Com o intuito de promover proteção de amplo espectro, na maioria dos protetores solares estão associados pelo menos dois filtros orgânicos (UVA e UVB). A combinação da avobenzona (BMBM), filtro UVA, e do p--metoxicinamato de octila (EHMC), filtro UVB, é conhecida e muito utilizada em formulações manipulas e industrializadas, porém apresenta alteração na absorção espectral após exposição à radiação UV. A estratégia empregada com maior frequência para reduzir a instabilidade da combinação é baseada na adição de agentes fotoestabilizadores. A adição de substâncias naturais em formulações fotoprotetoras vem sendo explorada, especialmente o grupo dos flavonoides, como a rutina, que apresenta resultados positivos em relação à eficácia fotoprotetora. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial da rutina como substância fotoestabilizadora dos filtros EHMC e BMBM. Foram desenvolvidas formulações contendo os dois filtros associados ou não com rutina de acordo planejamento fatorial em três níveis. As formulações foram avaliadas quanto a eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro aplicadas em placas de PMMA e analisadas por espectrofotometria de refletância com esfera de integração antes e após a exposição à radiação UV. As interações moleculares dos filtros com a rutina foram avaliadas por 1H RMN, DSC, TG e análise qualitativa da supressão do estado energético singleto. A adição de rutina nas formulações contendo 5,0% (p/p) de BMBM e 10,0% (p/p) de EHMC promoveu elevação na conservação do FPS in vitro de 53,9% para 65,8 (0,1% de rutina) e 70,8% (1,0% de rutina). As curvas DSC e TG da rutina apresentaram alterações promovidas pela presença dos filtros BMBM e EHMC, indicando interação entre o flavonoide e os filtros. Após dose de 5760 J cm-2 de radiação UV o valor da razão trans/cis para o filtro EHMC em solução adicionado do filtro BMBM foi elevado de 5,5±0,1, sem adição de rutina, para 12,6±0,4, com adição da rutina. A análise qualitativa da supressão do estado singleto indicou que um dos mecanismos envolvidos na fotoestabilização dos filtros BMBM e EHMC é a supressão do estado energético singleto. Os resultados reportados neste estudo indicaram que a adição da rutina em formulações fotoprotetoras representa um caminho simples e efetivo para elevar a fotoestabilidade da combinação dos filtros BMBM e EHMC. A adição da rutina em formulações fotoprotetoras representa uma estratégia promissora, pois aliada a ação fotoestabilizadora, verificada nesse estudo, esse flavonoide possui propriedades antioxidante e quelante de metais que podem colaborar para o desenvolvimento de formulações fotoprotetoras de amplo espectro com aumento da segurança e eficácia. / In order to promote broad-spectrum protection, most sunscreens are associated with at least two organic filters (UVA and UVB). The combination of avobenzone (BMBM), UVA filter, and octyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), UVB filter, is well known and widely used in industrial formulations and pharmaceutical compounding, but shows alteration in spectral absorption after UV radiation exposure. The most commonly used strategy to reduce the instability of the combination is based on the addition of photostabilizer agents. The addition of natural substances in sunscreen formulations has been explored, especially the group of flavonoids such as rutin, which shows positive results regarding photoprotective efficacy. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of rutin as a photostabilizer substance of EHMC and BMBM. Formulations were developed containing the two filters associated or not with rutin, according to factorial design at three levels. The formulations were evaluated for in vitro photoprotective efficacy applied on PMMA plates and analyzed by spectrophotometer with integrating sphere reflectance before and after exposure to UV radiation. Molecular interactions of filters with rutin were evaluated by 1H NMR, DSC, TG and qualitative analysis of the suppression of singlet energy state. The addition of rutin in the formulations containing 5.0 % (w/w) BMBM and 10.0 % (w/w) EHMC promoted an increase in the preservation of in vitro SPF of 53.9% to 65.8 (0.1 % rutin) and 70.8 % (1.0% rutin). The DSC and TG curves of rutin showed changes promoted by the presence of BMBM and EHMC filters, indicating interaction between the flavonoid and filters. After 5760 J cm-2 of UV radiation the value of the trans/cis ratio for the EHMC filter added from the BMBM filter was increased from 5.5 ± 0.1 without addition of rutin, to 12.6 ± 0 4,with the addition of rutin. Qualitative analysis of the suppression of the singlet state indicated that one of the mechanisms involved in the photostabilization BMBM and EHMC filters is suppression of singlet excited state.The results reported in this study indicate that the addition of rutin in sunscreen formulations is a simple and effective way to increase the photostability of the combination of BMBM and EHMC. The addition of rutin in sunscreen formulations represents a promising strategy, for allied with the photostabilization action, observed in this study, this flavonoid has antioxidant and chelating properties of metals that can contribute to the development of broad-spectrum sunscreens formulations with increased safety and efficacy.

