Orientador: João Alberto Venegas Requena / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T22:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sepulveda_BarbaraDanielaGiorgini_M.pdf: 5435418 bytes, checksum: 5d55af89b27e919b7c819e297b4cf056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este artigo apresenta o estudo da influência das ligações no comportamento das estruturas treliçadas compostas por perfis tubulares de aço. As ligações em treliças de aço são normalmente projetadas para união de barras por meio de chapas que garantam a transmissão e equilíbrio das forças. No caso em particular de treliças que utilizam perfis tubulares de aço as ligações são projetadas sem chapas. As barras são unidas diretamente por meio de soldas nos contatos dos perfis que são cortados geometricamente exatos para o ajuste da ligação. Este procedimento aumenta a produtividade de fabricação além de dar um aspecto visual melhor para a estrutura. Dependendo da geometria da ligação podem ocorrer excentricidades dos eixos provocando a introdução de momentos fletores, que quando não puderem ser evitados, devem ser levados em consideração não só no cálculo da ligação como também na determinação dos esforços da treliça. Outro aspecto importante é a análise do colapso da ligação que pode ocorrer quando uma barra é associada à outra de forma inadequada na ligação direta, sendo variados os tipos de falhas. Portanto, será analisada a influência das ligações no comportamento da estrutura a partir de gráficos baseado no estudo das equações de força resistente das ligações tubulares circulares. Este estudo gráfico permitiu a criação do processo de cálculo, denominado Processo Simplificado, que orientam para as combinações de perfis que atendam as exigências geométricas e de força resistente das ligações durante o dimensionamento de barras. O processo é baseado em de tabelas de cálculo desenvolvidas para a orientação de um bom projeto de estrutura treliçada considerando ou evitando estas influências sem onerar o projeto final / Abstract: This paper presents the study of connections influence in the behavior of hollow sections truss structures. Joints in steel trusses are usually designed considering sheets that will ensure the transmission and balance of forces. In particular case of trusses using hollow sections steel connections are designed without plates. The beams are directly welded to steel sections which are geometrically cut to fit the joint. This increases manufacturing productivity in addition to give the structure a better visual appearance. Axes eccentricities can occur depending on connection geometry resulting in introduction of bending moments. When this eccentricity cannot be avoided, it has to be taken into account in joint design and also in determining truss efforts. Another important aspect is analysis joint collapse which can occur when a beam is improperly associated to another beam, which can produce many kinds of fails. Therefore, graphics analyses were studied based on circular hollow sections joint strength equations that show the influence of joints on structures. The Simplified Process, created after graphics studies, shows the valid combinations of circular hollow sections geometry and strength during beam structure design verification. This process is based on tables developed to orient a good truss project considering or avoiding this influences without raising budget on final design / Mestrado / Estruturas e Geotécnica / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

[pt] Neste trabalho são apresentadas, pela primeira vez, seções de choque absolutas para a ionização e a fragmentação da molécula de vapor d´água em colisões com He(+), para as energias de 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 MeV, totais e parciais nos processos de ionização pura, perda eletrônica (ionização do projétil) e captura eletrônica pelo projétil. Essas seções de choque foram obtidas por meio de medidas de coincidência entre os estados de carga do projétil após a colisão e os estados de carga dos íons de recuo, estes últimos determinados por espectrometria de tempo de vôo. São descritas detalhadamente tanto a montagem experimental como a metodologia para a obtenção dos dados, além de uma série de providências que se fizeram necessárias para a realização do trabalho. Os resultados são, na medida do possível, comparados com dados experimentais obtidos não só no Laboratório do Acelerador Van de Graaff da PUC-Rio, como em outros laboratórios, para a ionização e a fragmentação da molécula com He(+) e outros projéteis, e analisados na tentativa de compreender melhor a importância relativa dos diferentes processos para os mecanismos de fragmentação da molécula de vapor d`água na sua transição entre o caráter dipolar e o explosivo. / [en] In this work, absolute cross sections for the ionization and fragmentation of water vapor molecules are presented, for the ffirst time, for collisions with He(+) with energies of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MeV, total and partial in the pure ionization, electron loss (projectile ionization) and electron capture by the projectile processes. These cross sections were obtained by means of coincidence measurements between the post-collision projectile charge states and the recoil ion charge states, the latter determined by time-of- °ight spectrometry. Both the experimental setup and the methodology for data acquisition are described in detail, together with several procedures that were needed to the completion of this work. The results are, whenever possible, compared with experimental data ob- tained not only in the Van de Graaff Accelerator Laboratory of PUC-Rio, but also from other groups, for the ionization and fragmentation of the water molecule by He(+) and other projectiles, and analyzed in order to better un- derstand the relative importance of the different processes leading to water molecule fragmentation in its transition from the sequential to the explosive regime.

