The phrase “sweet sixteen and never been kissed” refers to the innocence of childhood and the coming of age of children. It also relates to the increased need for autonomy by adolescents. However, it is highly improbable that the average child in South Africa, when reaching the age of sixteen years, has never been kissed. Children’s rights are categorised as rights of protection (the state and parents have a duty to protect children from sexual abuse and exploitation) and rights of autonomy. The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 provides for the right of female children of any age to consent to the termination of a pregnancy if all the requirements are met. In terms of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, persons who are responsible for the care of a child must guide, advise and assist such child. A child must have access to information regarding sexuality and reproduction, and has clear rights from a young age with regard to consenting to medical treatment and HIV testing, as well as to access to contraceptives. Sections 15 and 16 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 deal with consensual sexual acts with adolescents - a person who commits a sexual act with an adolescent is, despite the consent of such adolescent, guilty of an offence. Adolescents and children between the ages of sixteen and eighteen years can also be offenders. There is an obligation on a person with knowledge of a sexual offence that has been committed to report same to the South African Police Service. The particulars of a convicted person must be inserted in the National Register for Sex Offenders. These reporting obligations limit the child’s rights to consent to the termination of a pregnancy, to access contraceptives and confidential contraceptive advice and to consent to HIV testing. It also limits the ability of adults to provide children with sex education, advice and guidance. The court in the The Teddy Bear Clinic for Abused Children and RAPCAN v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and National Director of Public Prosecutions (73300/2010) [2013] ZAGPPHC 1 (4 January 2013) found that certain sections of the Sexual Offences Act are unconstitutional. However, three main issues remain unaddressed. Firstly, the above-mentioned provisions in the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act and the Children’s Act still send out contradictory messages, leading to legal uncertainty. Secondly, the diversion provisions of the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 are not, in totality, relevant to consensual sexual acts between children, and expose children to the criminal justice system. Thirdly, the reporting provisions of the Sexual Offences Act pose serious challenges. To address the above, it is recommended that the state should embark on a nation-wide information campaign, the national statutory and institutional framework should be reviewed, rationalised and aligned, information relating to the appropriate education of children should be disseminated, and the reporting requirement in the Sexual Offences Act be amended. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Private Law / UPonly

Les collisions d’ions lourds au LHC permettent l’étude des propriétés de la matière nucléaire soumise à des conditions extrêmes de température et densité d’énergie où on assisterait à la formation du Plasma de Quarks et Gluons (QGP). La mesure des saveurs lourdes ouvertes (charme et beauté) est particulièrement intéressante pour l’étude des propriétés du QGP. L’étude des collisions d’ions lourds au LHC nécessite aussi la mesure des collisions pp et p–Pb. Les collisions p-Pb permettent en particulier d’étudier les effets nucléaire froids et d’interpréter les effets nucléaires chauds observés dans les collisions Pb–Pb. Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude de la production des saveurs lourdes ouvertes via les muons simples dans les collisions p–Pb à √8NN = 5.02 TeV aux rapidités avant et arrière avec le détecteur ALICE au LHC. La référence pp est estimée à partir des mesures pp à √8 = 2.76 TeV et 7 TeV et utilisant des calculs pQCD pour l’extrapolation à √8 = 5.02 TeV. Les mesures du facteur de modification nucléaire (RpPb) et du rapport des sections efficaces aux rapidités avant et arrière indiquent que les effets nucléaires froids sont faibles sur tout le domaine en impulsion transverse (pT) aux rapidités avant (RpPb ≈ 1). Aux rapidités arrière, le facteur de modification nucléaire est sensiblement plus grand que un dans la région 2 < pT < 4 GeV/c. Les résultats confirment que la forte suppression des taux de production des muons issus du charme et de la beauté mesurée dans les collisions centrales Pb–Pb est due au milieu dense et chaud. Le facteur de modification nucléaire et le rapport des sections efficaces aux rapidités avant et arrière sont aussi mesurés en fonction de la centralité dans les collisions p-Pb. Le facteur de modification nucléaire reste compatible avec l’unité à grand pT dans les collisions centrales. / The LHC heavy-ion physics program aims at investigating the properties of strongly-interacting matter in extreme conditions of temperature and energy density where the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is formed. In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, heavy quarks (charm and beauty) are regarded as efficient probes of the properties of the QGP. The heavy-ion physics program requires also the study of proton-proton (pp) and proton-nucleus (p–Pb) collisions. The study of p–Pb collisions is used to investigate cold nuclear matter effects and to validate and quantify hot nuclear matter effects which are observed in nucleus-nucleus (Pb–Pb) collisions. This thesis work is devoted to the study of open heavy-flavour production at forward and backward rapidity via single muons in p–Pb collisions at √8NN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The pp reference using available measurements at 2.76 and 7 TeV and a pQCD-driven method for the scaling to 5.02 TeV is estimated. The measurements of the nuclear modification factor (RpPb) at forward and backward rapidity and forward-to-backward ratio in p–Pb collisions, indicate that cold nuclear matter effects are small over the whole transverse momentum (pT) region at forward rapidity (RpPb compatible with unity within uncertainties). In the backward rapidity, the nuclear modification factor deviates from unity in the intermediate pT region (2 < pT < 4 GeV/c). These results confirm that the strong suppression measured at high pT in central Pb–Pb collisions is due to final-state effects induced by the hot and dense nuclear medium. The results of the nuclear modification factor and forward-to-backward ratio as a function of centrality in p–Pb collisions are discussed. Even in central collisions, the nuclear modification factor is compatible with unity at high pT.

The objective of this thesis research is to improve our understanding of the flow obstacle effect on heat transfer at supercritical and high subcritical pressures by experimentally studying the effect of different obstacles on heat transfer in two vertical upward-flow test sections: a 3-rod bundle and an 8 mm ID tube. The heat transfer measurements cover the region of interest of the Canadian Super-critical Water Cooled Reactor (SCWR). A thorough analysis of the obstacle effect on supercritical heat transfer (SCHT) was performed. In the 3-rod bundle, two types of obstacles were employed: wire wraps and low-impact grid spacers. Wire wraps were found to be more effective than grid spacers to enhance the SCHT. In the tubular test section, obstacles appeared to suppress the heat transfer deterioration (HTD) or decrease its severity; obstacles also generally enhanced the SCHT both in the liquid-like and the gas- like region. The experiment in the tubular test section revealed that, at certain flow conditions (low mass flux, low inlet subcooling), flow obstacles can have an adverse impact on the SCHT. A criterion to predict the onset of this adverse effect was developed. At high subcritical pressures, obstacles increased the CHF and reduced the maximum post-CHF temperature. A comparison of the experimental data with prediction methods for the SCHT, single phase heat transfer, CHF and post-dryout heat transfer was performed. Lastly, a new correlation to predict the enhancement in SCHT due to obstacles was developed for heat transfer in the liquid-like and gas-like regions.

