This study explores the relationships that emerge between socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of several health outcomes in children of different ages utilizing administrative data housed at The Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP). This research also determines the effect that family has on a child developing (or not developing) a specific health outcome. Finally, the relationship between prevalence and familial aggregation are examined. The Johns Hopkins ACG(r) Case-Mix System grouped various physician and hospital diagnosis codes into 32 Aggregated Diagnostic Groups (ADGs). Eight of these ADGs were assessed at four age groups (0-3, 4-8, 9-13 & 14-18) for each member of the final study population. Each member was assigned to one of six SES groups, five income quintile groups and one social assistance group. Familial aggregation was determined for eight selected ADGs using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Statistical contrasts were made for SA vs. Q1-Q5 and an overall linear trend (SA – lowest; Q5 – highest) to establish the SES differences for the prevalence and familial aggregation of a particular condition. Many of the conditions across SES had statistically significant (p<0.05) linear and SA vs. Q1-Q5 contrasts for 3 both ICCs and prevalence at all age groups. Of the eight ADGs that familial aggregation was calculated, chronic conditions related to the eye had the highest ICCs at all age groups. Injury ADGs had consistently lower ICCs for all age groups. Factors that affected the results of ICC estimation for binary outcomes include the number of bootstrap selections, the width of the age group and the event rate for the outcome of interest. Suggested future research includes a validity review of ICC estimates for binary outcomes, exploring the variables that may reduce or eliminate the SES gradient for ICCs and exploring the aggregation for different study samples within Manitoba.

This study explores the relationships that emerge between socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of several health outcomes in children of different ages utilizing administrative data housed at The Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP). This research also determines the effect that family has on a child developing (or not developing) a specific health outcome. Finally, the relationship between prevalence and familial aggregation are examined. The Johns Hopkins ACG(r) Case-Mix System grouped various physician and hospital diagnosis codes into 32 Aggregated Diagnostic Groups (ADGs). Eight of these ADGs were assessed at four age groups (0-3, 4-8, 9-13 & 14-18) for each member of the final study population. Each member was assigned to one of six SES groups, five income quintile groups and one social assistance group. Familial aggregation was determined for eight selected ADGs using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Statistical contrasts were made for SA vs. Q1-Q5 and an overall linear trend (SA – lowest; Q5 – highest) to establish the SES differences for the prevalence and familial aggregation of a particular condition. Many of the conditions across SES had statistically significant (p<0.05) linear and SA vs. Q1-Q5 contrasts for 3 both ICCs and prevalence at all age groups. Of the eight ADGs that familial aggregation was calculated, chronic conditions related to the eye had the highest ICCs at all age groups. Injury ADGs had consistently lower ICCs for all age groups. Factors that affected the results of ICC estimation for binary outcomes include the number of bootstrap selections, the width of the age group and the event rate for the outcome of interest. Suggested future research includes a validity review of ICC estimates for binary outcomes, exploring the variables that may reduce or eliminate the SES gradient for ICCs and exploring the aggregation for different study samples within Manitoba.

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This study presents a complex problem of practice occurring at Primrose Elementary school [pseudonym]. A large portion of Primrose Elementary School's population has been unable to meet Florida's state reading proficiency standards over the last twelve years. Students of Primrose Elementary have a poor foundation in language on which to build vital reading skills. Consequently, students cannot overcome this deficiency because teachers lack the content knowledge to meet the students' language and subsequent reading deficiencies, in spite of 12 years of reading professional development. This dissertation in practice will propose the use of targeted professional development to address below grade level reading performance. The proposed professional development should be delivered through a cyclical model focused on six, sequentially presented key elements: (1) knowledge of language development; (2) knowledge of text complexity; (3) modeling; (4) close reading; (5) collaborative conversations; and (6) independent reading. Delivery is designed to support reading proficiency through language acquisition. Delivery steps will (a) introduce, (b) practice and plan, (c) use, (d) reflect on, and (e) review each element as a skill. A review of school performance and literature correlated impacts of low student socioeconomic status and teacher quality on student reading outcomes.

Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka att undersöka potentiella samband mellan socioekonomisk bakgrund och motivation att söka framtida arbete hos studenter. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en enkät som analyserades kvantitativt, där 90 studenter fick ta ställning till olika scenarion gällande arbeten med variation avseende löne- och kvalifikationsnivå. Data samlades in under fyra föreläsningstillfällen vid Högskolan i Gävle genom en pappersenkät. Resultatet visar att det inte förelåg några signifikanta skillnader vad gäller studenters motivation att söka arbeten och i relation till respondenternas socioekonomiska bakgrund. En tänkbar slutsats är att gruppen studenter är relativt homogena vad avser socioekonomisk bakgrund och därför observerades inga signifikanta resultat. / The present study aimed to investigate whether there was any connection between socioeconomic background and motivation to seek future work of students. The study was conducted using a questionnaire that was analyzed quantitatively, where 90 students had to consider different scenarios regarding work with the variation in wage and level of qualification. Data were collected during four occasions lecture at the University of Gävle through a paper questionnaire. The results show that there were no significant differences in students 'motivation to seek work and in relation to the respondents socioeconomic background. One possible conclusion is that the group of students is relatively homogenous with regard to socioeconomic backgrounds and therefore measured no significant results.

Socioeconomic status (SES) affects students’ academic achievement at different levels of an educational system. However, misspecified Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) may bias school SES estimation. In this study, a partial simulation study was conducted to examine how misspecified HLM model bias school and student SES estimation. The result of this study can be summarized by four important points. First, based on partial simulation procedure, phantom effects of school SES and student SES are real. Second, characteristics of phantom effects are generalized. The stronger the correlation between prior science achievement measure and present science achievement measure, the greater the decrease in both student SES effects and school SES effects. Third, the procedure of partial simulation provides a new angle to conduct theoretical studies (full simulation), which is entirely based on ideal assumption. Finally, the procedure of partial simulation offers researchers a way to create prior student academic achievement measures when they are not available for data analysis.

This study has several objectives: (1) To explore the underlying factors behind male youth criminality; (2) what intervention measures and preventive work organizations and authorities use, and finally, (3) how well these measures are linked to evidence. The study has used a qualitative approach and semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The sample consists of individuals who have worked for at least one year with youth criminality. The results showed several different underlying factors that lead to criminality, the most prevalent factors that were addressed were association, family, socio-economic status (SES), money and status. The most recurring intervention measures that were raised were conversations in various forms such as discussion groups; coaching; MI; contact persons; but also forms of education such as lectures were brought up as a type of intervention. The main takeaway point of the study is that the interventions currently used are linked to established evidence, but also that the interviewed respondents agreed that socio-economic status plays a major factor in youth criminality. What we have also reached the conclusion is that it is not only the social or individual aspects that influence whether individuals initiate a criminal career, but that the these interact with each other. / Syftet med detta arbete är att: (1) undersöka bakomliggande faktorer till varför unga män blir brottsbenägna, (2) vilka interventionsinsatser och förebyggande arbete som organisationer och myndigheter använder och (3) hur väl länkade de är till evidens. Studien har använt sig utav en kvalitativ ansats och det har genomförts semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet består av individer som arbetat i minst ett år med frågan om ungdomskriminalitet. Resultatet pekar på flera olika bakomliggande faktorer som leder till brottsbenägenhet, de mest återkommande faktorerna som tog upp var umgänge, familj, socioekonomisk ställning (SES), pengar och status. De mest återkommande interventionsinsatserna som togs upp var samtal i olika former såsom samtalsgrupper, coachning, MI, kontaktperson men även utbildningsformer såsom föreläsningar togs upp som en typ av insats. Slutsatsen av hela arbetet är framförallt att de interventionsinsatser som används är länkade till etablerad evidens, men även att de respondenter som intervjuas instämmer i att den socioekonomiska statusen spelar en stor faktor till ungdomskriminaliteten. Det vi även har kommit fram till är att det inte enbart är de sociala eller individuella aspekterna som påverkar individen till att begå brott, utan dessa aspekter samspelar med varandra.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar elevers motivation till att lära sig ett andra språk. Därmed vill vi veta hur lärare stimulerar tvåspråkiga elever till att lära sig det svenska språket, samt hur faktorer som socioekonomiska förhållanden påverkar elevernas motivation till att lära sig ett främmande språk som de inte behärskar. Litteraturstudiens resultat är baserad på 14  studier och uppdelat i två delar, där den första delen besvarar vår första  frågeställning och den andra delen besvarar den andra frågeställningen. Den första delen av resultatet består av följande rubriker: modersmålsundervisning för andraspråksinlärning, motivation för språkinlärning, undervisningen i klassrummet och samspelet med andra samt arbetssätt. Den andra delen av resultatet består av rubriken socioekonomisk bakgrund och hemmiljöns betydelse. Vår avslutande reflektion av litteraturstudien framhäver att det finns flera metoder för att stimulera och motivera elever för andraspråksinlärningen. Resultatet visade ocksåatt det finns flera faktorer förutom socioekonomisk bakgrund som påverkar elevers motivation och lust att lära.

