The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the contributions of the sections (NACE-CZ) to the creation of gross value added. The first part of this thesis described the theoretical concepts relating to national economic gross value added. Analytical processes were used for the calculations, which may be used only if we are dealing with an additive link between individual factors. The sections' contributions to the creation of national eco-nomic gross value added were evaluated in the practical part, on the basis of the proc-esses set forth in the methodology. In the given time horizon, contributions by institu-tional sectors and groups of sections classified according to the level of technology showed a certain dependency on the actual economic cycle. Although the strongest in-stitutional sector is non-financial enterprises, they were the ones most affected during the crisis period, together with government institutions. On the contrary, the financial institution sector showed a strong position during the crisis period. In terms of the grouping of the sections according to the level of technology, the greatest contribution to national economic gross value added is by groups B1 and B2. The influence of the economic cycle was noted in all the groups but, according to the results, group C did not react quite as sensitively as the other groups.

[pt] Em virtude de sua eficiência, elementos estruturais de paredes finas com seções abertas são comuns em estruturas de aço, sendo secção em I, L, C e T usuais na prática de engenharia. A maior parte das vigas de parede fina tem uma boa resistência à flexão em relação ao eixo principal de inércia, mas uma baixa rigidez à flexão em relação ao eixo de menor inércia e uma baixa rigidez em torção. É por isso que estes elementos apresentam em geral uma instabilidade que leva a um acoplamento de flexo-torção. Muitas destas estruturas trabalham em um regime não linear e uma formulação não linear que leve em conta grandes deslocamentos e os acoplamentos inerentes é necessária. Neste trabalho um modelo não linear para vigas de seção aberta e paredes finas, considerando grandes deslocamentos, os efeitos de encurtamento e acoplamentos em flexão e torção é adotado. Inicialmente um estudo das frequências naturais, das cargas críticas e da relação frequência-carga axial é apresentado para diversos perfis. Com base nestes resultados, faz-se um estudo detalhado do comportamento dinâmico não linear destes perfis destacando o efeito do acoplamento não linear na região de ressonância e sua influência na estabilidade dinâmica da estrutura. Para isto são usadas diversas ferramentas de dinâmica não linear, tais como diagramas de bifurcação, respostas no tempo e plano de fase e bacias de atração. Os resultados mostram que a consideração dos acoplamentos não lineares é essencial para se avaliar o nível de segurança destas estruturas. / [en] Due to its efficiency, thin-walled structural elements with open sections, such as I, L, C and Z profiles, are common in steel structures, being usual in engineering applications. Most thin-walled beams have a good flexural strength around of the principal axis of inertia, but a low one around the axis of lower inertia as well as low torsional stiffness. That is why these elements, generally, show instabilities that lead to flexural torsional coupling. Many of these structures do not work in a linear range and a non-linear formulation that takes into account large displacements and associated couplings is required. This dissertation presents a nonlinear model for extensional beams with thin-walled open section, considering large displacements, and flexural-torsional couplings. Initially a study of the natural frequencies, critical load and axial load vs. frequency relation is presented for different profile kinds. Based on these results, a detailed study of the dynamic behavior of non-linear profiles is made, highlighting the effect of non-linear coupling in the resonance region and its influence on the dynamic stability of the structure. For this, various tools of nonlinear dynamics are used, such as bifurcation diagrams, time histories and phase-space portraits and basins of attraction. The results show that the consideration of non-linear couplings is essential to availed the safety level of these structures.

