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No campo das ciências sociais aplicadas, essa pesquisa qualitativa aprofunda ação prévia de conhecimento, em campo empírico centrado nos distritos rurais de Vila Seca e Criúva, situados nas circunvizinhanças do município de Caxias do Sul, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o mais setentrional do Brasil. Em relação com outros municípios lindeiros e situado na região mais abrangente dos Campos de Cima da Serra, esse meio é constituído de um mosaico predominantemente autóctone de campos e de floresta de araucárias, atravessado por mananciais e habitado por uma população de aproximadamente 4000 pessoas. Cuja principal atividade de trabalho é a criação semiextensiva de gado de corte e de leite, de características campesinas e associada a outras atividades, em uma composição de ocupações múltiplas que é característica da ruralidade brasileira contemporânea. Nesse lugar de particularidades socioculturais intrincadas estão situadas 70 % das reservas atuais de água potável para o que é a segunda maior população urbana do estado, quase meio milhão de pessoas na totalidade desse município. Uma situação que tem aportado paulatinas restrições normativas às longevas práticas agrícolas ali desenvolvidas. Em incoerente ato de origem urbana, tendo em vista o estado de conservação ambiental que esses agricultores mantêm em seu território de vida e as licenças que a cidade concede a atividades poluentes no mesmo espaço geográfico. Anterior estudo que faço testemunha empiricamente sobre a existência da noção de paisagem para os habitantes do lugar, em um contexto espaciotemporal associado às atividades agrícolas. Assim reconstituí, em abordagem etnográfica associada ao conhecimento da história agrária, uma trajeção de paisagem no sentido dado por Augustin Berque. Os estudos dessa primeira fase nessa tese de doutorado são aprofundados pela poética do habitar de Tim Ingold; com o objetivo geral de desvelar as atitudes emancipatórias contidas nessa paisagem, buscando entender sua duração e tendo em vista sua relação com vizinhança urbana, contudo a partir da perspectiva dos projetos de vida desses habitantes rurais. O método analítico-descritivo escolhido consiste no acesso à memória coletiva desses moradores, com o intuito de realizar uma narrativa visual compartilhada. Tal ato ocorreu ao longo de observação participante que acompanhou as familiares tarefas de caráter campesino e as festividades coletivas dos habitantes locais, bem como as suas interfaces com instâncias normativas urbanas. A etnografia resultante é híbrida, consistindo do filme Desejos em Paisagens Serranas e de um interligado texto ilustrado. Concluo principalmente pela existência de eventos emancipatórios empreendidos pelos habitantes, caracterizando os anseios de continuidade temporal da paisagem do lugar, contudo em sua diversidade e delicados aspectos de alteridade. Um mundo de visão trajetivo que em sua duração manifesta uma ética ecumenal. Muito distinto do temporâneo mundo de visão associado aos quadros técnicos normativos urbanos, que em suas especificidades ambientais e sanitárias mostram comprometimento prioritário com o imediatismo das necessidades funcionais do viver citadino e com os mecanismos cambiantes de sustentação de suas alianças de negócio. / In the area of applied social science, this qualitative research expands on earlier investigations in the empirical field centred on the rural districts of Vila Seca and Criúva in the environs of the municipality of Caxias do Sul, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil’s southernmost state. In relation with neighbouring municipalities and situated in the most extensive region of the Campos de Cima da Serra, this setting is composed of a predominantly native mosaic of fields and araucaria forest, traversed by excellent springs and inhabited by a population of approximately 4000 people. Their main productive task consists of semi-extensive beef and dairy cattle farming and related activities conducted on peasant smallholdings, by farmers engaged in multiple occupations, as is characteristic of contemporary Brazilian rurality. This place of intricate sociocultural peculiarities holds 70% of the current reserves of drinking water for the second largest urban population in the state, almost half a million people in the entire municipality. That situation has led to a gradual increase in the normative restrictions affecting the long-existing agricultural practices conducted in those rural areas. It is inconsistent on the part of the city authorities, given the state of environmental conservation in which the farmers maintain the territory from which they draw their livelihood, to concede licenses for activities that pollute the same