Biological fluids, like saliva, are commonly encountered in forensic casework. The ability to locate and identify the type of biological fluid on a piece of evidence can lead to further testing including DNA extraction and analysis. Saliva stains are often found on a variety of surfaces in the presence of additional bodily fluids. Many of these stains cannot be readily seen, which makes detection difficult. A study utilizing mapping with Seratec® Amylase Paper and the use of an alternative light source (ALS) for better visibility and detection was conducted to test the effectiveness of this medium. Five different types of stains were prepared, including saliva, saliva and blood, saliva and semen, saliva and urine, and saliva, blood, semen, and urine. The stains were deposited onto four different textile types, including cotton, denim, fleece, and spandex. The results indicated that the presence of other body fluids may adversely affect the detection of saliva using Seratec® Amylase Paper. In order to effectively test whether the Amylase Paper itself inhibited DNA extraction and quantification, only half of each saliva stain was mapped with the paper. This left half of the stain untouched, and available for a comparative DNA study. The same saliva donor, donor C, was used for the entirety of the DNA study, and stains were extracted from the cotton and fleece textiles. A Harris micro-punch was used to collect identical 3mm samples from the portion of the stain in contact with the Amylase Paper and the portion of the same stain not in contact with the Amylase Paper. In addition, samples of the Amylase Paper that had not been used for previous testing were tested to see if the internal positive control (IPC) was affected by the paper itself. The results of the DNA extraction and quantification showed no inhibition in the samples in contact with the Amylase Paper, the samples not in contact with the Amylase Paper, nor from the Amylase Paper itself. These results show that Seratec® Amylase Paper can identify saliva in most mixed samples including blood, semen, and urine. In addition, the application of the Amylase Paper does not inhibit or prevent the subsequent extraction or quantification of DNA, and allows for samples in contact with Amylase Paper to be used for DNA testing downstream. Seratec® Amylase Paper is an effective screening method in forensic casework when the presence of saliva is suspected and can be used even when DNA testing is anticipated in the future.

Saliva can be detected on items including cigarette butts, glassware, clothing, human skin and condoms, and the identification of saliva on these types of evidence may be important to provide linkages or investigative leads in forensic cases. Sometimes when the presence of saliva is indicated, the item will be sent for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis and may be used for identification of individuals involved in a crime. The detection of saliva mostly depends on the activity and the presence of amylase. The SERATEC® Amylase Test (SERATEC GmbH, Goettingen, Germany) is a lateral flow immunochromatographic test that targets the presence of human α-Amylase using two monoclonal anti-human-α-Amylase antibodies. This study investigates the effectiveness of using the SERATEC® Amylase Test to detect amylase on cigarette butts and vaping devices. In addition, the possible correlation between the SERATEC® Amylase Test result and the amount of DNA extracted from cigarette butt samples is evaluated. Results indicated that the cigarettes and vaping devices tested had no inhibitory effect on the SERATEC® Amylase Test. The SERATEC® Amylase test was able to detect amylase from various brands of cigarettes, marijuana cigarettes, JUULpods™ (JUUL Labs™ Inc., San Francisco, CA) and an additional vaping device. Negative amylase test results (22 of 114 samples) may be attributable to personal smoking habits and the texture of the cigarette butt wrap paper or vaping device. DNA quantification results indicated that the majority of cellular material was retained on the wrap paper even after submersion in the SERATEC® Amylase Test buffer. It is recommended that the wrap paper from the cigarette filter and the remaining extract from preliminary testing be combined prior to DNA extraction in order to maximize total DNA recovered from a cigarette sample. The correlation between the SERATEC® Amylase Test result and the quantity of DNA extracted from the same source was not linear. The presence of saliva and DNA concentration are controlled by different factors, thus using the detection of saliva to predict the recoverability of DNA on cigarettes may be valuable in some situations, but is not precise.