Les comètes présentent un grand intérêt à la fois pour la planétologie et pour l'exobiologie. En effet, ces corps primitifs du fait de leur petite taille et de leurs réservoirs éloignés du soleil, n'ont pas ou que très peu évolué depuis leur formation. L'étude des comètes peut donc permettre de mieux comprendre les processus physico-chimiques ayant eu lieu lors de la formation du Système Solaire. D'autre part, les analyses menées en 1986 dans l'environnement de la comète 1P/Halley ont montré l'existence, dans les grains cométaires d'une phase solide riche en composés organiques. Ainsi, les comètes ont vraisemblablement pu apporter sur la Terre primitive des composés organiques, et favoriser ainsi l'apparition de la Vie. Néanmoins la nature de cette matière organique reste encore très largement méconnue. Ces composés organiques ont vraisemblablement été formés à partir des glaces observées dans le milieu interstellaire et qui sont soumises à différentes sources d'énergie. Les objectifs du travail expérimental mené au cours de cette thèse ont donc été de caractériser les différentes étapes conduisant à la synthèse des composés organiques complexes contenus dans les comètes à partir des glaces interstellaires. En particulier, j'ai étudié i.) la quantification des glaces présentes autour des étoiles naissantes, ii.) les processus de photolyse auxquels elles sont soumises et iii.) la nature des composés organiques qui peuvent être produits durant ces processus. Les observations infrarouges ont permis de détecter de nombreuses molécules en phase condensée autour des étoiles naissantes. Afin de préciser l'abondance de ces molécules, j'ai mesuré les sections efficaces intégrées, aussi appelées forces de bandes, pour huit d'entre elles (H2O, CO, CO2, CH3OH, NH3, CH4, HCOOH and H2CO). En effet, ce paramètre spectroscopique est nécessaire à la quantification des molécules et certaines des valeurs présentes dans la littérature affichaient une grande dispersion. Les nouvelles mesures que j'ai effectuées, basées sur une revue bibliographique exhaustive des masses volumiques et des indices optiques dans le visible, confirment pour certaines molécules (CO2, CO, CH4, NH3) les valeurs utilisées pour déterminer leur abondance. Néanmoins, j'ai pu montrer que les abondances d'autres molécules dans les milieux astrophysiques restent encore très incertaines, en particulier pour CH3OH, H2CO et HCOOH. En phase condensée, la dépendance en longueur d'onde des processus de photolyse est encore très largement négligée. Grâce à l'utilisation de deux lampes VUV, dont l'irradiance spectrale a été préalablement caractérisée, j'ai pu mesurer, dans deux gammes de longueurs d'onde différentes, les rendements quantiques de production de C2H6 et de CO lors de la photolyse de CH4 et CO2. J'ai ainsi pu confirmer que les rendements quantiques dépendent bien de la longueur d'onde de photolyse. L'extrapolation des résultats expérimentaux acquis en laboratoire aux différents milieux astrophysiques nécessite donc une bonne connaissance des spectres VUV mis en jeu. L'objectif final des simulations expérimentales est de prédire la nature de la matière organique cométaire en reproduisant au mieux la chimie pouvant se dérouler dans les glaces interstellaires. Or, le méthane a été détecté en phase condensée dans le milieu interstellaire, mais son influence sur la chimie se déroulant dans des mélanges de glaces contenant les principales molécules interstellaires a été très peu étudiée. J'ai donc soumis un mélange H2O : CH3OH : NH3 : CH4 (10 : 1 : 1 : 2) à une photolyse de 26 heures puis à un chauffage. L'influence du méthane se manifeste par la présence de C2H6 après la photolyse à basse température. Lors du chauffage, le méthane et ses photoproduits semblent se sublimer. Avec ou sans CH4, la chimie à des températures supérieures à 200 K apparaît très similaire. J'en conclu donc que la présence de méthane ne modifie pas notablement la chimie des glaces lors des simulations / Comets are very interesting for planetology as well as for exobiology. On one hand, held in the furthest and coldest regions of our solar system and due to their small size, they might not have been altered since their formation. The study of comets should allow a better understanding of the physic-chemical processes occurring during the Solar system formation. On the other hand, the analysis performed in 1986 on the environment of 1P/Halley showed the presence, in the cometary dust, of organic matter. Thus, comets might have brought organics on primitive Earth which might have contributed to the apparition of life. Nevertheless, the nature of these organics is still not well-known. Cometary organics might have been synthesized from the ices detected in interstellar medium which are submitted to different energetic processes. The aims of the experimental work performed during this thesis are to characterize the different