geographic space. In an earlier study, I empirically testify to the existence of the notion of landscape for the inhabitants of the place, in a spatiotemporal context associated with agricultural activities. Thus I reconstituted, in an ethnographic approach associated with a knowledge of the agrarian history, a landscape trajection, in the sense given by Augustin Berque. The studies in that earlier phase of this doctoral thesis have been enhanced by Tim Ingold’s theoretical construction of the poetics of dwelling. The aim being to unveil the emancipatory attitudes contained in this landscape, seeking to understand its duration and considering its relation with the neighbouring urban complex, based on the perspective of the life projects of its rural inhabitants. The chosen analytical-descriptive method is intended to access the collective memory of the inhabitants in order to achieve a shared ethnographic visual narrative. This occurred through participant observation of the peasant-based family tasks, and the collective festivities of the local inhabitants, as well as their interface with the normative environmental and sanitary bodies. The result of this ethnographic project is hybrid: an illustrated written text and the film Desejos em Paisagens Serranas (‘Desires in Upland Landscapes’). The main conclusion I reach is that the emancipatory events undertaken by the inhabitants characterize yearnings for the temporal continuity of the landscape of the place, in all its diversity and delicate aspects of otherness. A world of trajective vision that, in its duration, manifests an ecumenal ethics that is very different from the temporary world of vision that emanates from the urban normative technical boards, which in their environmental and sanitary spheres prioritize a commitment to the immediacy of the functional needs of urban living and to the changing mechanisms of sustainability of their business alliances.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Aparecida de Castro.pdf: 3723700 bytes, checksum: c129883456c83e5992978cdf7dbc8c06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-02 / This dissertation is the result of a research project on the pilgrimage of the ox-carts for the Divino Pai Eterno Party in Trindade Goiás, designed and carried out in urban space in the city of Inhumas, while starting and finishing point of the pilgrimage. The objective of this research work was to analyze the capacity of the pilgrimage of ox-carts for Trindade Party suit the socio-cultural changes resulting from the urbanization process. We worked mainly with the concepts of rurality, popular Catholicism/pilgrimage and urbanization. It was carried out a field research which included interviews with twenty pilgrims and the participating observation carried out during the pilgrimage of ox-cart to the Trindade Party on the way Inhumas Trindade, from June 23 to July 6, 2010. Being a typical practice of rurality, but practiced in urban space, the pilgrimage of the ox-carts become a dialogue and intersection space of urban with countryside. It is in the urban context marked by individualism and by a constant barrage of scientific-technological and social changes that a group of ox-carts pilgrims, residents of the city of Inhumas, seeks to take its rural ethos, living in the practice of the pilgrimage of ox-carts for the Trindade Party ideals intrinsic to rural life, they are: community and family. / Esta dissertação é fruto de um projeto de pesquisa sobre a romaria de carro de bois para a festa do Divino Pai Eterno em Trindade Goiás, pensada e realizada no espaço urbano, na cidade de Inhumas, enquanto palco de partida e chegada da romaria. O objetivo desse trabalho de pesquisa foi analisar a capacidade da romaria de carro de bois para a festa de Trindade de se adequar as mudanças sócio-culturais advindas do processo de urbanização. Trabalhamos principalmente com os conceitos de ruralidade, catolicismo popular/romaria e urbanização. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo que incluiu entrevistas a vinte romeiros e observação participante realizada durante a romaria de carro de bois para a festa de Trindade no percurso Inhumas Trindade, do dia 23 de junho a 06 de julho de 2010. Por ser uma prática típica da ruralidade, mas praticada no espaço urbano, a romaria de carro de bois se torna um espaço de diálogo, de intersecção do urbano com o rural. É no contexto urbano marcado pelo individualismo e por uma constante avalanche de mudanças científico-tecnológicas e sociais que um grupo de romeiros de carro de bois, moradores da cidade de Inhumas, busca assumir seu ethos rural, vivenciando na prática da romaria de carro de bois para a festa de Trindade ideários intrínsecos a ruralidade que são: comunidade e família.

