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Cette thèse contribue à l’analyse des relations entre santé, revenu et politiques de santé. Il m’a semblé nécessaire de mener cette recherche pour chaque direction de la relation. Ainsi, le 1er article étudie la solvabilité financière de différentes politiques de lutte contre le SIDA grâce à un modèle de microsimulation. La santé y est vue comme un facteur de production ; son amélioration génère des gains de productivité. Cette analyse montre que les programmes de traitement peuvent générer un surplus économique et ce net des coûts engendrés. Le 4ème article étudie la relation entre santé infantile et milieu social d’origine à partir d’une enquête internationale. Les analyses montrent que si un gradient socio-économique de santé s’impose à tous à travers le globe (les enfants issus de milieux pauvres sont en moins bonne santé), ce gradient varie selon le niveau de revenu et d’offre de soin du pays considéré. Les deux autres articles s’intéressent aux problèmes de mesures liés à la mise sous traitement des agents malades : le poids de ces derniers dans la population augmente. Au niveau macroéconomique, le PIB par habitant pourrait diminuer si les traitements ne permettent pas de maintenir un niveau de productivité suffisant. Les analyses dans le cadre du VIH montrent que cet effet pervers ne supplante pas les effets positifs. Cette problématique est élargie à la mesure du bien être dans le 3ème article de la thèse. En ne s’attachant qu’aux populations vivantes, les indicateurs traditionnels ne tiennent pas compte du fait que certains agents auraient pu être maintenus en vie (avec un bien être moindre). Les comparaisons inter-pays pourraient ainsi être faussées. / This dissertation aims at improving our understanding of the links between health and wealth, and between health programs and macroeconomic outcomes. Because the former might be bi-directional, it seemed sensible to tackle this issue for each direction of the causality. In the 1st paper, I examine using microsimulation the financial solvability of alternative policies against HIV. Health improvements at the individual level generate productivity gains which translate into an economic surplus that outweighs programs’ costs. In the 4th paper, I examine the relationship between child health and social background using an international survey. Analysis reveals a substantial gradient in health: across the globe, poorer children have worse health. Yet, the effect of wealth is moderated by country-level income and health-supply variables. The two other papers focus on rather methodological issues raised by the fact that curative programs save lives but increase the prevalence of the disease. One study highlights that average income could fall if treatments cannot guarantee a sufficient level of productivity among sick workers. Despite this adverse effect, the microsimulation model demonstrates that treatment policies can raise per capita income in the context of HIV. The 3rd paper of the thesis extends this message to welfare measurement. By restricting attention to the living population, standard indicators of welfare ignore the fact that individuals who would otherwise be dead can be kept alive through treatment, but with a lower than average welfare. Cross-country comparisons based on indicators that are made invariant to the population size may therefore be biased.

Esta tese tem como tema o conjunto de recursos comuns naturais e os formatos de gestão que permitem novos sistemas de governança nos espaços rurais no entorno de áreas protegidas. Como questão central, busca responder como os diversos atores afetados pelo processo de criação de uma área protegida organizam-se e desenvolvem ações coletivas para a gestão dos recursos comuns no entorno destas áreas. Têm-se como hipótese que há uma aproximação entre os atores conforme seus objetivos em relação aos recursos comuns naturais, o que remete a configuração de um novo sistema de governança que propicia o desenvolvimento de ações coletivas próprias de gestão dos recursos comuns. Outra hipótese é que a ação do Estado, por meio de políticas governamentais, apresenta efeito limitado na coordenação das ações e na promoção do consenso entre os atores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a ação coletiva dos atores sociais na gestão dos recursos comuns no entorno do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena (PNSB), o qual abrange áreas dos municípios de Bodoquena, Bonito, Jardim e Porto Murtinho no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Por meio da abordagem institucional no estudo da auto-organização e autogovernança em situações de gestão do conjunto de recursos comuns desenvolvida por Elinor Ostrom, buscou-se a fundamentação teórica para explicação dos fenômenos e problemática identificada. Metodologicamente trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo e documental, a qual apresenta um delineamento de estudo de caso small-N, aplicando-se o framework para análise de sistemas sócio-ecológicos (SES), procedendo-se também uma sistemática análise documental próxima à meta-análise. Conclui-se que a esperada mobilização de grupos de indivíduos em busca de objetivos comuns encontra duas vertentes neste caso, com os participantes da arena de ação criando distintos objetivos e distintas ações coletivas de acordo com seus interesses, produtivos ou ambientais, sendo que governo dos comuns permanece sob o controle dos interesses produtivistas arraigados na cultura de produção agropecuária local. / This thesis has as its theme the common natural resources and the management models that allow new governance systems in the rural areas in the surrounding of protected areas. As central question, seeks to answer how the various actors affected by the process of creation of a protected area organise themselves and develop collective actions for the management of common natural resources in the surroundings of this area. There has been hypothesised that there is a closeness among the actors as their goals in relation to common natural resources, which refers to setting up a new governance system that promotes the development of collective actions specific to the management of common resources. Another hypothesis is that state action, through government policies, has limited effect on the coordination and promotion toward a consensus among actors. In this sense, the objective of this work is to study the collective action of social actors in the management of common natural resources in the surroundings of the National Park of Serra da Bodoquena (PNSB), which covers areas of the municipalities of Bodoquena, Bonito, Jardim and Porto Murtinho in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Based on institutional approach for the study of the self-organisation and self-governance in common-pool resources situations developed by Elinor Ostrom, the investigation sought the theoretical explanation of phenomena and problem identified. Methodologically this is a documentary and field research, which has a feature of small-N case of study, proceeding an applying of the framework for analysing social-ecological systems (SES), conducting also a systematic analysis of documents close to a meta-analysis. The conclusions point out that the expected mobilisation of groups of individuals in the pursuit of common goals is twofold in this case, with the participants of the action arena creating different goals and different collective actions according to their interests, environmental or productive, and that the govern of the commons remains under the control of agribusiness interests rooted in the culture of the local agricultural production.