Submitted by Rafaela Prosdocini Parmeggiani (rafaela.prosdocini@gmail.com) on 2016-02-16T16:01:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Atividade cambial em ramos de Kielmeyera grandiflora (Wawra) Saddi (Calophyllaceae) ocorrentes no cerrado paulista.pdf: 2086514 bytes, checksum: d4efa2e5aa9b442218c364e59bc53a9a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-17T15:53:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 parmeggiani_rp_me_bot.pdf: 2086514 bytes, checksum: d4efa2e5aa9b442218c364e59bc53a9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-17T15:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parmeggiani_rp_me_bot.pdf: 2086514 bytes, checksum: d4efa2e5aa9b442218c364e59bc53a9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No cerrado, as estações são bem demarcadas pela sazonalidade pluvial, portanto, espera-se que haja uma sazonalidade na atividade do câmbio vascular. Kielmeyera grandiflora é considerada uma espécie modelo para estudos de atividade cambial em ramos, pois possui módulos de crescimento bem demarcados, formados por cicatrizes da gema terminal. Nosso objetivo foi de entender qual a relação entre a atividade cambial de Kielmeyera grandiflora (Wawra) Saddi (Calophyllaceae), os fatores ambientais e a fenologia e responder se a atividade cambial varia entre três módulos de crescimentos consecutivos. A área de estudo é um fragmento de cerrado em regeneração no município de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo, Brasil (S 22º53’11.0’’, W 48º29’17.3’’). Foram amostrados mensalmente os três últimos módulos de crescimento dos ramos de três indivíduos durante o período de fevereiro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. No mesmo período, a fenologia (brotação, folhas novas, folhas adultas, folhas senescentes e queda foliar) foram avaliadas. O material foi fixado em CRAF III para conservação do conteúdo celular. As amostras foram desidratadas em série alcoólica e incluídas em resina metacrilato para posterior corte em micrótomo rotativo. As análises foram feitas em fotomicroscópio de luz. Utilizamos Modelo Generalizado Linear Misto (GLMM) com erro Binomial para a variável resposta presença/ausência da atividade cambial e erro de Poisson para a variável resposta de contagem de paredes recém formadas. O início da atividade cambial, a brotação e o desenvolvimento de folhas novas ocorreram durante o mês de agosto no período seco. O período de atividade cambial sobrepôs-se à estação chuvosa, temperaturas elevadas e comprimento do dia entre 12 e 13,6 h. O câmbio vascular entrou em dormência em maio, mês que ainda chovia, contudo a temperatura e o comprimento do dia passavam por quedas acentuadas. A variação da atividade cambial entre os módulos de crescimento foi representativa somente no período de reativação cambial, mostrando que o módulo 1, mais próximo às fontes de auxina, apesar de ter iniciado atividade junto ao módulo 3, produziu em todo o período analisado, maior quantidade de células novas, possivelmente devido à ação de hormônios produzidos nos tecidos jovens e em desenvolvimento. / In the cerrado, the seasons are well marked by rain seasonality; therefore, there is a seasonality in the vascular cambium activity. Kielmeyera grandiflora is considered a model for branch cambial activity studies because it has well marked growth modules formed by terminal bud scars. Our goal was to understand what the relationship between cambial activity of Kielmeyera grandiflora (Wawra) Saddi (Calophyllaceae), environmental factors and the phenology and answear wheter cambial activity varies between three consecutive sections of internodal growth. The study area is a cerrado fragment in regeneration in the city of Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil (22° 53 ' S 11.0 '', W 48° 29 ' 17.3 ''). Were sampled on a monthly basis the last three modules of growth of branches of three individuals during the period between February 2012 to February 2013. The material was fixed in CRAF III for preservation of cell content. The samples were dehydrated in alcohol series and included in historesin for further cut in rotary microtome. Analyses were made on light microscope. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with Binomial error for the variable reply presence/absence of cambial activity and Poisson error for the variable count response of newly formed walls. The beginning of cambial activity, the sprouting and the development of new leaves occurred during the month of August in the dry period. The period of cambial activity overlapped the rainy season, high temperatures and day length between 12 and 13, 6 h. The vascular cambium dormancy was observed in May, a raining month; however, temperature and day length was decreasing. The variation of cambial activity between the internodal growth sections was representative just in reactivation period, showing that the younger internodal section, closest to the sources of auxin, has produced in the whole study period a larger number of new cells that the older, possibly due to the action of hormones produced in young and development tissues.