Denna studie har haft som syfte att undersöka varför eller varför inte biståndshandläggare frågar äldre klienter om våldsutsatthet och vad som de anser behövs för att fråga rutinmässigt. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvalitativ ansats har utförts för att fånga upplevelser hos åtta biståndshandläggare i olika kommuner i Mellansverige. En tematisk analys genomfördes för att sammanställa teman och subteman. Resultatet visar att det som hindrar biståndshandläggare från att fråga om våld är brist på rutiner och kunskap, hög arbetsbörda, brist på förtroende, att potentiella våldsutövaren är med, att frågan är känslig, föreställningar om att äldre inte är utsatta för våld, samt en nedprioritering av frågan på organisatorisk nivå. Vad som möjliggör för biståndshandläggare att fråga är att gå två professionella på hembesök för att få till enskildhet, råd och stöd från arbetsgruppen och andra professionella, samt utbildning. Att ha som rutin inom organisationen att fråga rutinmässigt är också en viktig möjliggörare. / The aim of this study was to explore why or why not social workers who work with older people ask if they have been subjected to abuse and what barriers and facilitators there are to screening for abuse. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather the experience of eight social workers in Mid Sweden. A thematic analysis was used to create themes and subthemes. The result shows that barriers for asking include lack of routines and knowledge, lack of trust, a high workload, that it is a sensitive question, the potential perpetrator being in the room, the idea of older people not being victims of violence, and a lack of priority at organizational level. The facilitators include separating the potential perpetrator and client by being two professionals, support from colleagues and other professionals and more training. Routines such as screening all older people could be an important facilitator for screening.

Tillägget på årsredovisningslagen som tillkom 2017 kräver att stora och medelstora företag redovisar sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Den nya lagen innebär stora utmaningar för företag som ska redovisa sitt hållbarhetsarbete för första gången. Problematiken med att redovisa sin påverkan är osäkerheten i beräkningarna, framför allt beräkningar av koldioxidutsläpp från mobila förbränningsenheter. För att kunna beräkna koldioxidutsläppen krävs det att rätt data samlas in enhetligt i organisationen. Zengun som är en byggentreprenör och en decentraliserad organisation står inför sin första hållbarhetsredovisning. Det innebär att Zengun måste samla in enhetlig information i hela organisationen, där även Zenguns underentreprenörer inkluderas. Syftet med studien är ta fram en rutin för insamling av koldioxiddata och undersöka i vilken utsträckning rutinen kan bidra till företagets hållbarhetsarbete. Ytterligare ett syfte är att kartlägga den interna kommunikationen kring hållbarhetsarbetet i en decentraliserad organisation och undersöka hur kommunikationen kan underlätta rutinens implementering. Resultatet utgår från insamlat material utifrån dokumentstudier och intervjuer med nyckelpersoner hos Zengun och Zenguns underentreprenörer. Resultatet visar på att Zenguns komplexa organisationsstruktur är en utmaning vid implementering av en rutin. Detta eftersom synen på en rutin och hållbarhetsarbetet ser olika ut i företaget. Subjektivitet och extra arbete är några av aspekterna som nämndes som problematiska. Med stöd från teorier och tidigare forskning har en rutin utvecklats och studien visar på att rutinen inte i sig kommer att bidra till företagets hållbarhetsarbete, men att den är början på en långvarig process som kan ses som en lärande loop. Implementeringen av rutinen kan ge uppkomst till motsättningar inom systemet. Genom kommunikation via företagets interna kommunikationskanaler och avtal kan motsättningarna hanteras. / The addition of the Annual Reports Act which was introduced in 2017, require large and medium-sized companies to report on their sustainability work. The new law creates great challenges for companies who will now report their sustainability work for the first time. The problem with reporting their environmental impact is the uncertainty with the calculations, especially with calculations from carbon dioxide emission from mobile sources. To calculate the carbon dioxide emission correct data must be collected uniformly in the organization. Zengun, which is a building entrepreneur and a decentralized organization will be doing their first sustainability reporting for 2017. It means that Zengun must collect data uniformly in the organization, where subcontractor is included. The aim of this study is to configure a routine to collect carbon dioxide data and investigate how the routine can contribute to the company’s sustainability work. Another aim is to map the internal communication regarding sustainability work in a decentralized organization. This result is based on material collected from a document study and interviews with key people within Zengun and Zengun’s subcontractors. The result shows that Zengun’s complex organization structure is a challenge when a routine will be implemented. The reason is that the view of a routine and sustainability work is different within the company. Subjectivity and extra work is some of the aspects which is mentioned as problematic. With support from the theories and previous research a routine has been configurated and the study shows that a routine will not in itself contribute to the company’s sustainability work, but it´s the start of a long progress towards a learning loop. Contradictions within the system can occur during the implementation of the routine. To handle the contradictions the communication through internal communication channels and contracts are crucial.