Title Î? schools are supported to improve student reading achievement and to bridge the achievement gap between low-income students and other students. The researched-based practices of professional learning communities, coteaching classrooms, and the RtI 3-tiered model were added to a Title Î? school to improve students' reading achievement; however, the effects of these research-based practices on students' reading achievement were unclear. The purpose of this quantitative causal comparative study was to examine the impact of these research-based practices on reading scores of students. Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT 2.0) reading achievement scores were compared between students (n = 98) in a Title Î? school receiving researched-based practices for 3 consecutive years against Title Î? students (n = 127) not receiving researched-based practices for 3 consecutive years. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and Webb's depth of knowledge formed the theoretical framework of the study. The independent variable was the type of reading instructional practices. The dependent variables were the FCAT 2.0 reading scores of Title Î? 5th, 4th, and 3rd grade students. The covariates were the FCAT 2.0 scores or the Florida Assessment for Instruction in Reading test scores taken at the end of previous year for each grade level. Analysis of covariance indicated that students receiving the enhanced instructional practices had significantly higher reading scores than did the comparison group following the intervention. The implications for positive social change include providing data to the study school administration that support the use of these researched-based practices in Title Î? schools to improve students' reading achievement and close the reading achievement gap.

The incidence of gonorrhea had declined since the HIV epidemic in the late 1980s, but is now increasing globally due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of this disease. In South Africa, the incidence of gonorrhea is highest among Black women due to their high co-infection rates with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study examined the psychosocial determinants of gonorrhea among Black women aged 18 - 35 in the Langa township in Cape Town, South Africa. All participants had reported at least one sexual experience and at least one positive test for gonorrhea in the past two years. Participant recruitment involved flyer distribution at LoveLife, the community partner to the research study. After an initial screening call, 12 women were considered eligible and participated in the study. Interview data were gathered, transcribed, then hand-coded for emergent themes, guided by the tenets of the information-motivation-behavioral (IMB) skills conceptual framework. The findings of the study identified that the women did not have extensive knowledge of gonorrhea but believed that factors such as a sense of vulnerability, stress in relationships, and social/environmental factors increased their risk of contracting gonorrhea disease. These findings have global implications, as they lay the foundation for follow-up quantitative studies and outline policy recommendations for addressing gonorrhea.

A partir de las actas capitulares del Concejo de Cartagena (a��os 1526-1555), de las cartas reales y de otros documentos como expedientes y procesos conservados en el Archivo Municipal de Cartagena, as�� como de la documentaci��n de la secci��n Guerra Antigua del Archivo General de Simancas (generada por el Consejo de Guerra de Carlos V), se expone en esta tesis la evoluci��n de la poblaci��n de Cartagena de Levante y de algunos de los problemas de su devenir. Entre otros, se recogen en esta tesis las dificultades de la defensa de la costa y de la ciudad frente a los corsarios argelinos o berberiscos(Barbarroja, el Jud��o, Dragut), o los que surgieron en las Comunidades de Castilla (1520-1521), como el gobierno desenvuelto por los pescadores y la expulsi��n de los regidores grandes ganaderos y propietarios de tierras.

Der vorliegende Tagungsband enthält alle Beiträge des 1. Herbsttreffens Patholinguistik, das am 24.11.2007 an der Universität Potsdam stattgefunden hat. Sowohl die drei Hauptvorträge zum Thema „Der Erwerb von Lexikon und Semantik – Meilensteine, Störungen und Therapie“ als auch die Kurzvorträge promovierter Patholinguisten sind ausführlich dokumentiert. Außerdem enthält der Tagungsband die Abstracts der präsentierten Poster. / These proceedings contain the contributions presented at the “1st Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik” that took place on November 24, 2007 at the University of Potsdam. Three main lectures focused on "The acquisition of lexicon and semantics - milestones, impairments, and intervention". In addition, the proceedings contain short presentations on patholinguistic research and the abstracts of the presented posters.