L'observation et l'étude des milieux moléculaires tel que le milieu interstellaire requièrent une connaissance détaillée des vitesses des processus de peuplement radiatifs et collisionnels afin d'accéder aux caractéristiques physiques (températures, densités, abondances des molécules, ...) de ces milieux. Les hydrures d'azote sont très présents dans les milieux interstellaires où ils s'avèrent être des intermédiaires de réaction important dans la chimie de l'azote. L'interprétation des observations des hydrures d'azote réalisées grâce au satellite HERSCHEL et l'interféromètre millimétrique ALMA, nécessite de connaître avec suffisamment de précision les taux de collision de ces molécules. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés dans cette thèse à la détermination des taux de collisions inélastiques des hydrures NH, NH2 et NH3 avec Ne, H2 et H, respectivement. A partir de surfaces d’énergie potentielle, les sections efficaces ont été obtenues pour les trois systèmes par la méthode exacte des équations couplées en utilisant les codes de dynamique moléculaire MOLSCAT et HIBRIDON. Les taux de collision sont ensuite obtenus pour des températures allant de 5 à 200 K. Enfin, les nouveaux taux de collisions de NH2 avec H2 ont été utilisés dans un code de transfert radiatif afin de reproduire les observations de NH2 en direction d'un nuage de formation d’étoile massive W31C. Nous montrons que les nouveau taux de collisions calculés apportent des contraintes sur les conditions physiques du nuage moléculaire. / Observation and study of interstellar molecular clouds require the knowledge of molecular data to derive the physical conditions (temperature, gas density, molecular abundance) of these media. Nitrogen hydrides are highly abundant species in the interstellar medium and they are found to be important reaction intermediates in the nitrogen chemistry. The interpretation of nitrogen hydrides observations from the HERSCHEL spatial observatory and the ALMA interferometer, requires accurate collisional rate coefficients of these molecules. The present thesis focuses on the determination of new rate coefficients for NH, NH2 and NH3 molecules in collision with Ne, H2 et H, respectively. Inelastic cross sections for the rotational excitation of all the studied systems have been computed with a close coupling method using the molecular dynamic codes MOLSCAT and HIBRIDON. The cross sections are then used to calculate the collisional rate coefficients for temperatures ranging from 5 to 200 K. The new rate coefficients were included in radiative transfer calculations in order to model the observed transitions of NH2 towards high-mass star-forming region W31C. We show that using the previously published rate coefficients instead of these new ones have a significant impact on the modeling, leading to important differences on the density, abundance and on the OPR of NH2. The new data will allow to put interesting constraints on the physical condition of the molecular cloud.