Natural flavonoids and flavonolignans feature beneficial properties for living organisms such as antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, anticancer, chemoprotective, dermatoprotective and hypocholesterolemic activities. Their metabolism in mammals is complex, the exact structure of their metabolites still remains partly unclear and the standards are usually not commercially available. Hence, this project focused on the preparation of potential and defined biotransformation Phase II sulfated metabolites of silymarin flavonolignans: silybin, 2,3-dehydrosilybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin and flavonoids quercetin, taxifolin, rutin and isoquercitrin. Pure sulfated derivatives were prepared using aryl sulfotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense and aryl sulfotransferase from rat liver. Using heterologously expressed PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosophosulfate) - independent arylsulfotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense and cheap p-nitrophenyl sulfate as sulfate donor, sulfated flavonolignans and flavonoids were obtained in high yields. Silymarin flavonolignans afforded exclusively monosulfates at the position C-20 (C-19 in the case of silychristin), except 2,3-dehydrosilybin that yielded also the 7,20-O-disulfated derivative. Isoquercitrin and rutin were selectively sulfated...

Óleos contendo alta proporção de ácidos graxos ômega-3 (n-3 FA) têm sido aplicados na formulação de alimentos ou comercializados como suplementos, com a finalidade de reduzir o risco cardiovascular, principalmente devido aos seus efeitos hipotriglicêmicos e anti-inflamatórios. No entanto, a susceptibilidade à oxidação dos n-3 FA é elevada, levando à formação de vários produtos secundários, incluindo alguns tóxicos e potencialmente aterogênicos. Por esta razão, compostos naturais com propriedades antioxidantes têm sido investigados com o objetivo de melhorar a estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos com alta proporção de n-3 FA. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a capacidade antioxidante de dois compostos naturais (ácido sinápico e hidrato de rutina) utilizando-se um modelo acelerado para oxidar os óleos. Foram combinados cinco indutores (Temperatura; Ferro- Fe2+; 2,2\'-Azobis dicloridrato de 2-amidinopropano - AAPH; ascorbil palmitato - AP e 2,2\'-azobis -2,4-dimetilvaleronitrilo - AMVN) em um delineamento fatorial (25-1) com ½ fração de \"resolução V\" para acelerar a oxidação de três óleos (linhaça, Echium e peixe) contendo diferentes fontes de n-3 FA: ácido α-linolênico (ALA), ácido estearidônico (SDA) e ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) + ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA), respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os marcadores de oxidação (LOOH e TBARS) estimados pelos modelos e os valores observados experimentalmente. Os indutores AMVN e Fe2+ foram os principais fatores responsáveis pelo aumento da concentração de TBARS. Os valores dos marcadores oxidativos obtidos 48 h após a indução foram semelhantes ou superiores àqueles observados nas amostras oxidadas a 60°C por 15 dias, sendo ambos maiores que os valores observados nas amostras de óleo frescas. Entre os compostos voláteis formados pela oxidação de diferentes fontes de n-3 FA, (E, E) 2,4 -heptadienal, (E, E) 2,4-decadienal, decanal, undecanal e (E) -2-undecenal foram identificados em todas as amostras, podendo ser utilizados como marcadores oxidativos mais específicos. Utilizando o modelo de oxidação acelerada, o hidrato de rutina melhorou a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de peixe, provavelmente devido à presença de grupos catecol em sua estrutura química. Este estudo contribuiu para que ensaios mais rápidos fossem realizados na avaliação do efeito antioxidante de novas moléculas aplicadas em óleos funcionais comestíveis. / Oils containing a high proportion of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have been used in the formulation of foods or sold as supplements, aiming to reduce cardio-vascular risks, mainly due to their hypotriglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, n-3 FA are highey susceptible to oxidation, leading to the formation of several products, including some toxic and potentially atherogenic. For this reason, natural products with antioxidant properties have been investigated to improve the oxidative stability of oils with a high proportion of n-3 FA. