O século XIX testemunhou o aumento exponencial dos movimentos migratórios de europeus para as Américas, que se prolongaram até o início da Primeira Guerra Mundial, abrindo caminho para o negócio de recrutamento e transporte de braços. Este trabalho analisa o fluxo estabelecido entre dois lados do Atlântico, mais especificamente Itália e Brasil, discutindo fatores condicionantes, reflexos internos e externos, contradições e particularidades. Na Itália, o foco está direcionado para os interesses conflitantes dos grupos envolvidos: companhias de navegação, agentes e subagentes. Analisa-se a experiência imigratória no Brasil e, em especial, São Paulo, caracterizado pela política de subsídio. Se o financiamento promovido pelo governo paulista era essencial para a criação de um grande fluxo que atendesse a demanda da cafeicultura, por outro lado, constituiu-se em fonte de rendimentos para indivíduos e empresas ligadas à execução dos serviços de recrutamento e transporte. A análise dos balanços financeiros e relatórios dos conselhos administrativos das companhias de navegação italianas evidencia a importância da emigração como fonte consistente para sua saúde financeira. Ainda dentro das engrenagens responsáveis pelo fluxo, o enfoque recai sobre as agências de introdução de imigrantes que celebraram contratos com o governo paulista. Em suma, uma rede de negócios estabelecida nos dois lados do Atlântico, cujos objetivos eram claros: auferir lucros com a emigração. / The XIX century witnessed the exponential increase of the migratory movements of Europeans to Americas, which were extended up to the beggining of the First World War, opening way for the business of recruitment and transport of arms. This work analyses the flow established between two sides of the Atlantic, more specifically Italy and Brazil, discussing restrective factors, internal and external reflexes, contradictions and peculiarities. In Italy, the focus is on the conflicting interests of the involved groups: shipping companies, agents and subagents. The immigratory experience is analised in Brazil, and specially in São Paulo, characterized by the politics of subsidy. If the financing promoted by the government of São Paulo was essential for the creation of a big flow that was attending the demand of the coffee growing, on the other side it was constituted in source of profits for individuals and enterprises connected with the services of recruitment and transport. The analysis from the balances in cash and reports from the administrative councils from the Italian shipping companies makes clear the importance of emigration as a consistent source for her financial health. Still inside the gears responsible for the flow, the approach falls on the agencies of immigrants\' introduction that celebrated contracts with the government of São Paulo. Summing up, a business net established in two sides of the Atlantic, which objectives were clear: to derive profits with the emigration.

Este estudo propõe requisitos para a adequação da operação de cabotagem de contêineres nos terminais portuários brasileiros. Esta adequação transforma os terminais convencionais em terminais marítimos denominados aqui como rápidos. O conceito de terminais eficientes utilizado pelo projeto europeu Motorways of the Sea - MoS serviu como referência para o desenvolvimento da proposta. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se na coleta de dados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas a usuários da cabotagem, além de questionário online com especialistas e simulação por eventos discretos da operação de cabotagem. As respostas das entrevistas direcionaram o estudo para fatores de melhorias relacionados a processos de liberação da carga por parte de órgãos de fiscalização, custos portuários e controles alfandegários. A avaliação das respostas do questionário online se fez por meio de uma variação da técnica Delphi com Q-sort que consolidou as respostas em cinco categorias: administrativo/fiscal, custos, hinterlândia, infraestrutura e operacional. O modelo de simulação de eventos discretos verificou os dados operacionais e avaliou as diferenças entre a operação dos terminais convencionais e de terminais compatíveis com o modelo do projeto MoS. Os principais requisitos propostos são: a melhoria no processo de fiscalização com a simplificação nas inspeções e liberações das cargas; a redução de fretes para transporte de carga porta-a-porta; a existência de acessos terrestres (rodoviário/ferroviário) para interconexões entre os modais; a disponibilidade de infraestrutura adequada (equipamentos) para uso nos terminais; e a minimização de tempos operacionais e de entrega porta-a-porta. Uma derivação da técnica Matriz QFD (Quality Function Deployment) foi utilizada para obtenção do sequenciamento dos requisitos propostos. O estudo verificou que a aplicação dos requisitos salienta as oportunidades de melhorias na operação de cabotagem nos terminais brasileiros. Também ficou evidenciado a possibilidade de adequação dos terminais convencionais em terminais rápidos, mediante a aplicação do sequenciamento obtido para os requisitos propostos. / This study proposes requirements for the adequacy of Short Sea Shipping (SSS) operation in Brazilian container port terminals. This adaptation transforms conventional port terminals into maritime terminals called \"fast\". The concept of \"eficient terminals\" of the European project Motorways of the Sea MoS served as reference for the development of this proposal. The methodology was based on data collection through semi-structured interviews with SSS users as well as an online questionnaire with experts and discrete event simulation of SSS terminals. The responses from the interviews directed the study to factors related to processes of cargo release by regulatory agencies, port costs and customs controls. The evaluation of the online questionnaire responses was done by means of a variation of the Delphi technique with Q-sort that consolidated the responses in five aspects: administrative, costs, hinterland, infrastructure and operational. The discrete event simulation model verified operational data and evaluated the differences between the operation of conventional terminals and those compatible with the MoS project model. The main proposed requirements are: the process improvement to reduce inspections and cargo clearances, the freight reduction on cargo door-to-door transportation, the existence of land access (road/rail) for interconnections between modes, the availability of adequate infrastructure (equipment) for terminal use and the decrease of operating times and door-to-door delivery. The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) matrix technique was used to obtain a sequencing order for the proposed requirements. The study found that the requirements application highlights the improvement opportunities in SSS operation in Brazilian terminals. It was also evidenced the possibility of conversion of these conventional terminals on \"fast\" terminals, with the requirements sequencing order application.