steps of the synthesis of complex organic matter contained in comets from the interstellar ices. I studied : i) The quantification of interstellar ices detected around young stellar objects ii) The characterization of the photolysis process to which ices are submitted and iii.) The nature of the organic compounds produced during these processes. Once mixtures and energetic processes are under control, we can make cometary organic analogs. Infrared observations have revealed the presence of several molecules in the solid phase around young stellar objects. To precise their molecular abundances, I have measured the integrated cross sections, also called band strengths, of 8 molecules (H2O, CO, CO2, CH3OH, NH3, CH4, HCOOH and H2CO). Indeed, this spectroscopic parameter is required for the quantification of these molecules and some values presented in literature are scattered. The new measurements performed during this thesis, which are based on a bibliographic review of densities and optical indices in the visible range, confirm the values already used for the quantification of CO2, CO, CH4, NH3. But this work also underlines that abundances of CH3OH, H2CO and HCOOH in interstellar medium are still uncertain. In the solid phase, wavelength dependence of photolysis is often neglected. Thanks to two VUV lamps, for which the spectral irradiances have been characterized, I measured the production quantum yield, in two wavelength ranges, of C2H6 and CO, during photolysis of CH4 and CO2 respectively. Thanks to this study, I point out that quantum yield depends on the photolysis wavelength. Thus, the extrapolation of the experimental results to different astrophysical medium implies a good knowledge of VUV spectra. The final objective of experimental simulations is to foresee the nature of cometary organic matter by reproducing, as realistic as possible, the chemistry occurring in interstellar ices. Methane has been detected in the solid phase in the interstellar medium, but few studies implying methane have been undertaken. Thus, I have photolyzed a mixture composed of H2O: CH3OH: NH3: CH4 (10:1:1:2) during 26 hours at low temperature and then I applied a heating process. The influence of initial methane in the ice chemistry is demonstrated by the presence of its main photoproducts, C2H6, after photolysis. But while increasing temperature, methane and its photoproducts seem to sublimate. Therefore, with or without methane, chemistry occurring at temperature higher than 200K seems to be very similar. I conclude than methane does not have significant influence on ice chemistry

The aim of my diploma thesis is the elaboration of the project documentation for the construction of the administrative building. It is a seven-storey building with one underground and six above-ground floors. The underground floor is halfway under the terrain and used for garage parking. The loose part will be used for barrier-free entrance to the building and partly as a cafe. Above-ground floors are used as office spaces. The administrative building is designed as a monolithic reinforced concrete structure in the underground floor, the above-ground floors are designed as a column monolithic system for flexible use of office space. The static calculation will be carried out according to valid ČSN EN standards.

Final thesis deals with relocation of road I/34, specifically bypass Pelhřimov west. The crossing with roads I/19 and I/112 is solved by interchange roundabout in nothern part of bypass. Reason of construction is unification road I/34, which is a part of the international route E551, to category S11,5/70. The principal tasks was to keep it in the land use plan and the effort to maximize the alignment of volumes of earthworks.

This thesis concerns the project design and building design of school facilities, more specifically kindergarten in Šlapanice. It is a new building of the kindergarten, implemented on land plots numbers 2801/69 – 72 and number 2801/74, which is located in Šlapanice near the city of Brno in southern Moravia. The building is designed for the upbringing and education of preschool children. Kindergarten consists of two units for a total of 40 children, component of the proposed building are also spaces designed for leisure activities (multipurpose room). Horizontally building corresponds approximately T – shaped. It is a building without a basement, with one floor, divided into five functional sections (or zones), with the middle part of the building – community area – is designed to be elevated. The building is designed as a brick construction from Porotherm, ceilings are monolithic reinforced concrete thickness of 300 mm, the roof is made up of the single – layer flat roofs with load layer of washed gravel, entrance doors and windows are made of plastic. This proposal corresponds to the technical requirements and the requirements of the investor (builder).