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of two natural compounds (sinapic acid and rutin hydrate), using an accelerated model to oxidize the oils. Five inducers were combined (Temperature, Iron-Fe2+, 2,2\'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-AAPH, Ascorbyl palmitate-AP and 2,2\'-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile-AMVN) in a factorial design (25-1) ½ fraction of \"resolution V\" to accelerate the oxidation of three oils (flaxseed, Echium and fish) containing different sources of n-3 FA: α-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. There was no difference between the oxidation markers (LOOH and TBARS) estimated by the regression models and the values experimentally observed. The inducers AMVN and Fe2+ were the main factors responsible for the increase of TBARS concentration. The values of the oxidation markers obtained 48h after the induction were similar to or higher than those obtained when the samples were oxidized at 60°C for 15 days, both being more elevated than the values observed in the fresh oils. Among the volatile compounds formed by the oxidation of different sources of n-3 FA, (E, E) 2,4-heptadienal, (E, E) 2,4-decadienal, decanal, undecanal and (E)-2-undecenal were identified in all samples, and could be used as more specific oxidation markers. Using the accelerated model, rutin hydrate improved the oxidative stability of fish oil, probably due to the presence of catechol groups in its chemical structure. This study showed that faster anays could be performed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of new molecules applied on edible functional oils.

Submitted by Luis Ricardo Andrade da Silva (lrasilva@uefs.br) on 2017-01-11T21:46:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Boneco 97-2003-corre??es.pdf: 20164603 bytes, checksum: 78fbb46841fee330fc6bc340e1af3756 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T21:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boneco 97-2003-corre??es.pdf: 20164603 bytes, checksum: 78fbb46841fee330fc6bc340e1af3756 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / Polygalaceae family species are traditionally used in many regions of the world and because of this, research is being conducted to evaluate the biological activities, as well as phytochemicals aspects of these plants. In this way, the present study was to carry out the proposed chemical characterization and evaluation of biological activity in vitro of the extract and prediction of new biological activities in silico of the substances identified in Asemeia ovata (Polyagalaceae). The chemical characterization was made through previous phytochemical screening tests and fingerprint by HPLC-DAD. The isolation and identification of compounds was performed by classical chromatography techniques, HPLC-DAD and 1H and 13C NMR. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity in vitro was taken by Scavenging of DPPH free radical method, acetylcholinesterase activity by adapting the method of Ellman and Artemia salina lethality. The prediction of activity was made by tools for in silico target fishing, followed by docking the DOCK 6.7 program and evaluation of interaction profiles by Protein-Ligand Interaction server profiler. The chemical characterization showed that the extracts are rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids. It was possible to identify and quantify using HPLC-DAD substances: rutin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-ferulic acid. Moreover, it was possible to isolate the rutin substance, poligalen and a possible new alkaloid. The ethyl acetate extract was superior in the evaluation of in vitro activity with EC50 = 5.46 mg/mL for antioxidant activity, and LC50 = 71.91 mg/mL A. salina lethality. Acetylcholinesterase activity did not yield significant results (AChEIs% <20%). Tools for in silico target fishing allowed, through the ChemProt 2.0 and DRAR- CPI-servers, to select the molecular targets carbonic anhydrase 12 and epidermal growth factor receptor for routine; for luteolin-7-O-glucoside targets cotransporter 2 sodium / glucose and CDC42-activated protein kinase 1; poligalen to the target protein tyrosine kinase JAK2; and for caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-ferulic the best targets were epidermal growth factor receptor and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, carbonic anhydrase 12 and Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, mitochondrial. This work provides new results for the species, both from a chemical and biological point of view, there is good prospects of study with interesting potential to be discovered. / Esp?cies da fam?lia Polygalaceae s?o utilizadas tradicionalmente em muitas regi?es do mundo e, devido a isso, pesquisas est?o sendo realizadas para avaliar as atividades biol?gicas, como tamb?m os aspectos fitoqu?micos desses vegetais. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como proposta realizar a caracteriza??o qu?mica e avalia??o de atividades biol?gicas in vitro de extratos da planta inteira e predi??o in silico de novas atividades biol?gicas das subst?ncias identificadas de Asemeia ovata (Polyagalaceae). A caracteriza??o qu?mica foi feita atrav?s de testes de triagem fitoqu?mica pr?via e fingerprint por CLAE-DAD. O isolamento e identifica??o de subst?ncias foi realizado por t?cnicas de cromatografia cl?ssica, CLAE-DAD e RMN de 1H e 13C. A avalia??o da atividade antioxidante in vitro foi feita pelo m?todo de sequestro de radical livre DPPH, atividade anticolinester?sica pela adapta??o do m?todo de Ellman e letalidade frente Artemia salina. A predi??o de atividades in silico foi feita por m?todos de Triagem Virtual Inversa (TVI), seguido de reacoplamento pelo programa DOCK 6.7 e avalia??o dos perfis de intera??o pelo servidor Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler. A caracteriza??o qu?mica mostrou que os extratos s?o ricos em ?cidos fen?licos e flavonoides. Foi poss?vel identificar e quantificar, atrav?s de CLAE-DAD, as subst?ncias: rutina, luteolina-7-O-glicos?deo, ?cido cafeico, ?cido p-cum?rico e ?cido trans-fer?lico. Al?m disso, foi poss?vel isolar as subst?ncias rutina, poligaleno e um poss?vel novo alcaloide. O extrato acetato de etila mostrou-se superior na avali??o das atividades in vitro, com CE50 = 5,46 mg/mL para atividade antioxidante, e CL50 = 71,91 ?g/mL para letalidade frente a A. salina. Para a atividade anticolinester?sica n?o obteve-se resultados significativos (%IAChE < 20%). A TVI permitiu selecionar, atrav?s dos servidores ChemProt 2.0 e DRAR-CPI, os alvos moleculares Anidrase carb?nica 12 e Receptor de fator de crescimento epid?rmico para a rutina; para a luteolina-7-O-glicos?deo os alvos Cotransportador 2 de s?dio/glicose e Prote?na quinase CDC42 ativada 1; para o poligaleno o alvo Prote?na tirosina quinase JAK2; e para os ?cidos cafeico, p-cum?rico e trans-fer?lico os melhores alvos foram Receptor de fator de crescimento epid?rmico e Ras-relacionada ao substrato C3 da Toxina botul?nica 1, Anidrase carb?nica 12 e Ornitina carbamoiltransferase, mitocondrial. Esse trabalho fornece resultados in?ditos para a esp?cie, tanto do ponto de vista qu?mico, como biol?gico, apresentando boas perspectivas de estudo, com interessante potencial a ser descoberto.

Óleos contendo alta proporção de ácidos graxos ômega-3 (n-3 FA) têm sido aplicados na formulação de alimentos ou comercializados como suplementos, com a finalidade de reduzir o risco cardiovascular, principalmente devido aos seus efeitos hipotriglicêmicos e anti-inflamatórios. No entanto, a susceptibilidade à oxidação dos n-3 FA é elevada, levando à formação de vários produtos secundários, incluindo alguns tóxicos e potencialmente aterogênicos. Por esta razão, compostos naturais com propriedades antioxidantes têm sido investigados com o objetivo de melhorar a estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos com alta proporção de n-3 FA. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a capacidade antioxidante de dois compostos naturais (ácido sinápico e hidrato de rutina) utilizando-se um modelo acelerado para oxidar os óleos. Foram combinados cinco indutores (Temperatura; Ferro- Fe2+; 2,2\'-Azobis dicloridrato de 2-amidinopropano - AAPH; ascorbil palmitato - AP e 2,2\'-azobis -2,4-dimetilvaleronitrilo - AMVN) em um delineamento fatorial (25-1) com ½ fração de \"resolução V\" para acelerar a oxidação de três óleos (linhaça, Echium e peixe) contendo diferentes fontes de n-3 FA: ácido &#945;-linolênico (ALA), ácido estearidônico (SDA) e ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) + ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA), respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os marcadores de oxidação (LOOH e TBARS) estimados pelos modelos e os valores observados experimentalmente. Os indutores AMVN e Fe2+ foram os principais fatores responsáveis pelo aumento da concentração de TBARS. Os valores dos marcadores oxidativos obtidos 48 h após a indução foram semelhantes ou superiores àqueles observados nas amostras oxidadas a 60°C por 15 dias, sendo ambos maiores que os valores observados nas amostras de óleo frescas. Entre os compostos voláteis formados pela oxidação de diferentes fontes de n-3 FA, (E, E) 2,4 -heptadienal, (E, E) 2,4-decadienal, decanal, undecanal e (E) -2-undecenal foram identificados em todas as amostras, podendo ser utilizados como marcadores oxidativos mais específicos. Utilizando o modelo de oxidação acelerada, o hidrato de rutina melhorou a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de peixe, provavelmente devido à presença de grupos catecol em sua estrutura química. Este estudo contribuiu para que ensaios mais rápidos fossem realizados na avaliação do efeito antioxidante de novas moléculas aplicadas em óleos funcionais comestíveis. / Oils containing a high proportion of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have been used in the formulation of foods or sold as supplements, aiming to reduce cardio-vascular risks, mainly due to their hypotriglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, n-3 FA are highey susceptible to oxidation, leading to the formation of several products, including some toxic and potentially atherogenic. For this reason, natural products with antioxidant properties have been investigated to improve the oxidative stability of oils with a high proportion of n-3 FA. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of two natural compounds (sinapic acid and rutin hydrate), using an accelerated model to oxidize the oils. Five inducers were combined (Temperature, Iron-Fe2+, 2,2\'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-AAPH, Ascorbyl palmitate-AP and 2,2\'-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile-AMVN) in a factorial design (25-1) ½ fraction of \"resolution V\" to accelerate the oxidation of three oils (flaxseed, Echium and fish) containing different sources of n-3 FA: &#945;-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. There was no difference between the oxidation markers (LOOH and TBARS) estimated by the regression models and the values experimentally observed. The inducers AMVN and Fe2+ were the main factors responsible for the increase of TBARS concentration. The values of the oxidation markers obtained 48h after the induction were similar to or higher than those obtained when the samples were oxidized at 60°C for 15 days, both being more elevated than the values observed in the fresh oils. Among the volatile compounds formed by the oxidation of different sources of n-3 FA, (E, E) 2,4-heptadienal, (E, E) 2,4-decadienal, decanal, undecanal and (E)-2-undecenal were identified in all samples, and could be used as more specific oxidation markers. Using the accelerated model, rutin hydrate improved the oxidative stability of fish oil, probably due to the presence of catechol groups in its chemical structure. This study showed that faster anays could be performed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of new molecules applied on edible functional oils.

<p>In electrochemical oxidation treatment of wastewater, the electrode material is an important parameter in optimizing oxidative electrochemical processes, since the mechanism and products of several anodic reactions are known to depend on the anode material. The electrochemical oxidation of benzaldehyde, nitrobenzene and m-cresol on bare boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was investigated. Cytochrome c was then electrochemically immobilsed onto the functionalized BDD electrode by cyclic voltammetry. Oxidation and reduction reaction mechanism of each flavonoid was studied. There was one oxidation and reduction peaks for quercitin and catechin respectively, and two oxidation and two reduction peaks for rutin. The cytochrome c modified BDD electrode showed good sensitivity for all three flavonoids and low detection limits i.e. 0.42 to 11.24 M as evaluated at oxidation and reduction peaks, respectively.</p>

<p>In electrochemical oxidation treatment of wastewater, the electrode material is an important parameter in optimizing oxidative electrochemical processes, since the mechanism and products of several anodic reactions are known to depend on the anode material. The electrochemical oxidation of benzaldehyde, nitrobenzene and m-cresol on bare boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was investigated. Cytochrome c was then electrochemically immobilsed onto the functionalized BDD electrode by cyclic voltammetry. Oxidation and reduction reaction mechanism of each flavonoid was studied. There was one oxidation and reduction peaks for quercitin and catechin respectively, and two oxidation and two reduction peaks for rutin. The cytochrome c modified BDD electrode showed good sensitivity for all three flavonoids and low detection limits i.e. 0.42 to 11.24 M as evaluated at oxidation and reduction peaks, respectively.</p>

