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This study describes how changes made to the modification of a polyolefin affect the solution properties of these modified polyolefins in apolar solvents. The modified polyolefins of interest are maleated ethylene-propylene random copolymers (EP-MAH) reacted with N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (NP3D) to yield NP3D-EP-MAH. NP3D-EP-MAH is used as a dispersant by the oil-additive industry and solution properties such as self-aggregation, rheological behaviour, and its efficiency at stabilizing carbon black particles (CBPs) were investigated. The maleation of the polyolefin was characterized in terms of succinic anhydride (SAH) content and level of SAH clustering along the polymer backbone by FT-IR and UV-Vis absorption and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. The self-aggregation of the modified polyolefins was characterized in hexane by replacing NP3D with 1-pyrenemethylamine and using fluorescence to probe excimer formation between an excited and a ground-state pyrene. The rheological behaviour exhibited by the solutions of modified polyolefins was characterized from the viscosity profiles of the solutions obtained as a function of polymer concentration. Finally, the adsorption of the modified polyolefins onto CBPs was characterized by analysis of Langmuir isotherms, which yields both the equilibrium constant and the maximum coverage for the binding of the modified polyolefins onto CBPs. The conclusions reached in this thesis are that clustering of the SAH pendants along the EP backbone enhances the ability of the modified polyolefin to self-aggregate in apolar solution. In turn, self-aggregation led to enhanced thickening of the NP3D-EP-MAH solutions and stronger adsorption onto CBPs. This thesis establishes how the level of SAH clustering affects self-association and establishes its consequence on the rheological properties and adsorption isotherms of NP3D-EP-MAH samples in apolar solvents.

This study describes how changes made to the modification of a polyolefin affect the solution properties of these modified polyolefins in apolar solvents. The modified polyolefins of interest are maleated ethylene-propylene random copolymers (EP-MAH) reacted with N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (NP3D) to yield NP3D-EP-MAH. NP3D-EP-MAH is used as a dispersant by the oil-additive industry and solution properties such as self-aggregation, rheological behaviour, and its efficiency at stabilizing carbon black particles (CBPs) were investigated. The maleation of the polyolefin was characterized in terms of succinic anhydride (SAH) content and level of SAH clustering along the polymer backbone by FT-IR and UV-Vis absorption and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. The self-aggregation of the modified polyolefins was characterized in hexane by replacing NP3D with 1-pyrenemethylamine and using fluorescence to probe excimer formation between an excited and a ground-state pyrene. The rheological behaviour exhibited by the solutions of modified polyolefins was characterized from the viscosity profiles of the solutions obtained as a function of polymer concentration. Finally, the adsorption of the modified polyolefins onto CBPs was characterized by analysis of Langmuir isotherms, which yields both the equilibrium constant and the maximum coverage for the binding of the modified polyolefins onto CBPs. The conclusions reached in this thesis are that clustering of the SAH pendants along the EP backbone enhances the ability of the modified polyolefin to self-aggregate in apolar solution. In turn, self-aggregation led to enhanced thickening of the NP3D-EP-MAH solutions and stronger adsorption onto CBPs. This thesis establishes how the level of SAH clustering affects self-association and establishes its consequence on the rheological properties and adsorption isotherms of NP3D-EP-MAH samples in apolar solvents.

A method is presented for 160hydroxylase (SAH) induction in cultured human lymphocytes. SAH, a microsomal-associated enzyme, effects the oxidative conversion of 17pestradiol to estriol, which competes for cytoplasmic binding sites. 17,-estradiol and estrone are known mammary carcinogens, while estriol and its epimers have been suggested to have anticarcinogenic properties. To substantiate genetic variations of hydroxylase activity, an analysis of estrogen-induced cultured human lymphocytes was conducted to evaluate the frequency distribution of low, intermediate, and high SAH activity. Frequency analysis indicated that the control population distribution of SAH activity does not corroborate a proposed trimodal expansion of human SAH activity. A log normal distribution of SAH activity does exist, which suggests a polygenic mode of genetic control. SAH activity in a population of breast cancer patients and relatives of breast cancer patients showed no statistical difference from the SAH activity in the control population.