Sexual assault evidence composes a large portion of the evidence analyzed by forensic serologists. Key to the processing of sexual assault evidence is the screening of the evidence items for the presence of semen. Due to the intimate nature of a sexual assault, it is very possible that semen is mixed with other body fluids when it is deposited on an item of evidence. One of the body fluids that semen can easily come into contact with during a sexual assault is saliva. Saliva functions as the first step in the human body’s digestive system. Due to the digestive system’s purpose of breaking down nutrients, it stands to reason that saliva could play a role in breaking down seminal components. To detect semen, specific components of semen are tested for in forensic laboratories. These components are often acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, semenogelin, and spermatozoa. This experiment combined semen from one donor with saliva of seven other donors in a two part survey. In part one, semen was mixed with the saliva of Donors A, B, C, and D at three different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:10 semen-saliva. Twenty-microliter stains were pipetted onto one inch by one inch squares on twelve cotton swatches to test for acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, semenogelin, and spermatozoa. One set of six swatches was allowed to dry and the other set was kept damp. The stains were tested at six timepoints: day zero, day one, week one, week two, week three, and week four. Part two involved incubating the semen with saliva from Donors X, Y, and Z at body temperature for up to twenty-four hours. The same three ratios used in part one were repeated with the saliva from Donors X, Y, and Z in part two. A twenty microliter stain was pipetted onto a cotton swatch at each of the five timepoints from the start of the incubation period: zero minutes, one hour, five hours, eight hours, and twenty-four hours. Each stain was tested for acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, and semenogelin. The results of part one showed that semen samples that are mixed with saliva but allowed to dry are effectively unaffected by the presence of saliva. On the dry swatches, the stains tested positive for every component of semen at every timepoint for every donor except for Donor D’s 1:10 semen-saliva mixture stain, which tested negative for spermatozoa at week 1, but positive for spermatozoa in the subsequent timepoints. The results of the damp swatches suggests that damp environmental factors can prevent the detection of seminal components. By week two, the detection of spermatozoa had completely dropped out in the mixture stains and in the neat semen control stains. Detection of prostate specific antigen ceased in the control by week 3 and had also stopped in all 1:1 semen-saliva mixture stains by week 4. The detection of prostate specific antigen had stopped at week 3 for all donors in the 1:10 semen-saliva mixture stains. Semenogelin was still detectable in the control sample for the duration of the experiment, and it was detected for all donors at week 4 in the 1:1 and 1:2 semen-saliva mixture stains. Detection of semenogelin ceased in Donors B and D in the 1:10 semen-saliva mixture stains by week two. The results of part two suggested that the detection of acid phosphatase could be affected when semen and saliva have been incubating together at body temperature. Acid phosphatase was detected at all the timepoints in the neat semen control, but after eight hours, it was no longer detectable in all the mixture ratios of Donors X and Z. Acid phosphatase was no longer detectable in the 1:1 semen-saliva mixture stain of donor Y at eight hours and in the 1:2 semen-saliva mixture stain of Donor Y at twenty-four hours. Acid phosphatase did remain detectable in the 1:10 semen-saliva mixture stain of Donor Y through the twenty-four hour experimental period. Prostate specific antigen and semenogelin remained detectable in all the donors at all three ratios for the duration of the experiment.