Immunohistologic investigations of wound healing in human oral mucosa require specific cell biological markers as well as consecutive small biopsies. Small specimens are ideally embedded in plastic (methylmethacrylate, MMA) resin due to their miniature size. This limits the use of antibodies for these markers. In this immunohistochemical study, the distribution of wound healing markers, e.g. cytokeratin (CK), laminin, collagen IV, vimentin, vinculin and fibronectin, were compared between semithin sections of plastic-embedded tissue and frozen sections of mucosal tissue in order to assess their use for future investigations. The antibodies against laminin, collagen IV and CK 1/2/10/11, 5/6, 13, 14, 17, 19 gave comparable staining patterns on cryostat sections of attached mucosa and on semithin sections of MMA-embedded attached mucosa. In the epithelial cell layers, the following distribution of CK immunostaining was observed: The basal cell layer was positive for CK 5/6, CK 14 and CK 19; the intermediate cell layer for CK 13, CK 17 and CK 1/2/10/11, and the superficial cell layer for CK 13 and CK 1/2/10/11. For most of these antibodies, enzyme digestion with 0.1% trypsin was adequate for demasking the antigens, except for anti-CK 14, anti-CK 17 and anti-laminin; predigestion with 0.4% pepsin in 0.01 N HCl gave similar staining results. The antibodies against vimentin, vinculin, fibronectin and CK 4 showed no affinity or a reciprocal reaction on the semithin sections. Therefore, the antibodies against CK 1/2/10/11; 5/6; 13; 14; 17, and 19, as well as the basement proteins laminin and collagen IV are deemed markers suitable on semithin sections of plastic-embedded attached oral mucosa. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

The calculation of frequency-dependent cable parameters is essential for simulations of transient phenomena in electrical power systems. The simulation of transients is more complicated than the calculation of currents and voltages in the nominal frequency range. The model has to represent the frequency dependency and the wave propagation behavior of cable lines. The introduced model combines an improved subconductor method for the determination of the frequency-dependent parameters and a PI section wave propagation model. The subconductor method considers the skin and proximity effect in all conductors for frequency ranges up to few megahertz. The subconductor method method yields accurate results. The wave propagation part of the cable model is based on a cascaded PI section model. A modal transformation technique has been used for the calculation in the time domain. The frequency-dependent elements of the related modal transformation matrices have been fitted with rational functions. The frequency dependence of cable parameters has been reproduced using a vector fitting algorithm and has been implemented into an resistor-inductor-capacitor network (RLC network) for each PI section. The proposed full model has been validated with measured data.