Survivors of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often have learning and memory deficits. This study tested the hypothesis that SAH in rats is associated with similar deficits and that they are due to neuronal injury in the hippocampus. SAH was induced in rats. Behaviour was investigated in the Morris water maze and brain injury by microscopy. Rats with SAH had deficits in spatial learning and working memory and had significantly more fluoro-Jade- and TUNEL-positive neurons in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Microthromboemboli in microvessels were more frequent in brains of rats with SAH and deficits there was vasospasm of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The amount of cell death in the hippocampus did not appear to be sufficient to cause the observed in the Morris water maze. This suggests that other factors such as dysfunction of neurotransmission or other pathology in hippocampal pathways might contribute to the impairment.

Survivors of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often have learning and memory deficits. This study tested the hypothesis that SAH in rats is associated with similar deficits and that they are due to neuronal injury in the hippocampus. SAH was induced in rats. Behaviour was investigated in the Morris water maze and brain injury by microscopy. Rats with SAH had deficits in spatial learning and working memory and had significantly more fluoro-Jade- and TUNEL-positive neurons in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Microthromboemboli in microvessels were more frequent in brains of rats with SAH and deficits there was vasospasm of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The amount of cell death in the hippocampus did not appear to be sufficient to cause the observed in the Morris water maze. This suggests that other factors such as dysfunction of neurotransmission or other pathology in hippocampal pathways might contribute to the impairment.

Syftet med studien är att belysa kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterskorna påSAH och hospice då patienter läggs in på hospice för en stödplats. Syftet är ävenatt finna svar på om det finns eventuella brister och/eller styrkor i dennakommunikation samt att finna förslag till förbättring. Tio sjuksköterskor i Malmöintervjuades. Resultatet analyserades enligt innehållsanalys där trehuvudkategorier och fjorton underkategorier framkommit. Huvudkategoriernainnefattar brister, styrkor och förslag till förbättring. Underkategorierna var blandannat: utebliven kommunikation, personbundet, ansvarskänsla, rotation ochgemensamt forum. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to enlighten the communication betweennurses at SAH and hospice do to the patients that have a relief room at hospice.The purpose is also to find answers to shortages and/or strength within thecommunication and to find proposals on how to improve the communication. Tennurses in Malmo were interviewed. The results were analysed trough a contentanalyses where three categories and fourteen subcategories come to light. Thecategories were shortages, strengths and proposal for improvement. Thesubcategories where: none communication, bound to person, feeling ofresponsibility, rotation and common forum.

A hipertensão essencial é uma doença que afeta cerca de 20% da população adulta, chegando a 50% no caso dos idosos, sendo que os mecanismos de sua gênese ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a expressão de dois genes relacionados aos mecanismos renais de controle da pressão arterial em três áreas do sistema nervoso central de ratos (bulbo dorsal, bulbo ventrolateral e hipotálamo) através da técnica de PCR em tempo real, avaliando, desta forma seu possível envolvimento nos mecanismos centrais relacionados à gênese da hipertensão em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. Um deles, o gene SAH, cujo papel ainda não foi totalmente caracterizado, tem apresentado taxas de transcrição mais altas em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) em relação aos correspondentes normotensos WKY. O segundo gene, codificador da proteína associada ao receptor AT1 da angiotensina II (ATRAP) está relacionado com a internalização destes receptores, tendo, portanto, uma grande importância nos mecanismos reguladores da pressão arterial. Nossos resultados mostram, pela primeira vez, a transcrição de ambos os genes nas três áreas do sistema nervoso relacionadas com o controle central da pressão arterial. Ainda não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre a expressão do gene SAH com o desenvolvimento da hipertensão em qualquer dos estágios do desenvolvimento da linhagem SHR. O gene codificador da proteína ATRAP apresentou um aumento de expressão nos ratos hipertensos entre 1 e 2 meses de idade, período importante na gênese da hipertensão nesta cepa. Desta forma, este estudo demonstra a expressão de dois genes caracterizados previamente nos rins em áreas importantes para a regulação central da pressão arterial em diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento de ratos SHR e WKY. / Essential hypertension is a disease that affects nearly 20% of the adult population, reaching 50% of the elder, and the mechanisms of its genesis are not yet completely know. This work aim to investigate two genes related to the renal mechanisms of blood pressure in three areas of central nervous system (dorsal bulb, ventrolateral bulb and hypothalamus) by means of real time PCR, in order to valuate their possible involvement in the central mechanisms of blood pressure control. One of them is the SAH gene, whose role remains to be clarified. It has higher transcription rates in hypertensive rats (SHR) than in the correspondent normotensives WKY. The other gene codifies the angiotensin II type 1 receptor associated protein (ATRAP) inducing its internalization. Thus, besides the transcriptional differences of the ATRAP protein between SHR and WKY rats, the ATRAP codifying gene is linked to blood pressure control played by means rennin-angiotensin system through AT1 receptors. Our results provide evidence for the first time, on the expression of both genes in areas of the nervous system involved with the central blood pressure regulation. It was not possible to establish a relationship between the SAH gene expression and the development of hypertension in the SHR rat. The expression of the ATRAP codifying gene was increased in the SHR between 1 and 2 months of age, which is an important period for hypertension development in this strain. Thus, this study shows the expression of SAH gene and ATRAP codifying gene in areas of nervous system of SHR and WKY important for the central regulation of blood pressure.