Este trabalho discute os microfundamentos do financiamento de projetos orientado à construção naval no Brasil, tendo como base de comparação práticas adotadas em outros países. A experiência brasileira é tratada metodologicamente como um \"estudo de caso\". Este procedimento se justifica em razão da natureza complexa do problema da pesquisa, importância do contexto na tomada de decisão por parte dos agentes envolvidos (armador, estaleiro, órgãos governamentais, órgãos de financiamento, etc.), escassez de informações estatísticas e escassez de estudos direcionados ao tema. A modelagem proposta abrange dois enfoques complementares. O primeiro toma como base um conjunto de indicadores econômico-financeiros de empresas de armação nacionais e estrangeiras. O objetivo é comparar a estrutura de capital das empresas de navegação nacionais e estrangeiras. Os resultados são confrontados com opiniões de agentes ligados ao setor a fim de verificar se as dificuldades no financiamento possuem relação com as causas explicitadas. Estes foram obtidos a partir de um extenso banco de dados elaborado durante a pesquisa e são analisados á luz de princípios que regem a concessão de financiamentos, incluindo critérios seguidos pelo BNDES no repasse de recursos do Fundo da Marinha Mercante (FMM). As informações geradas são confrontadas com opiniões de diretores financeiros de empresas de armação nacionais, obtidas por meio de entrevistas realizadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do projeto. Essa investigação é complementada pelo posicionamento de especialistas vinculados às associações classistas que atuam ao setor. O intuito é apontar e discutir a percepção destes atores sobre os obstáculos do financiamento local. O segundo enfoque, ainda baseado nas informações contidas no banco de dados e nas entrevistas realizadas no âmbito da pesquisa, estabelece um modelo, baseado na teoria financeira, destinado a avaliar o nível de atratividade do financiamento setorial. A determinação do modelo tem como ponto de partida a estimação da taxa de retorno setorial por meio da aplicação de técnicas econométricas de cointegração sobre dados de ações de 44 empresas de transporte marítimo e índices de mercado obtidos juntos ao New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). O modelo proposto e executado por meio de simulação computacional é também alimentado por parâmetros das estruturas de financiamento de diversos países e estatísticas que captam os respectivos níveis de risco associados à transferência de recursos. Quando executado, o modelo considera e compara uma operação de financiamento feita por uma empresa de transporte local para a construção de uma embarcação em estaleiro nacional a qual submete a proposta a diferentes linhas de financiamento. O procedimento adotado confronta a estrutura de financiamento brasileira com as praticadas no Japão, Coréia do Sul, Alemanha, Noruega, China e EUA. O grau de atratividade do financiamento local é resumido por meio de índices de atratividade gerados pelo modelo. O estudo termina discutindo os resultados da modelagem e apresentando uma síntese de microfundamentos que orientam o financiamento destinado à construção de embarcações. / This dissertation presents the micro foundations of the naval construction project finance in Brazil, as it can be compared to practices of other countries. The Brazilian experience is treated methodologically as a \"study case\". This procedure is justified due not only to the exploratory nature of the research question on a quite complex subject but also to the relevance of the decision making process of major actors involved (shipowner, shipbuilder, regulatory agency, financial agencies, etc.), scarcity of data, information and other previous specific studies. The methodology developed has two complementary perspectives. The first takes as its base a set of economic and financial indicators of Brazilian and foreign merchant marine firms. The indicators were obtained through an extensive data collection undertaken during this research and are analyzed by the same parameters used by the National Economic and Social Development Bank - BNDES in its loan mechanisms to the Marine Merchant Fund - FMM. The information is then submitted to an analysis of financial executives of naval construction firms and leaders of entrepreneur\'s organizations, by means of structured interviews. The objective is to point out and discuss the perception of these important actors on the structural constraints of the Brazilian financial system. The second perspective, based on the data collected and on the interviews realized, establishes a theoretical finance simulation model to measure how attractive are the investments in the naval sector. The model is specified through the estimation of the rate of return in the sector. Cointegration econometric techniques are applied to data of 44 marine transportation firms, utilizing market indicators obtained in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The model is also fed by parameters of several countries\' financial structure as well as statistics that capture the risk level in each case. The model considers and compares one project submitted by a single firm to different financial lines. The adopted procedures are able to compare the Brazilian structure of finance to the practices undertaken in Japan, South Korea, Germany, Norway, China and United States. The degree of attraction of the local financial system is summarized by a system of \"attraction index\" generated by the model. The study ends up with a discussion of the outputs of the model and presents a synthesis of the micro foundations that should subsidy the naval construction industry.