In february 2017 the maternity ward in Sollefteå was shut down. The citizens of the surrounding area, Ådalen, thus have more than two hours - with private transportation on narrow roads without phone connection - to the nearest maternity ward. The shutdown is a result of various developments in society, connected to larger structures of power that present these changes as natural and inevitable. This qualitative study explores the relationship between individual and structure by examining the area of Ådalen and its inhabitants’ access to maternity care. The emphasis lay on power dynamics within - and between - different structures and how these come to influence people’s everyday life. With ethnographic material collected through in depth-interviews and observations, the impact of these power structures are exemplified and discussed from the perspectives of a few individuals. The relevant structures are examined through three norms; a male norm, a neoliberal norm and an urban norm. The analysis problematize how the norms, through the conceptions of women, rurality and human values they reproduce, influence access to maternity care and limit the agency of the study’s participants. The analysis is based on power theories of both Foucault and Bourdieu. Foucault’s theories of subject and resistance are used to examine structural exercise of power and the informants’ collective actions and experiences. While Bourdieu’s theories of habitus, capital and field are used to analyze the informants’ individual perceptions of power. The power structures discussed are tied together by an intersectional framework, which enables a broader analysis of how these structures cooperate and strengthen each other. The study shows the complexity of power where the local movements challenge prevailing structures through mobilization and resistance. / I februari 2017 stängdes Sollefteå BB. Invånarna i det omgivande området, Ådalen, har därmed över två timmars bilfärd - med privat transport på smala vägar utan telefontäckning - till närmaste förlossningsvård. Nedstängningen av Sollefteå BB kan förstås som en konsekvens av olika samhälleliga förändringar, vilka är kopplade till större maktstrukturer som får denna utveckling att framstå som naturlig och oundviklig. Denna kvalitativa studie utforskar relationen mellan individ och struktur genom att undersöka Ådalen och dess invånares tillgång till förlossningsvård. Fokus ligger på makt-dynamiken inom, liksom mellan, olika strukturer och hur dessa påverkar människors villkor. Maktstrukturerna exemplifieras och diskuteras utifrån ett antal individers perspektiv, med etnografiskt material insamlat genom djupintervjuer och observationer. De för studien relevanta strukturerna undersöks genom tre normer; en manlig norm, en neoliberal norm och en urban norm. Utifrån dessa normer diskuteras hur informanterna relaterar till makt i kontexten av nedstängningen av Sollefteå BB. Analysen problematiserar hur de olika normerna genom den uppfattning om kvinnor, landsbygd och mänskliga värden som reproduceras påverkar tillgången till förlossningsvård, liksom handlingsutrymmet för studiens deltagare. Analysen utgår från teorier om makt av både Foucault och Bourdieu. Foucaults teorier om bl. a. subjekt och motmakt används för att analysera strukturellt maktutövande och informanternas kollektiva handlingar och upplevelser. Medan Bourdieus teorier om habitus, kapital och fält används för att förstå informanternas individuella erfarenheter av och uppfattningar om makt. De maktstrukturer som diskuteras knyts samman genom ett övergripande intersektionellt ramverk, vilket möjliggör en bredare analys av hur dessa strukturer samarbetar och stärker varandra. Studien visar en komplex bild av makt och maktutövning där de lokala rörelserna i Ådalen utmanar rådande maktstrukturer genom mobilisering och motstånd.

À travers l’analyse des mouvements de population entre les îles Amami et la métropole japonaise, dite « Hondo », ce travail examine les processus de (re)définitions identitaires à l’œuvre chez les habitants de ce petit archipel au Sud-Ouest du Japon, ainsi que les effets de ces mouvements sur les représentations de leur territoire. Les divers types de mobilité repérables chez les gens des îles Amami sont intimement liés à l’histoire de la région. Anciennement intégré au royaume des Ryûkyû, puis sous la domination de la province de Satsuma, l’archipel fut placé sous administration américaine après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, avant d’être rétrocédé au Japon en 1953. Cet arrière-plan historique singulier a eu de multiples conséquences, au premier rang desquelles figure une importante migration interne de personnes originaires d’Amami vers les grands centres urbains de la métropole, en particulier dans la région de Hanshin (Kôbe, Amagasaki, Ôsaka). L’attention portée à l’élaboration de différences « culturelles » entre la métropole japonaise et les habitants des îles Amami met en lumière la volonté de construction d’une nation homogène par les gouvernements successifs depuis Meiji. Cette différenciation a donné lieu à un double processus : d’une part, la marginalisation de la population originaire d’Amami à son arrivée en métropole à partir du début du XXe siècle ; d’autre part, des regroupements d’Amamiens au sein de diverses initiatives culturelles (« amicales des anciens », cours de « chants des îles », médias à destination des « minorités »). Un certain nombre d’« évènements » survenus depuis les années 1990 invitent ensuite à s’interroger sur l’actuelle valorisation de l’« identité amamienne ». L’analyse de trajectoires individuelles permet de faire émerger les multiples raisons d’un mouvement de « retour vers » ou de « départ pour » les îles Amami, ainsi que les effets de ces installations. Ce travail révèle ainsi le dynamisme actuel d’Amami, et, par là, permet de saisir les requalifications de cet archipel et de ses habitants, tout comme sa place actuelle à l’intérieur du Japon. / This work focuses on current processes of identity (re)definition among the inhabitants of the Amami Islands, in the context of strong population movements between this small archipelago of southern Japan and the Japanese metropolis called “Hondo”, as well as on the impact of these movements on their views of their territory. The different types of mobility that can be observed among the people of the Amami Islands are deeply enmeshed in the history of the region. Once part of the Ryûkyû kingdom, then under the domination of Satsuma province, the archipelago was placed under U.S.A. administration after World War II, before its restoration to Japan in 1953. This singular historical background has had multiple consequences, not the least of which is the intense internal migration from Amami towards the big urban centers of the metropolis, in particular in the Hanshin region (Kôbe, Amagasaki, Ôsaka). A focus on the making of “cultural” differences between the Japanese metropolis and the inhabitants of the Amami Islands sheds light on the homogenizing nation-building policies that consecutive governments have set up since Meiji. This differentiation has led to a two-way process: on the one hand, the marginalization of the population hailing from Amami at its arrival in the metropolis, beginning in the early twentieth century; on the other hand, the coming together of Amami islanders within cultural programs (“third age groups”, “island songs” classes, medias destined to “minorities”). Several “events” that have taken place since the 1990s then bring our focus onto the current valorization of the “Amami identity”. An analysis of individual trajectories brings forth the multiple reasons behind movements “back to” or “departing from” the Amami Islands, as well as the effects of these relocations. This work thus renders the dynamics of Amami and, as a result, brings the requalification of this archipelago and it’s inhabitants into focus, and sheds light on its current place within Japan.