A hipertensão essencial é uma doença que afeta cerca de 20% da população adulta, chegando a 50% no caso dos idosos, sendo que os mecanismos de sua gênese ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a expressão de dois genes relacionados aos mecanismos renais de controle da pressão arterial em três áreas do sistema nervoso central de ratos (bulbo dorsal, bulbo ventrolateral e hipotálamo) através da técnica de PCR em tempo real, avaliando, desta forma seu possível envolvimento nos mecanismos centrais relacionados à gênese da hipertensão em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. Um deles, o gene SAH, cujo papel ainda não foi totalmente caracterizado, tem apresentado taxas de transcrição mais altas em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) em relação aos correspondentes normotensos WKY. O segundo gene, codificador da proteína associada ao receptor AT1 da angiotensina II (ATRAP) está relacionado com a internalização destes receptores, tendo, portanto, uma grande importância nos mecanismos reguladores da pressão arterial. Nossos resultados mostram, pela primeira vez, a transcrição de ambos os genes nas três áreas do sistema nervoso relacionadas com o controle central da pressão arterial. Ainda não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre a expressão do gene SAH com o desenvolvimento da hipertensão em qualquer dos estágios do desenvolvimento da linhagem SHR. O gene codificador da proteína ATRAP apresentou um aumento de expressão nos ratos hipertensos entre 1 e 2 meses de idade, período importante na gênese da hipertensão nesta cepa. Desta forma, este estudo demonstra a expressão de dois genes caracterizados previamente nos rins em áreas importantes para a regulação central da pressão arterial em diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento de ratos SHR e WKY. / Essential hypertension is a disease that affects nearly 20% of the adult population, reaching 50% of the elder, and the mechanisms of its genesis are not yet completely know. This work aim to investigate two genes related to the renal mechanisms of blood pressure in three areas of central nervous system (dorsal bulb, ventrolateral bulb and hypothalamus) by means of real time PCR, in order to valuate their possible involvement in the central mechanisms of blood pressure control. One of them is the SAH gene, whose role remains to be clarified. It has higher transcription rates in hypertensive rats (SHR) than in the correspondent normotensives WKY. The other gene codifies the angiotensin II type 1 receptor associated protein (ATRAP) inducing its internalization. Thus, besides the transcriptional differences of the ATRAP protein between SHR and WKY rats, the ATRAP codifying gene is linked to blood pressure control played by means rennin-angiotensin system through AT1 receptors. Our results provide evidence for the first time, on the expression of both genes in areas of the nervous system involved with the central blood pressure regulation. It was not possible to establish a relationship between the SAH gene expression and the development of hypertension in the SHR rat. The expression of the ATRAP codifying gene was increased in the SHR between 1 and 2 months of age, which is an important period for hypertension development in this strain. Thus, this study shows the expression of SAH gene and ATRAP codifying gene in areas of nervous system of SHR and WKY important for the central regulation of blood pressure.

No description available.