Als Ladungsbrüten wird die Umwandlung niedrig geladener Ionen, welche über ein breites Spektrum von Elementen bis hin zu exotischen, radioaktiven Spezies erzeugt werden können, in hochgeladene Ionen bezeichnet, was beispielsweise für deren effiziente Nachbeschleunigung oder kern- und atomphysikalische Präzisionsmessungen von Bedeutung ist. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass es möglich ist, kompakte, bei Raumtemperatur betriebene Elektronenstrahlionenquellen des Dresden EBIS/T - Typs als Ladungsbrüter zu verwenden. Anhand von Simulationen zum Ioneneinfang sowie Experimenten zur Ioneninjektion und -reextraktion wurden die Ionenquellen Dresden EBIT und EBIS-A als Ladungsbrüter charakterisiert. Eigenschaften der Quellen, welche von besonderem Interesse für das Ladungsbrüten sind, wurden untersucht. Hierzu zählen Elektronenstromdichte, Ionisationsfaktor, Akzeptanz sowie Einfangsbeziehungsweise Brütungseffizienz. An einer Dresden EBIS-A wurden weiterhin die Emittanzen des injizierten und reextrahierten Strahls bestimmt. Neben den Untersuchungen zum Ladungsbrüten selbst wurde dieses als experimentelle Technik für die Bestimmung von Elektronenstoß - Ionisationsquerschnitten der Goldionen Au38+ bis Au46+ bei einer Elektronenenergie von 11,5 keV verwendet. Ein Vergleich der Messwerte mit semiempirisch sowie theoretisch berechneten Daten ergab, dass für die Ionisation der 4d - und 4p - Elektronen von Gold in diesem Energiebereich neben der direkten Stoßionisation auch die Autoionisation nach Elektronenstoß - Anregung in die Betrachtung einbezogen werden muss, um eine gute Übereinstimmung von Theorie und Experiment zu erreichen.:1 Einleitung . . . 9 2 Physik hochgeladener Ionen . . . 12 2.1 Atomphysikalische Prozesse . . . 12 2.1.1 Elektron - Ion - Wechselwirkungen . . . 12 2.1.1.1 Elektronenstoßionisation . . . 12 2.1.1.2 Elektronenstoßanregung . . . 14 2.1.1.3 Augerprozess . . . 16 2.1.1.4 Mehrfachionisation . . . 17 2.1.1.5 Strahlende Rekombination und Photoionisation . . . 19 2.1.1.6 Dielektronische Rekombination . . . 21 2.1.2 Ion - Ion - Wechselwirkungen . . . 23 2.1.2.1 Ladungsaustausch . . . 23 2.1.2.2 Transferionisation . . . 24 2.2 Erzeugung hochgeladener Ionen . . . 25 2.2.1 Übersicht - Quellen hochgeladener Ionen . . . 25 2.2.2 Elektronenstrahlionenquellen . . . 28 2.2.2.1 Aufbau . . . 28 2.2.2.2 Elektronenstrahl . . . 29 2.2.2.3 Ioneneinschluss . . . 33 2.2.2.4 Ionisationsdynamik . . . 35 2.3 Ionenstrahlen . . . 38 2.3.1 Strahltransport . . . 39 2.3.2 Trajektorienraum und Emittanz . . . 42 3 Experimentelle Anlagen für die Untersuchungen zum Ladungsbrüten . . . 44 3.1 Elektronenstrahlionenquellen des Dresden EBIS/T - Typs . . . 44 3.2 Teststand für ortsaufgelöste Röntgenspektroskopie an einer Dresden EBIT . . . 45 3.3 Highly Charged Ion TRAP (HITRAP) - Sektion für das Ladungsbrüten mit der Dresden EBIT . . . 46 3.3.1 Aufbau der Anlage . . . 46 3.3.2 Kalium - Ionenquelle . . . 47 3.4 Erweiterung der Micro Beam Facility (MBF) für das Ladungsbrüten mit der Dresden EBIS-A . . . 48 3.4.1 Aufbau der Anlage . . . 48 3.4.2 Flüssigmetallionenquelle . . . 49 3.4.3 Pepper - Pot - Emittanzmeter . . . 50 3.4.3.1 Funktionsweise . . . 50 3.4.3.2 Auswertung von Pepper - Pot - Messungen . . . 52 4 Ladungsbrüten mit Dresden EBIT - Quellen . . . 56 4.1 Optimierung der Eigenschaften des Elektronenstrahls der Dresden EBIT für das Ladungsbrüten . . . 56 4.1.1 Messung des radialen Profils des Elektronenstrahls und Bestimmung der Elektronenstromdichte . . . 56 4.1.2 Variation der Betriebsparameter zur Optimierung der Elektronenstromdichte . . . 60 4.1.2.1 Variation der Elektronenstrahlenergie . . . 