Periodontitis tends to be associated with sulfur-producing bacteria. This study uses a chromogenic sulfur detecting strip to compares whole saliva sulfur (SS) scores in subjects with and without periodontal diseases and examines the relationship between SS scores and clinical measures of periodontal status.Materials & Methods: Ninety-sex subjects were enrolled, mean age (SD) 36.5 (15.42), age range 22 to 82, percent males 52%, percent Caucasians 57%, percent cigarette smokers 33%. Periodontal evaluations including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth measurements (PD) and attachment levels (AL) were performed on 6 sites per tooth. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: periodontally healthy (no loss of attachment and no gingival bleeding, 17 subjects), gingivitis (no loss of attachment and presence of gingival bleeding, 54 subjects) and periodontitis (loss of attachment > 5 mm in 5 or more teeth, 25 subjects). A single chromogenic strip was used to collect a whole saliva sample from the mouth. Color reaction was scored based on a color chart. The scoring examiner was blinded to clinical status. Results: Good to moderate correlations were found between SS scores and PI (r=0.47, p=0.0001), GI (r=0.45, p=0.0001), PD (r=0.42, p=0.0001), and AL (r=0.30, p=0.002). Analysis of variance showed significant differences in SS scores among the three study groups (p = 0.0001); post-hoc analysis showed higher SS scores in periodontitis subjects than non-periodontitis subjects (p = 0.05). Nominal logistic regression adjusting for smoking showed the odds ratio of periodontitis increase by a factor of 12.76 for each increase of one unit of measure of SS. Conclusion: The results suggest that assessing whole saliva sulfur levels with a chromogenic strip has potential as a screening test for periodontal diseases. / Oral Biology

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la actividad antimicrobiana del extracto de la hoja de Erythroxylum Novogranatense var. truxillense frente a la flora mixta salival. Mediante la técnica de maceración alcohólica, filtrado y evaporación a 40 ˚C del la solución alcohólica, se obtuvo los principios activos totales del Erythroxylum Novogranatense var. truxillense. Se utilizo 20 μl de agua destilada y alcohol rectificado de 96˚, en una proporción de 1:1, como control negativo. Al realizar las pruebas de sensibilidad se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: Los diámetros de los halos de inhibición a la concentración de 250 μg/ 20 μl tuvieron una media de 10.95 mm (+ 0.26), los diámetros de los halos de inhibición a la concentración de 500 μg/ 20 μl tuvieron una media de 12.28 mm (+ 0.22), los diámetros de los halos de inhibición a la concentración de 1000 μg/ 20 μl tuvieron una media de 13.46 mm (+ 0.19), los diámetros de los halos de inhibición a la concentración de 1500 μg/ 20 μl tuvieron una media de 14.71 mm (+ 0.19) y con respecto a la medida de los halos de inhibición del control negativo se obtuvo una medida de 00 mm en todos los cultivos. Encontrándose que éstos difieren en forma estadísticamente significativa al 95% de confianza .

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / La caries dental es un proceso localizado de origen multifactorial que se inicia luego de ocurrida la erupción dentaria, determinando el reblandecimiento del tejido duro del diente y que puede evolucionar hasta la formación de una cavidad. La cavidad oral contiene muchas bacterias, de las cuales son las acidogénicas las que están involucradas en el proceso carioso, a la par que también existen bacterias alcalogénicas contrarrestando esta acidogenicidad. El propósito de este trabajo es determinar la correlación entre bacterias alcalogénicas y salud oral presentes en niños de 6 y 7 años de edad. Material y métodos: Se tomaron muestras a 110 niños de 6 y 7 años de edad de saliva y placa bacteriana del sector norte de la RM, recolectando muestras de placa y muestras de saliva. Se realizó examen dentario determinando COPD/ceod. Se procedió a realizar extracción de ADN de cada muestra y determinar la cantidad de Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus gordonii mediante qPCR. Los datos se analizaron y correlacionaron según la experiencia de caries y el número de copias por mililitros de cada bacteria analizada. Resultados: La abundancia de S. sanguinis en placa y saliva basándose en la mediana es mayor para el grupo “libres de caries” (CF) que para “caries activa” (CA), sin embargo, los resultados no son significativos. S. gordonii muestra mayor abundancia en el grupo CA que en CF siendo significativo solo para muestras de placa. En el caso de S. mutans, el recuento fue mayor en el grupo CA que en el CF para placa y saliva siendo ambos resultados significativos. Conclusiones: Las bacterias S. sanguinis y S. gordonii no son exclusivas de sujetos libres de caries, estando presentes en todos los grupos evaluados con diferente actividad cariogénica. Existe una tendencia de mayor abundancia de S. sanguinis en placa y saliva en niños CF. Por otro lado, S. gordonii no tiene una asociación positiva con sujetos libres de caries. Hay presencia de S. mutans en todos los grupos, pero su mayor recuento reside en sujetos CA, existiendo una asociación positiva significativa. Por último, la herramienta qPCR puede ser útil al contribuir a nuestro conocimiento sobre la composición de la biopelícula dental. / Adscrito a Proyecto FONIS SA 13/20 205

