue which consists in minimizing the number of handovers to improve the quality of network service. We evaluated our algorithm in terms of covered distance and the number of handovers, while making sure to keep a reasonable traveled distance. After that, we studied the impact of the choice of route guidance algorithm in the performance of the network layer, where we took into account two types of routing protocols data: reactive and proactive. Next, we studied a recurrent problem in vehicular networks which is routing data from vehicle to vehicle. This is particularly useful in the absence of available infrastructure on the road. We propose a cross-layer architecture that takes advantage of the characteristics of wireless networks to design a multi-hops routing protocol. Unlike most proposals for routing protocols, our solution does not require an exchange of signaling messages between neighbors, and so improves network performance in terms of overhead and efficiency, especially for networks with high mobility such as vehicular networks, where neighbors change frequently, making it difficult to update information from each mobile node on its surroundings

Safety in transportation systems is of paramount concern to society; many improvements have been made in recent decades and yet thousands of fatalities still occur annually. Work zones in particular are areas with increased safety risks in transit networks. Advances in electronics have now allowed engineers to merge powerful computing and communication technologies with modern automotive and vehicular technology, known as connected vehicle. Connected vehicle will allow vehicles to exchange data wirelessly with each other and infrastructure to improve safety, mobility and sustainability. This thesis presents a paper that focuses on evaluating the impact of connected vehicle on work zone traffic safety. A dynamic route guidance system based on decaying average-travel-time and shortest path routing was developed and tested in a microscopic traffic simulation environment to avoid routes with work zones. To account for the unpredictable behaviour and psychology of driver’s response to information, three behaviour models, in the form of multinomial distributions, are proposed and studied in this research. The surrogate safety measure improved Time to Collision was used to gauge network safety at various market penetrations of connected vehicles. Results show that higher market penetrations of connected vehicles decrease network safety due to increased average travel distance, while the safest conditions, 5%-10% reduction in critical Time to Collision events, were observed at market penetrations of 20%-40% connected vehicle, with network safety strongly influenced by behaviour model. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)