60 4.1.2.2 Variation des Elektronenstroms . . . 63 4.1.2.3 Variation der Fallentiefe . . . 64 4.2 Simulationen zum Einschuss einfach geladener Ionen in eine Dresden EBIT . . . 66 4.2.1 Beschreibung des Simulationsprogramms . . . 66 4.2.2 Abschätzung der optimalen Spannung an der EBIT - Extraktionselektrode . . . 68 4.2.3 Abschätzung der optimalen Einschussenergie . . . 69 4.2.4 Abschätzung der Akzeptanz . . . 72 4.3 Röntgenspektroskopische Messungen . . . 75 4.4 A/q - Analyse des extrahierten Strahls . . . 78 5 Ladungsbrüten mit einer Dresden EBIS-A . . . 85 5.1 Vorbereitende Testmessungen . . . 85 5.1.1 Optimierung der Anlagenbetriebsparameter für den Einschuss . . . 85 5.1.2 Analyse der Trajektorienraumverteilung des eingeschossenen Strahls . . . 86 5.2 A/q - Analyse des extrahierten Auq+ - Strahls . . . 89 5.3 Bestimmung der Emittanz des extrahierten Auq+ - Strahls . . . 95 6 Elektronenstoß - Ionisationsquerschnitte hochgeladener Goldionen . . . 97 6.1 Motivation . . . 97 6.2 Atomstrukturrechnungen . . . 99 6.3 Bestimmung der Querschnitte aus der zeitlichen Entwicklung von Ladungszuständen . . . 102 6.4 Experimentelle Ergebnisse . . . 104 6.4.1 Elektronenstrahlradius und Überlappfaktor . . . 104 6.4.2 Elektronenstoßionisationsquerschnitte hochgeladener Goldionen und Vergleich mit theoretischen Berechnungen . . . 107 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick . . . 111 Anhang . . . 114 Literaturverzeichnis . . . 118 Liste mit dieser Arbeit verbundener Veröffentlichungen . . . 125 Danksagung . . . 126 Erklärung . . . 128 / The conversion of low charged ions, which can be produced from a broad spectrum of elements up to exotic, radioactive species, to highly charged ions is called charge breeding, which is an important experimental technique for, e.g., efficient post - acceleration or high - precision nuclear and atomic physics experiments. This work demonstrates the feasibility of charge breeding with compact, room - temperature operated electron beam ion sources of the Dresden EBIS/T type. The sources Dresden EBIT and EBIS-A were characterized as charge breeders by simulations of ion capture as well as ion injection and re-extraction experiments. Properties which are critical for charge breeding, such as electron beam density, ionization factor, acceptance, as well as injection and breeding efficiency, were investigated. Further on, in case of the EBIS-A, emittance studies of the injected as well as re-extracted beam were carried out. In addition to the measurements concentrating on charge breeding itself, this experimental technique was used to measure electron impaction ionization cross sections of gold ions from Au38+ up to Au46+ at an electron energy of 11.5 keV. Comparing the measured values to semi - empirical as well as theoretical calculations, it was found that for the ionization of the 4d and 4p electrons of gold ions in this energy region not only direct electron impact ionization but also excitation - autoionization processes have to be considered in order to achieve a good agreement of theory and experiment.:1 Einleitung . . . 9 2 Physik hochgeladener Ionen . . . 12 2.1 Atomphysikalische Prozesse . . . 12 2.1.1 Elektron - Ion - Wechselwirkungen . . . 12 2.1.1.1 Elektronenstoßionisation . . . 12 2.1.1.2 Elektronenstoßanregung . . . 