La compréhension des processus électroniques engendrés au cours des collisions atomiques ou moléculaires est essentielle au niveau fondamental mais aussi en raison des besoins d’informations quantitatives sur ces processus de plusieurs domaines d’application, notamment la physique médicale et la physique des plasmas. Notre objectif est de fournir une meilleure description de ces processus. Dans le cadre de la thèse, nous avons modélisé les processus électroniques ayant lieu au cours des collisions entre des ions nus et l’atome d’hélium, Aq+-He (2≤q≤10). Cette étude est effectuée dans la gamme des énergies intermédiaires (0.25-625 keV/u) en adoptant le modèle semi-classique non perturbatif de close coupling. Un intérêt particulier est porté sur l’étude des processus de simple et de double capture vu leur grande importance dans cette gamme des vitesses. Plus précisément, nous avons analysé la double capture en détail, en séparant celle peuplant les états liés à celle qui concerne les états auto-ionisants. Cette dernière est particulièrement complexe à modéliser car elle nécessite une bonne description des états doublement excités (au-delà des deux premiers seuils d’ionisation dans notre cas), difficile à implémenter dans une approche dépendante du temps non perturbative comme la nôtre. En analysant les sections efficaces de ces deux processus pour l’ensemble des systèmes étudiés, et en les comparant systématiquement aux données expérimentales et théoriques existantes, nous avons pu extraire un comportement général reliant les processus électroniques les plus favorables à la charge et à la vitesse du projectile considérée. / The understanding of the electronic processes occurring during atomic and molecular collisions concerns the fundamental level but also the needs for quantitative information on these processes, requested by several fields of application, in particular medical physics and plasma physics. Our goal is to provide a better description of these processes. In the framework of the thesis, we have modelled the electronic processes taking place during the collisions between bare ions and the helium atom, Aq +-He (2≤q≤10). This study is carried out in the range of intermediate energies (0.25-625 keV/u), adopting the semi-classical non-perturbative close coupling approach. A particular interest is paid to the single and double capture processes because of their great importance in this energy range. More precisely, we have analysed the double capture processes, splitting the contributions of double capture to bound states and to auto-ionizing states. This latter is particularly complex to describe since it requires a good description of doubly-excited states (beyond the two first thresholds in our study), difficult to implement in time-dependent coupled-channel approaches as ours. By analysing the cross sections of these two processes for all the systems studied and comparing them to available experimental and theoretical data, we were able to extract a general behaviour linking the most favourable electronic processes to the projectile charge and velocity.

In this thesis there can be found various examples from Monge projection. The theory is summarized in the beginning, which is important of understanding the projection and for solving the examples. There are also examples of solving axial affinity and central collineation. Then there is a chapter about the projection of all types of angular and rotational solids, which are solved at the secondary schools. Then follows a chapter, where the sections of these solids are constructed. In the last chapter, there are solved intersection of solids from each type. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The calculation of frequency-dependent cable parameters is essential for simulations of transient phenomena in electrical power systems. The simulation of transients is more complicated than the calculation of currents and voltages in the nominal frequency range. The model has to represent the frequency dependency and the wave propagation behavior of cable lines. The introduced model combines an improved subconductor method for the determination of the frequency-dependent parameters and a PI section wave propagation model. The subconductor method considers the skin and proximity effect in all conductors for frequency ranges up to few megahertz. The subconductor method method yields accurate results. The wave propagation part of the cable model is based on a cascaded PI section model. A modal transformation technique has been used for the calculation in the time domain. The frequency-dependent elements of the related modal transformation matrices have been fitted with rational functions. The frequency dependence of cable parameters has been reproduced using a vector fitting algorithm and has been implemented into an resistor-inductor-capacitor network (RLC network) for each PI section. The proposed full model has been validated with measured data.