Objective: determine whether accreditation through Accreditation Canada is associated with more favorable resident safety in Ontario LTC homes and which facility characteristics are predictive of accreditation. Methods: logistic regression was used to determine predictors of accreditation. To examine the association between accreditation and safety, safety was operationalized as five MDS-RAI quality indicators: prevalence of falls, restraints, catheters, pressure ulcers, and infections. Separate multivariable models were developed for each indicator. Results: the odds of accreditation were approximately six times smaller for municipal (p < 0.001) and non-profit facilities (p < 0.001) relative to for-profits; three times greater for chains relative to non-chains (p < 0.001); and twice as large for urban relative to rural facilities (p = 0.04). Of the five quality indicators examined, only one (falls) was associated with accreditation. After adjusting for confounders, accredited homes were estimated to have 8% lower fall rates than non-accredited homes (p = 0.01).

The new changes such as developments in transportation and communication technology, globalization of markets, intensification of flow of information, ideas and innovations since the 1980s have helped to increase the interaction between urban and rural and this process have had very important impact on the resemblance process of rural areas to urban areas with some characteristics, vice versa. Therefore the process have had an effect on the blurring strict distinction between urban and rural in worldwide. The new rurality approach has been main approach in the thesis that has tried to explain the new features of rural areas. It has focused on what has been happenning in rural areas and drawn attention to changes in rural areas which was previously ignored or overemphasized. The approach took five main changing features of rural areas as central focus which were non-farm activities, role of women, entrepreneurship, in-migration, division of labour and also urban-rural interaction. Therefore, the observed changes caused to draw attention to the question of is rural still the opposite of urban? In this respect, the effects of the increased relationships between urban and rural on rural areas in terms of getting new characteristics that new rurality approach explained were investigated by handling two case studies / Gedelek and Kus&ccedil / uali Villages in Turkey.

Stereotypes about Appalachia abound through dubious and reductive representations of the ‘hillbilly’ icon. Sexuality and how it functions in Appalachia is usually cast from the outside as wild, violent, bestial, incestuous and generally base. Movies such as Deliverance and television shows such as The Beverly Hillbillies and The Dukes of Hazard render images of Appalachian sexuality as hyper-sexual, both naive and violent. These images of Appalachian sexual ignorance and violence that permeate popular culture have had problematic and reductive implications for rural gay/trans Appalachian folk. Mainstream gay culture has often used the perceived meanings of these images to circumscribe and foreclose upon the possibility of rural queer life, rendering the rural as monolithically homophobic and impenetrable. This research attempts to destabilize this perspective and critique the impulse for mainstream gay culture to further marginalize rural gay/trans folk in Appalachia. The project reveals the possibility for rural queer life to exist in Appalachia to show not only its presence, but also its varying forms of visibility. To do this, experimental methodologies are employed, drawing on autoethnography that have located my body as an active participant and research object in one particular Appalachian queer geography. By actively participating in a rural queer network, the possibility for Appalachian queer geographies to exist in ways that surpass popular representations emerge in a way that force us to renegotiate our understandings of homophobia and what sets its conditions. This project begins to uncover and theorize the ways in which kinship as a ‘social technology’ mitigates social strangeness and operates as a means for social protection and intimacy within rural queer populations. This research is presented in a way that neither dismisses nor emphasizes homophobic violence, but rather argues the imperative for strong political advocacy that recognizes both the struggles and accomplishments of rural gay/trans folk. Three interlinked approaches are used to highlight these possibilities and foreclosures: the exterior representation of Appalachian sexuality in American metropolitan gay cultures and its politico-cultural effects on rural gay/trans folk, a more nuanced interpretation of homophobia in Appalachia, and how ‘place’ is made through the operation of rural queer networks.