14 2.1.1.3 Augerprozess . . . 16 2.1.1.4 Mehrfachionisation . . . 17 2.1.1.5 Strahlende Rekombination und Photoionisation . . . 19 2.1.1.6 Dielektronische Rekombination . . . 21 2.1.2 Ion - Ion - Wechselwirkungen . . . 23 2.1.2.1 Ladungsaustausch . . . 23 2.1.2.2 Transferionisation . . . 24 2.2 Erzeugung hochgeladener Ionen . . . 25 2.2.1 Übersicht - Quellen hochgeladener Ionen . . . 25 2.2.2 Elektronenstrahlionenquellen . . . 28 2.2.2.1 Aufbau . . . 28 2.2.2.2 Elektronenstrahl . . . 29 2.2.2.3 Ioneneinschluss . . . 33 2.2.2.4 Ionisationsdynamik . . . 35 2.3 Ionenstrahlen . . . 38 2.3.1 Strahltransport . . . 39 2.3.2 Trajektorienraum und Emittanz . . . 42 3 Experimentelle Anlagen für die Untersuchungen zum Ladungsbrüten . . . 44 3.1 Elektronenstrahlionenquellen des Dresden EBIS/T - Typs . . . 44 3.2 Teststand für ortsaufgelöste Röntgenspektroskopie an einer Dresden EBIT . . . 45 3.3 Highly Charged Ion TRAP (HITRAP) - Sektion für das Ladungsbrüten mit der Dresden EBIT . . . 46 3.3.1 Aufbau der Anlage . . . 46 3.3.2 Kalium - Ionenquelle . . . 47 3.4 Erweiterung der Micro Beam Facility (MBF) für das Ladungsbrüten mit der Dresden EBIS-A . . . 48 3.4.1 Aufbau der Anlage . . . 48 3.4.2 Flüssigmetallionenquelle . . . 49 3.4.3 Pepper - Pot - Emittanzmeter . . . 50 3.4.3.1 Funktionsweise . . . 50 3.4.3.2 Auswertung von Pepper - Pot - Messungen . . . 52 4 Ladungsbrüten mit Dresden EBIT - Quellen . . . 56 4.1 Optimierung der Eigenschaften des Elektronenstrahls der Dresden EBIT für das Ladungsbrüten . . . 56 4.1.1 Messung des radialen Profils des Elektronenstrahls und Bestimmung der Elektronenstromdichte . . . 56 4.1.2 Variation der Betriebsparameter zur Optimierung der Elektronenstromdichte . . . 60 4.1.2.1 Variation der Elektronenstrahlenergie . . . 60 4.1.2.2 Variation des Elektronenstroms . . . 63 4.1.2.3 Variation der Fallentiefe . . . 64 4.2 Simulationen zum Einschuss einfach geladener Ionen in eine Dresden EBIT . . . 66 4.2.1 Beschreibung des Simulationsprogramms . . . 66 4.2.2 Abschätzung der optimalen Spannung an der EBIT - Extraktionselektrode . . . 68 4.2.3 Abschätzung der optimalen Einschussenergie . . . 69 4.2.4 Abschätzung der Akzeptanz . . . 72 4.3 Röntgenspektroskopische Messungen . . . 75 4.4 A/q - Analyse des extrahierten Strahls . . . 78 5 Ladungsbrüten mit einer Dresden EBIS-A . . . 85 5.1 Vorbereitende Testmessungen . . . 85 5.1.1 Optimierung der Anlagenbetriebsparameter für den Einschuss . . . 85 5.1.2 Analyse der Trajektorienraumverteilung des eingeschossenen Strahls . . . 86 5.2 A/q - Analyse des extrahierten Auq+ - Strahls . . . 89 5.3 Bestimmung der Emittanz des extrahierten Auq+ - Strahls . . . 95 6 Elektronenstoß - Ionisationsquerschnitte hochgeladener Goldionen . . . 97 6.1 Motivation . . . 97 6.2 Atomstrukturrechnungen . . . 99 6.3 Bestimmung der Querschnitte aus der zeitlichen Entwicklung von Ladungszuständen . . . 102 6.4 Experimentelle Ergebnisse . . . 104 6.4.1 Elektronenstrahlradius und Überlappfaktor . . . 104 6.4.2 Elektronenstoßionisationsquerschnitte hochgeladener Goldionen und Vergleich mit theoretischen Berechnungen . . . 107 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick . . . 111 Anhang . . . 114 Literaturverzeichnis . . . 118 Liste mit dieser Arbeit verbundener Veröffentlichungen . . . 125 Danksagung . . . 126 Erklärung . . . 128