Notre étude vise à améliorer la compréhension des modes de rotation continue d’une détonation. Elle porte sur leur caractérisation dans une chambre annulaire de section,normale à son axe de révolution, constante ou linéairement croissante. Le principe de fonctionnement repose sur l’injection continue de gaz frais devant le front de détonation pour renouveler la couche réactive et entretenir sa propagation. Ce travail trouve son application dans le développement de systèmes propulsifs utilisant la détonation rotative comme mode de combustion (Rotating Detonation Engine, RDE). Nous avons conçu et réalisé un banc expérimental dont l’élément principal est une chambre annulaire de diamètre intérieur 50 mm, de longueur 90 mm et d’épaisseur 5 ou 10 mm. Elle peut être équipée de noyaux cylindrique ou conique, de longueurs comprises entre 12 mm et 90mm et, pour les cônes, de demi-angles au sommet compris entre 0± et 14.6±. Elle est alimentée par des injections séparées de carburant, l’éthylène, et d’oxydant, formé ici par un mélange d’oxygène et d’azote. Plusieurs concentrations d’azote ont été considérées de manière à étudier plusieurs détonabilités de mélange. La caractérisation des régimes de détonation, de leurs célérités et de leurs pressions, est fondée sur l’analyse de signaux de capteurs de pression dynamiques et sur des visualisations par caméras ultrarapides. Nos résultats expérimentaux détaillent la phase d’amorçage, les modes de combustion et leur stabilité. L’étude paramétrique, réalisée pour plusieurs détonabilités, débits massiques et géométries internes de la chambre, met en évidence que, si les deux premiers paramètres n’ont pas d’effet notable sur les célérités et les pressions des modes de détonation,la géométrie interne de la chambre joue, elle, un rôle majeur dans l’amélioration de ces caractéristiques, en particulier la diminution de la longueur du noyau et l’augmentation de sa conicité (de son demi-angle au sommet). Nous avons réalisé une étude numérique afin d’expliquer les déficits mesurés de célérité et de pression. Elle met en avant la dégradation des propriétés théoriques de détonation résultant de la dilution et du réchauffement des réactifs par les produits de détonation. Nous proposons également un calcul du rendement thermodynamique qui, à la différence de modélisations antérieures, prend en compte la structure d’une détonation rotative. Nous décrivons aussi un calcul de hauteur de front de détonation pour les modes et géométries de chambre considérés dans cette thèse. Notre étude démontre ainsi l’intérêt de futures recherches sur la géométrie interne des chambres annulaires à détonation rotative et sur la prise en compte des phénomènes à l’origine des pertes d’efficacité. / Our study aims at improving the understanding of how a detonation may continuously rotate. It is focused on rotation modes in an annular chamber with constant or linearly increasing normal section. The functioning principle is based on the continuous injection of fresh reactive gases so as to regenerate a reactive layer ahead of the detonation front and maintain sufficient conditions for detonation propagation. The main incentive of the work is the development of propulsive devices that use detonation as the combustion mode (Rotating Detonation Engine, RDE). We have designed and built an experimental test bench of which the main part is an annular chamber with inner diameter 50 mm length 90 mm, and thickness 5 or 10 mm. The chamber can be equipped with cylindrical or conical kernels with lengths ranging between 12 mm and 90 mm and, for the conical kernels, with the apex half-angles ranging between 0± and 14.6±. The fuel is ethylene and the oxidizer is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, and they are injected separately in the chamber. We have considered several nitrogen concentrations so as to vary the reactive mixture detonability. The characterizations of the detonation regimes, velocities and pressures are based upon the analyses of signals from pressure transducers and of direct light visualizations from high-speed cameras. Our experimental results detail the ignition phase, the combustion modes and their stability. We have carried out experiments with several detonabilities, mass-flow rates and kernel geometries. Our main finding is that modifying the kernel geometry, specifically decreasing the kernel length and increasing its conicity (the apex half-angle) significantly improve detonation velocities and pressures, unlike the first two parameters that have much lesser influences, in our conditions. We have conducted a numerical analysis that suggests that dilution and heating of the fresh gases by detonation products explain the measured deficits of pressure and velocity. We have presented a calculation of thermodynamic efficiency which, contrary to former modeling includes a more realistic structure of rotating detonation.We have proposed a calculation of detonation-front height for the rotation modes and the chamber geometries in this work. Our study thus demonstrates the interest in further research work on inner geometry of rotating-detonation chambers and on phenomena that may be responsible for efficiency losses.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:03/01261-0

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Este trabalho apresenta a modelagem de um problema representado por um pêndulo elástico com excitação paramétrica vertical do suporte e a análise de estabilidade do sistema pendular que se obtém desconsiderando a elasticidade do pêndulo. A modelagem dos pêndulos e a obtenção das equações do movimento são feitas a partir da equação de Lagrange, utilizando as leis de Newton e para a análise de estabilidade do sistema pendular são apresentados os diagramas de bifurcações, multiplicadores de Floquet, mapas e seções de Poincaré e expoentes de Lyapunov. O comportamento do sistema pendular com excitação paramétrica vertical do suporte é investigado através de simulação computacional e apresentam-se resultados para diferentes faixas de valores da amplitude de excitação externa. / This work presents the modeling of an elastic pendulum with parametric excitation of the support and the analysis of the stability of the pendulum that one obtains disregarding the elasticity of the pendulum. The modeling of the pendulum and the equation of motions are obtained from the Lagrange\'s equations, using Newton\'s law. The concepts of bifurcation, Floquet\'s multipliers, Poincaré maps and sections and Lyapunov exponent are presented for the analysis of stability. The behavior of the pendulum with parametric excitation of the suport is investigated through computational simulation and results for different intervals of values of the external excitation amplitude are presented.