Peer victimization has been shown to negatively impact youth functioning and may be especially damaging during adolescence, given the increased importance of peers. However, there is a dearth of longitudinal research examining trauma symptomatology as an outcome of peer victimization with low-income, ethnic minority adolescents. The present study investigated this relation in a predominantly African American sample of 684 students assessed at five time points between the fall of their sixth grade and seventh grade school years. Growth mixture models grouped participants with similar victimization trajectories, and latent growth models related growth trajectories of physical and relational victimization to changes in trauma symptoms. Although initial levels of victimization were unrelated to changes in trauma symptoms over time, increasing victimization was associated with increasing trauma symptoms. These findings provide insight into the relation between peer victimization and trauma in an underserved sample of adolescents, with important implications for prevention efforts.

Although several studies have demonstrated that differential parenting has a negative impact on the children exposed to it, only a small number of studies have attempted to understand why differential parenting occurs within families. The goal of the present study was to examine the contextual correlates of differential parenting. Specifically, the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and differential parenting and the association between objective and subjective indices of neighbourhood quality and differential parenting were investigated. Data were collected as part of the Kids, Families, and Places (KFP) study and analyzed using multilevel modeling. Six hundred and fifty families provided data on 881 children. Five hundred and ninety nine families included a father in the home. Close to seventy five percent of children included in the sample were less than six years of age. Differential parenting was assessed separately for mothers and fathers and across positive and negative parenting outcomes. The findings revealed that parental SES was significantly associated with differential parenting for three of four parenting outcomes. For mothers, SES was negatively associated with differential positivity and negativity. For fathers, SES was negatively associated with differential positivity but not negativity. The objective quality of neighbourhoods in which families resided (i.e., measured as a composite score that combined census tract data on neighbourhood disadvantage and interviewer observations of neighbourhood physical and social disorder) was positively associated with maternal differential negativity; however, this association was also moderated by mothers’ subjective perceptions of their neighbourhoods (i.e., measured using maternal reports of neighbourhood collective efficacy). In other words, when mothers perceived their neighbourhoods to be highly cohesive and supportive, exposure to objectively unfavourable neighbourhood conditions was less strongly associated with differential negativity. Objective neighbourhood quality was not associated with the other three differential parenting outcomes of interest. These findings highlight the important relationship that exists between contextual influences both within and outside of the immediate family and differential parenting. Moreover, they speak to the importance of including both mothers and fathers in studies of differential parenting. The merits of using multilevel modelling to investigate differential parenting and suggestions for future research are discussed.