Avaliou-se a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento de uma resina composta contaminada por saliva, com adição de novo incremento do mesmo material. 40 corpos-de-prova de uma resina composta nano-híbrida, confeccionados em uma matriz de resina epóxica, foram divididos em quatro grupos, cada um recebendo um tratamento de superfície. Em um dos grupos, a superfície não foi contaminada (Grupo 1 - controle). Para a confecção do segundo segmento do corpo-de-prova, utilizou-se uma matriz de Teflon de 3,5mm de diâmetro por 3,0mm de altura. Nos demais grupos, a superfície da resina composta foi contaminada com saliva e seca com ar comprimido, sendo os tratamentos estabelecidos da seguinte forma: Grupo 2 - resina composta inserida e polimerizada sobre a superfície contaminada; Grupo 3 - condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 35%, aplicação de adesivo e inserção de resina composta; Grupo 4 - asperização com ponta diamantada, condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 35%, aplicação de adesivo e inserção de resina composta. Após a confecção, os espécimes foram armazenados em água a 37oC durante 24h, sendo em seguida montados em uma máquina universal de ensaios para realização dos testes de resistência ao cisalhamento. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância a um critério e ao teste de Tukey para comparação entre os grupos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos 3, 4 e controle (p < 0,05). A contaminação da superfície da resina com saliva (Grupo 2) diminuiu significativamente a resistência de união (p < 0,05). A análise em MEV dos espécimes do grupo 2 demonstrou a ocorrência de fraturas na interface adesiva em quase todos os corpos-de-prova (80%). Fraturas coesivas da resina inserida na matriz de resina epóxica puderam ser observadas em todos os espécimes dos Grupos 3 e 4. O método que emprega limpeza superficial com ácido e aplicação de um sistema adesivo demonstrou ser efetivo na recuperação da resistência adesiva a valores semelhantes à resistência coesiva do material / Shear bond strength between the contaminated composite resin surface and a new increment of the same material was analysed. Forty specimens of a nanohybrid composite, were divided into four groups. Each group received a surface treatment. In one of the groups, there was no surface contamination (Group 1 - control). The new increment of composite resin was inserted by placing a Teflon matrix (3.5mm height, 3mm diameter) over the already polymerized composite surface. For the other groups, the polymerized composite surface was contaminated with saliva and dried with air. Surface treatments were performed in the following way: Group 2 - new increment was inserted and polymerized directly on the contaminated surface; Group 3 - contaminated surface was treated with 35% phosphoric acid etching and adhesive was applied prior to the insertion of the new increment; Group 4 - diamond bur roughening, 35% phosphoric acid etching, adhesive application and insertion of the new composite increment. Specimens were stored in water at 37oC for 24h. After this period, specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine for the shear bond strength tests. Results were submitted to one way anova and Tukey test multiple comparison. No significant differences were detected between Groups 3, 4 and control (p < 0.05). Saliva contamination of resin surface (Group 2) significantly reduced shear bond strength (p < 0.05). SEM analysis in Group 2 demonstrated fractures at the interface in 80% of the specimens. Cohesive fractures in first increment of resin composite was observed in all specimens in Groups 3 and 4. Decontamination of resin surface with phosphoric acid followed by adhesive application, was an effective method to improve shear strength, reaching similar numbers to the cohesive resistance of the material