As vigas mistas de aço e concreto têm sido amplamente empregadas em edifícios e pontes, havendo ampla investigação teórica e experimental a respeito da utilização de perfis laminados e soldados e conectores de cisalhamento compatíveis com esses perfis, como por exemplo, o conector tipo pino com cabeça (stud bolt) e perfil U laminado. No âmbito dos perfis formados a frio, a utilização do sistema misto ainda é incipiente, necessitando de investigações mais aprofundadas a respeito do comportamento estrutural e a adequação dos modelos de cálculo adotados para vigas mistas em perfis laminados e soldados. No Brasil, a ampla disponibilidade de aços planos tem impulsionado o emprego do sistema misto constituído por perfis formados a frio em edifícios de pequeno porte, porém, mediante concepções clássicas, o que não conduz a um aproveitamento mais racional do sistema. Neste trabalho foi investigado um sistema não-convencional de vigas mistas em perfil cartola leve preenchido com concreto, cuja conexão com a laje foi feita mediante duas soluções: conectores do tipo alça em barra chata soldados ao perfil e conectores do tipo alça em barra redonda soldados ao perfil. Foi feita avaliação do comportamento estrutural da conexão aço-concreto, via ensaios de cisalhamento direto (push-out tests), e ensaios em vigas mistas simplesmente apoiadas para avaliação da região de momento fletor positivo. Os conectores de cisalhamento apresentaram ductilidade e resistência compatíveis com as vigas mistas analisadas, e as respostas de rigidez e resistência à flexão para uma condição de interação completa comprovam que a hipótese de plastificação total da seção descreve com precisão o comportamento estrutural do sistema proposto. / The composite steel and concrete beams have been largely applied in buildings and bridges constructions, having also a large amount of theoretical and experimental investigations about the use of hot-rolled and welded shapes and shear connectors that are compatible with these members, as for an example, the stud bolt and channel connectors. In the cold-formed steel sections scope, the use of a composite steel and concrete solution is still premature, what makes necessary a higher degree of a structural behavior investigation and the adequacy of the theoretical solutions proposed, also for the composite steel and concrete hot-rolled and welded shapes. In Brazil, the high availability of steel sheets has pushed the employee of the composite system of cold-formed steel in small and mid-height buildings, however, because of classical conceptions, it doesn\'t lead too a more rational use of the system. It was investigated in this work a non-conventional lightweight composite system formed by hat-shaped beams filled with concrete, witch connection with the slab was done by means of two solutions: arc-shaped connectors in at bars welded too the section and arc-shaped connectors in round bars welded too the section. An analysis was conducted for evaluation of the structural behavior in the steel and concrete interface by push-out tests, and tests in simple two points supported beams for evaluation of the bending strength. The shear connectors showed ductility and resistance compatible with the analyzed composite beams and the stiffness and bending resistance responses for the given condition of full interaction showed that the full section plastification consideration describes with precision the structural behavior of the proposed system.