The goal of radiation therapy is to eradicate tumour cells while minimising radiation dose to healthy tissues. Ions including protons and carbon ions have gained increasing interest for cancer treatment. Advantages of ion beam therapy are conformal dose distribution, and for ions heavier than protons increased biological effectiveness in cell killing, compared to conventional radiation therapy using photons. Despite these advantages, fundamental problems in ion beam therapy include accuracy of dose determination at the cellular level, and characterisation of the radiation quality at the microscopic scale. Due to the high density of interactions along ion tracks, inhomogeneity of dose and track parameters at the cellular level is one of the major concerns for ion beam therapy. The aim of the thesis is to develop computational tools for dosimetry of ion tracks at the molecular level. Event-by-event Monte Carlo track structure (MCTS) simulations were developed for full-slowing-down tracks of protons and carbon ions in water representing cellular environment. In Paper I, the extension of the MCTS code KURBUC_proton was carried out to energies up to 300 MeV, covering the entire proton energy range used in radiation therapy. Physical properties and microdosimetry of proton tracks were investigated and benchmarked with the experimental data. Papers II-V describe the development of the MCTS code for full-slowing-down tracks of carbon ions. In Papers II-IV, the classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) model was developed for the calculation of interaction cross sections for low and intermediate energy carbon projectiles of all charge states (C0 to C6+) in water. In Paper V, the calculated cross sections were implemented in a new MCTS code KURBUC_carbon simulating carbon ions of energies 1-104 keV/u in water. This development allows the investigation of track parameters in the Bragg peak region of carbon ion beams. Publication of the thesis and the published papers make contribution to the physics of ion interactions in matter, and provide a new and complete database of electronic interaction cross sections for low and intermediate energy carbon projectiles of all charge states in water. The MCTS codes for protons and carbon ions provide new tools for biophysical study, including microdosimetry, of ion tracks at cellular and subcellular levels, in particular in the Bragg peak region of these ions. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Submitted.</p><p> </p>

The titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, is vastly studied and used in many applications because it has a transformation microstructure, which can be tailored for apt properties that are consistent up to 500°C. Compared to conventional steels, this alloy favours certain applications due to its high specific strength, hardenability, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and weldability. Its weldability makes the alloy a good candidate for additive manufacturing (AM). Ti-6Al-4V parts are widely built by the AM process of electron beam melting (EBM). However, heat transfer remains crucial in EBM process. The high intensity localized, moving, electron beam heat source and the rapid self-cooling are critical, especially in thin parts/ sections. When thin sections are built by the EBM process, there will be microstructural variation in their build direction, which can lead to the variation of their mechanical properties. It is necessary to understand the microstructure and mechanical properties of thin sections when they are used as functional parts in various applications in aerospace, automotive, medical, etc. industries. The microstructure, tribological behaviour and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V, as-built EBM thin plates were studied by means of various hardness, scratch and tensile testing. The hardness and scratch tests were performed on the thin plates to correlate the microstructural variation. In-situ micro tensile test was performed inside the scanning electron microscope (SEM), to see the sample’s deformation behaviour. Microstructural characterization revealed equiaxed grains in the transverse section and the longitudinal surface exhibited columnar grains elongated along the build direction. The size of the equiaxed grains are found to vary across the thickness of the plate. The indentation and scratch hardness also vary in correlation with the varying grain size across the plate’s thickness. The micro tensile results reveal that the tensile properties of the thin plate are comparable to that of its bulk Ti-6Al-4V counterpart.

The aim of the thesis is to design and appreciation steel load-bearing structure of motor show. The object is situated in Brno. The Structure consist of tubes and rolling sections. The breadth of construction is 36,5m, lenght 42m and height in the heihest point is 13,2m. The structrure is consists of three parts. Show room, offices and workshop. The height of show room is 20m, offices 8,5m and workshop 8m. The show room consist of arched truss girder. The distance of each cross links is 6 m. Structural design were perfomered by Scia Engineer 2017 and hand computation.

The diploma work focuses on the proposal of formula car support frame type alternative designed for international students´ competition Formula Student. As a first is this competition shortly described. Following basic information about possible support frame in competition, the rules description for the frame from thin-walled profiles as well as for composite structure. As the other are shown the most used material types by the tube frames. Continues the practical (design) part of the work. The work continues in construction/design part. Here are mentioned the requirements for the frame creating, calculation of each torsion strength and construction proposal including creating the analysis model. In the final part is realize the simulation in FEM program and simply described the alternative proposal together with the evaluation.