L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude du comportement asymptotique d'estimateurs à noyau d'une densité de probabilité et de ses dérivées, d'une fonction de régression, ainsi que du mode et de la valeur modale d'une densité de probabilité. Le but est d'établir certaines propriétés des estimateurs à noyau récursifs ou semi-récursifs afin de comparer leur comportement asymptotique à celui des estimateurs classiques. Dans le premier chapitre, nous établissons des principes de grandes déviations (PGD) et des principes de déviations modérées (PDM) pour l'estimateur récursif d'une densité de probabilité et pour ses dérivées. Il s'avére que, dans les principes de déviations vérifiés par les estimateurs des dérivées, la fonction de taux est toujours une fonction quadratique, que les déviations soient grandes ou modérées. Contrairement, pour l'estimateur de la densité, les fonctions de taux qui apparaissent sont de nature différente selon que les déviations sont grandes ou modéerées. Les fonctions de taux qui apparaissent tant dans les PGD pour les dérivées que dans les PDM pour la densité et pour les dérivées sont plus grandes dans le cas où l'estimateur récursif est utilisé. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous établissons des PGD et des PDM pour des estimateurs à noyau d'une fonction de régression. Nous généralisons les résultats déjà obtenus dans le cas unidimensionnel pour l'estimateur de Nadaraya-Watson. Nous étudions ensuite le comportement en déviations de la version semi-récursive de cet estimateur en établissant des PGD et des PDM. Les fonctions de taux qui apparaissent dans les PDM sont plus grandes pour l'estimateur semi-récursif que pour l'estimateur classique. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation jointe du mode et de la valeur modale d'une densité de probabilité basée sur l'estimateur à noyau récursif de la densité. Nous étudions la vitesse de convergence en loi et presque sûre du couple formé par ces deux estimateurs. Pour estimer simultanément les deux paramètres de façon optimale, il faut utiliser des fenêtres différentes pour définir chacun des deux estimateurs. Les estimateurs semi-récursifs conduisent à des variances asymptotiques plus petites que les estimateurs classiques.

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of middle school students particularly focusing on the academic achievement of economically disadvantaged students. Existing data show that there is an increasing cohort of school children experiencing poverty, either short or long term. For poor middle school students, the risk for school failure is amplified by the general risks associated with middle school transition and early adolescence development. The cumulative nature of these risks is often associated with undesirable school outcomes including grade retention, behavior problems, absenteeism, delinquency, teenage pregnancy, school dropout, fewer years of schooling, and lower academic achievement. However, there is evidence that some students succeed in spite of adversity, which is often attributed to protective factors present in the students’ own immediate environment – school, home, and community. This current study, therefore, examined the relationship between two potential protective factors–parent involvement and school belonging–and student achievement. Previous research has established that parent involvement and school belonging are both associated with positive school outcomes including academic motivation, self-efficacy, internal locus of control, pro-social and on-task behavior, school engagement, educational aspirations and expectations, and better academic achievement. Consequently, this study examined three main questions: (a) How is parental involvement associated with academic achievement for economically disadvantaged eighth grade students? (b) How school belonging associated with academic achievement for economically disadvantaged eighth grade students? (c) Do the relations between parent involvement, school belonging, and eighth grade achievement vary as a function of prior achievement and middle school? To answer these research questions, this study used the nationally representative longitudinal data from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten (ECLS-K) Class of 1998/99. The findings for this study showed that when parent involvement and school belonging were considered together, the association between parent involvement and student achievement diminished while school belonging consistently emerged as a significant predictor of achievement. However, while school belonging emerged as a significant predictor of achievement, this study established that students’ prior achievement was the single strong and significant factor explaining achievement for poor eighth grade students. / text

Cattle ranching in Vermilion Parish is a social-techno-ecological system (STES) that is currently vulnerable due to changing social, technological and ecological conditions. In addressing ways to increase the adaptive capacity of cattle ranching in Vermilion Parish, I used a multiple, mixed method approach grounded in a critical constructivist framework. Constructivism is the idea that our relationship to facts is constructed by our social context. It is these perceptions that shape people’s actions. By looking at these perceptions through an emancipatory frame I was able to understand multiple interpretations of meaning, consciously address them, consider how they may have shaped our actions, and then alter those meanings and power relationships. In an effort to increase the adaptive capacity of cattle ranching in Vermilion Parish, my research focused on actions, why people perform those actions, and how to change them. This research connected the physical landscape of the marshes, the individual landscape of perception, and the conceptual landscape of resilience. If resilience is the ability of a system (cattle ranching in vermilion parish) to recover after a disturbance, adaptive capacity is when the actors within the system can influence that system’s resilience. I explored the history of cattle ranching in Vermilion Parish from three different, but overlapping perspectives – environmental, social, and technological. These perspectives compliment the information from interviews and 3CM sessions. These 15 interviews revealed the perception of 11 types of threats facing cattle ranching in Vermilion Parish. The body of literature surrounding resilience theory identifies traits of highly adaptive systems. The recommendations and suggestions outlined in Chapter 6 exist at the intersection of the actors’ perception of specific threats and the decidedly generalized traits of highly adaptive systems. These suggestions were geared towards increasing the adaptive capacity of cattle ranching in Vermilion Parish. Given these layered landscapes and their complexity, my recommendations were subject to feedback loops and long periods of integration. These recommendations contribute to the theoretical foundation detailed in Chapter 3 by identifying specific ways that the actors of this particular system may be able increase their own adaptive capacity. / text