La maladie de Crohn et la rectocolite hémorragique font partie des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin (MICI). Le principal objectif des traitements anti-inflammatoires est de favoriser la délivrance du principe actif localement, spécifiquement sur les zones enflammées et de limiter les effets indésirables. Ainsi, plusieurs systèmes à libération colonique de molécules actives ont été développés. Parmi eux, les pellets présentent de nombreux avantages par rapport aux formes solides unitaires conventionnelles. Dans un premier temps, des pellets comptant une substance anti-inflammatoire naturelle et nutritive, la rutine, ont été développés. L'intérêt de cette molécule est de réduire considérablement les effets secondaires qui constituent un véritable problème dans les traitements actuels des MICI. Les pellets ont été enrobé avec les polysaccharides naturels se dégradant avec la flore colonique. Les études in vitro ont démontré une libération minimale du principe actif au niveau de l'estomac et du petit intestin. Par contre, une libération rapide et totale a été observée lors de l'exposition des pellets dans les conditions du milieu colonique. Les résultats des tests in vivo ont démontré que la rutine a atténué considérablement l'inflammation au niveau de colon et les pellets enrobés ont été aussi efficaces que les pellets d'acide 5-aminosalicylique (5-ASA) commercialisés. L'administration orale de rutine via les pellets enrobés et préparés avec le chitosan semble être une approche prometteuse, permettant la libération du principe actif au niveau des zones enflammées, pour le traitement des MICI tout en réduisant les effets secondaires. Le deuxième but de notre travail était d'élucider l'impact du chitosan, un polymère mucoadhésif, sur l'efficacité thérapeutique. Les pellets de 5-ASA ont été préparés à partir de cellulose microcristalline avec ou sans chitosan. Un enrobage constitué d'un polymère pH dépendant,1' Eudragit® FS, a ensuite été réalisé autour du noyau. Les tests de dissolution ont montré que le principe actif n'était pas libéré du pellet après 2 h en milieu acide. En revanche,la libération était rapide dans un milieu simulant l'environnement colonique. Les tests ex vivo avec les pellets contenant le chitosan ont montré des propriétés mucoadhésives importantes qui ont été confirmées par la concentration élevée du métabolite de 5-ASA dans les tissus coloniques des rats. De plus, nous avons a démontré que les pellets permettaient d'atténuer de façon significative l'inflammation du côlon. Ainsi, les pellets bioadhésifs enrobés possèdent des propriétés bénéfiques supplémentaires pour la libération du 5-ASA au niveau du côlon par rapport à des formes multidoses commercialisées pour le traitement des MICI. / Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two related but distinct chronic inflammatory disorders of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), commonly denoted as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). The main goal of the anti-inflammatory treatment of this disorder is to achieve maximal drug concentration in inflamed area and reduce systemic adverse effects. For this purpose several colon-spécifie drug delivery systems have been investigated. In addition, the design of pellets as oral drug delivery systems may provide many advantages over single unit preparations and thus improve patient compliance. It is well known that most existing treatments of IBD are associated with significant side effects and for this reason the formulation with a " food like " composition was designed. In the first part of our study, therapeutic efficiency of rutin/chitosan pellets with coatings based on natural polysaccharides degraded by colonie microbiota compared to commercialized 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) pellets was investigated. Release profiles ofcoated pellets showed a minimal drug release in simulated stomach and small intestine following by rapid drug release upon exposure to the colonie fluid. The results from in vivo testing showed that rutin attenuated efficiently inflammation in the colon and coated pellets were as effective as 5-ASA pellets in mitigating experimental colitis. The studies demonstrated that rutin administration via chitosan core coated pellets seems to be apromising approach for colon-specific delivery since they could interact easily with the mucin layer and deliver drug especially to the inflamed colonie area to relieve symptoms of IBD omitting side effects related to conventional treatment. The second objective of this thesis was to explore the impact of additional mucoadhesive polymer chitosan in the pellets core on the therapeutic efficiency. For this purpose, 5-ASA loaded pellets were produced by extrusion/spheronisation method and subsequently coated with pH-sensitive polymer Eudragit® FS. No drug release at pH 1.2within 2 h, and release as intended in the simulated distal ileum and colon was observed. Chitosan-core pellets showed efficient mucoadhesive properties in ex vivo bioadhesion testing which were also confirmed by increased concentration of 5-ASA metabolite in the colonie tissues in rats. The pellets were tested in preexisting colitis and the results revealed significant attenuation of the colonie inflammation. We can conclude, that bioadhesive chitosan-corepellets showed additional beneficial properties for colonie 5-ASA delivery in the treatment of IBD over marketed dosage formulation.