Orientador: Juliano Pelim Pessan / Coorientador: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Banca: Robson Frederico Cunha / Banca: Marines Nobre dos Santos Uchôa / Resumo: O dentifrício fluoretado se constitui na forma mais amplamente difundida de uso de fluoretos (F), sendo considerado sua melhor forma de utilização, uma vez que combina a remoção mecânica do biofilme com os efeitos terapêuticos do flúor. No entanto, as evidências quanto às recomendações do uso deste produto em crianças ainda são inconsistentes, considerando o balanço entre cárie e fluorose dentária. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as concentrações de flúor na saliva de crianças após escovação com dentifrícios contendo diferentes concentrações de flúor, aplicados em diferentes quantidades, bem como avaliar a ingestão de flúor a partir escovação. Para isso, crianças (n=18, 2-3 anos de idade) foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em seis grupos experimentais, de acordo com possíveis combinações de dentifrícios (0/550/1100 ppm F, como NaF) e quantidade aplicada na escova (0,04/0,16/0,32 g, correspondendo a um grão de arroz, grão de ervilha e técnica transversal, respectivamente). Os voluntários fizeram uso de um dentifrício placebo durante uma semana. No sétimo dia, amostras salivares foram coletadas antes (baseline) e 5, 15, 30 e 60 minutos após a escovação com uma das possíveis combinações de tratamentos. Todo dentifrício expectorado após a escovação foi coletado. As concentrações de flúor foram determinadas após tamponamento com TISAB III (saliva) e por microdifusão facilitada por hexametildisiloxano (conteúdo expectorado). Os dados foram submetidos a ANOV... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of fluoridated dentifrices is regarded as the best vehicle of fluoride (F) use, since it combines the mechanical removal of biofilms with the therapeutic effects of F. Nevertheless, the evidence for recommending such products to children are still inconsistent, given the balance between dental caries and fluorosis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate F concentrations in saliva of toddlers after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations, applied in different quantities, as well as to estimate F intake from toothbrushing. Toddlers (n=18, 2-3 years old) were randomly assigned into six experimental groups, according to the possible combinations of dentifrices (0/550/1100 ppm F, as NaF) and amount applied on the toothbrush (0.04/0.16/0.32 g, corresponding to rice grain, pea-size and using the transverse technique, respectively). Volunteers used a placebo dentifrice during one week. On the 7th day, saliva samples were collected before (baseline), and at 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after toothbrushing with one of the possible treatment combinations. All toothpaste expectorated after brushing was collected. F concentrations were determined after buffering with TISAB III (saliva) and hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion (expectorate). Data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Fisher's LSD or Student-Newman-Keuls' tests, respectively (p<0.05). Brushing with the 550 ppm F toothpaste (pea-size or transversal technique... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-30T00:32:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-17 / Introduction: Hyposalivation is a very recent deviation mainly in the elderly, characterized by twisting in the quantity and quality of the salivary flow, and it occurs by the hypofunction of the salivary glands, including the buccal discomfort in the patient, having the potential to interfere in the quality of life of the patients affected. Despite its magnitude, there is no effective standardized treatment, care to minimize symptomatology. Objective: Nutritional retail in elderly patients with hyposalivation. Methodology: Interventional study, descriptive and analytical research with a quantitative approach performed initially with 65 elderly people and, after evaluation of the salivary tests, 24 elderly subjects were submitted to intervention. Data were collected from November 2017 to May 2018 through a questionnaire with sociodemographic data, general and dental health conditions, flow tests and salivary pH and medical records. They were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: 65 elderly people aged 61-91 years, mean of 74.5 ± 8.0 years, participated in the study. There was a predominance of 70-79 years old (24;36.9%), male (35;53.8%), single (30;46.2%), Caucasian (45; 69.2% (57,97%), low education (illiterates (19;29.2%), incomplete degree (25,38.5%)), use of medications (64;98.5%). For 29 (44,6%) health was perceived as reasonable, and 29 (44.6%) was the same as in the last year. In the oral evaluation 37 (56.9%) were edentulous, of which 34 (52.3%) users of dental prostheses. In the salivary tests, the majority presented decrease of the salivary flow (49;75,3%), with average pH of 6,3. There was an increase in salivary flow and salivary pH reduction after ingestion of citrus, orange and acerola fruits, with statistical significance (p <0.001). Conclusion: The ingestion of acid fruits, orange and acerola, combined with an increase in salivary flow and a reduction in salivary pH, although the salivary flow was not verified close to the level of normality. / Introdução: A hipossalivação é uma alteração comum principalmente em pessoas idosas, caracterizada pela modificação objetiva na quantidade e na qualidade do fluxo salivar, e ocorre pela hipofunção das glândulas salivares, podendo causar sintomas de desconforto bucal no paciente, tendo potencial de interferir na qualidade de vida dos acometidos. Objetivo: Avaliar intervenção nutricional em pacientes idosos com hipossalivação. Metodologia: Estudo de intervenção, descritivo e analítico, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada inicialmente com 65 idosos e, após avaliação dos testes salivares, 24 idosos foram submetidos a intervenção. Os dados foram coletados no período de novembro de 2017 a maio de 2018 por meio de questionário com dados sociodemográficos, condições de saúde geral e odontológica, testes do fluxo e pH salivar e prontuário. Foram analisados por meio do software estatístico SPSS. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 65 idosos com idade de 61 a 91 anos, média de 74,5 ± 8,0 anos. Houve predominância da faixa etária de 70 a 79 anos (24; 36,9%), sexo masculino (35;53,8%), solteiros (30;46,2%), raça branca (45;69,2%), aposentados (57;87,7%), baixa escolaridade [analfabetos (19;29,2%), 1° grau incompleto (25;38,5%)], uso de medicações (64;98,5%). Para 29 (44,6%), a saúde foi percebida como razoável, e 29 (44,6%) igual como no último ano. Na avaliação bucal 37 (56,9%) eram desdentados, sendo 34 (52,3%) usuários de prótese dentária. Nos testes salivares, a maioria apresentou diminuição do fluxo salivar (49;75,3%), com pH médio de 6,3. Houve aumento do fluxo salivar e redução do pH salivar após a ingestão das frutas ácidas, laranja e acerola, com significância estatística (p<0,001). Conclusão: A ingestão de frutas ácidas, laranja e acerola, culminou no aumento do fluxo salivar e da redução do pH salivar, embora não tenha sido verificado o fluxo salivar próximo ao nível de normalidade.

Orientador: Janete Dias Almeida / Co-orientador: Herculano da Silva Martinho / Banca: Celina Faig Lima Carta / Banca: Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo / Resumo: As técnicas de biópsia óptica consistem na análise de tecidos através das suas propriedades físicas. Dentre essas técnicas, destaca-se a espectroscopia Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), a qual tem sido utilizada para identificar padrões de alterações moleculares por meio dos modos vibracionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar através da espectroscopia FT-IR amostras de saliva de 14 pacientes do com ardência bucal visando estudar alterações bioquímicas globais e comparar à saliva de 14 pacientes controle, pareados por idade e sexo. Para obtenção dos resultados, os espectros adquiridos e armazenados pelo software de controle do espectrômetro Fourier Transform Infrared foram convertidos para o formato ASCII, e posteriormente foi realizado processamento e análise no Minitab 16. Os resultados revelaram por meio da análise dos gráficos realizados pelos programas Origin e Qytplot que houveram diferenças nas intensidades das bandas relacionadas a proteínas e lipídios, que apresentaram-se com menor intensidade espectral para a saliva dos pacientes com ardência. Portanto, foi possível concluir que a técnica se mostrou eficaz para caracterizar a presença de alterações na saliva dos pacientes com ardência comparados a saliva dos pacientes normais / Abstract: The optical biopsy techniques consist in the analysis of tissues through its physical properties. Among these techniques, there is a Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which has been used to identify patterns of molecular changes through vibrational modes. The aim of this study was to evaluate by FT-IR spectroscopy saliva samples from 14 patients complaining of burning mouth aiming to study global biochemical changes and compare the saliva of 14 patients without any complaint, matched for age and sex. To obtain results, the spectra acquired and stored by the control software of the spectrometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) were converted to ASCII format for further processing and analysis be conducted in Minitab 16. The results revealed by the analysis performed by the graphics program Origin and Qytplot that there were differences in the intensities of the bands related to proteins and lipids, who presented with lower spectral intensity to the saliva of patients with burning complain. Therefore, it was concluded that the technique was effective for characterizing the presence of changes in the saliva of patients with burning compared saliva from normal patients / Mestre