A evolução dos sistemas de transporte no modal rodoviário tem criado novas demandas operacionais devido à crescente concorrência e aumento da pressão para a redução de custos. Em face dessas novas demandas, muitas delas advindas da globalização, geraram uma mudança no perfil da frota de veículos comerciais pesados no mercado brasileiro. Frotas que anteriormente eram compostas por veículos comerciais pesados 4x2 (4 pontos de apoio no solo com tração em 2 pontos) operando com carretas de três eixos com capacidade de transporte de 45 toneladas, passaram a ser gradativamente substituídas por aquelas compostas por veículos comerciais pesados 6x2 (6 pontos de apoio no solo com tração em 2 pontos) com carretas do tipo bi-trem e rodo-trem com capacidade de transporte de 57 e 74 toneladas respectivamente. Esta mudança foi acompanhada pelo aumento da pressão do custo de aquisição dos veículos comerciais pesados, com isso, verificou-se que os principais frotistas brasileiros passaram a adaptar eixos de apoio nos veículos 4x2, aumentando assim as solicitações mecânicas impostas ao sistema de embreagem. Neste trabalho desenvolve-se, portanto, um estudo sobre as falhas ocorridas no sistema de acionamento de embreagem por cilindro escravo concêntrico no mercado brasileiro, avaliando-se a seleção de materiais empregados na construção do sistema através de ensaios químico-laboratoriais e testes de funcionalidade através de ensaios em condições reais de operação com veículos comerciais pesados devidamente instrumentados, mantendo o foco nos novos parâmetros operacionais impostos pelo novo perfil da composição tratora. Como resultado, apontam-se duas alternativas para a solução das falhas encontradas no mercado brasileiro: 1. Proposição de nova solução técnica construtiva para o sistema de acionamento da embreagem a fim de aumentar a robustez do componente de maior suscetibilidade às falhas. 2. Proposição de um modelo matemático para a predição do intervalo mínimo de manutenção para o sistema de acionamento da embreagem por cilindro escravo concêntrico. / The evolution of highway transportation of goods in the brazilian market has created new operation requirements due to the increased competition allied to the cost reduction demands. This new demands, most of them coming from globalization, have generated a significant change on the profile of heavy commercial vehicles. Fleets that were mainly composed of 4x2 tractors coupled to three wheeled semi-trailers with towing capacity of 45 tons, were in small steps exchanged by new compositions of tractors 6x2 coupled to bi-trains and road-trains with total towing capacity of 57 and 74 tons, respectively. This change have been followed by the new purchasing demands from fleet owners by lowering acquisition costs of new heavy commercial vehicles, as a consequence, most of 4x2 trucks have been adapted with tag-axles in order to increase towing capacity, which means increasing the stresses over the clutch system. On this research, a case study is developed about failures on clutch systems actuators by the concentric slave cylinder concept in the brazilian market. The research is developed by the evaluation of types of materials selected to the system components through chemical test and functionality tests carried on actual operation conditions on instrumented vehicles, keeping always the focus on the new operational demands imposed by the new profile of vehicle compositions (bi-trains and road-trains). As a final result, two alternatives are appointed to solve the failures in the brazilian market: 1. By the determination of the most failure susceptible component, it is possible to propose a mathematical and theoretical model to determine the minimum maintenance interval to the clutch actuation system by concentric slave cylinder concept. 2. Proposition of a new technical construction to the system in order to increase the robustness of the component most susceptible to the failures.

O transporte marítimo depende essencialmente da energia dos derivados do petróleo e, em conseqüência, produz emissões de CO2, SOX, NOX e material particulado entre outros. Hoje o transporte aquaviário responde por aproximadamente 4,5% das emissões de carbono, 4% das emissões de óxidos de enxofre e 7% das emissões de oxido de nitrogênio. Se a expansão desse modal de transporte se mantiver nos próximos anos, como se tem previsto, a sua participação na emissão destes tipos de poluentes deve aumentar e, certamente, haverá pressões da sociedade para introdução de medidas que contenham esse aumento. Pode-se afirmar que os poluentes gerados pelo Transporte Marítimo são resultado de deficiência em projeto de navios e de seus sistemas, de uma má gestão operacional, e inclusive da ausência de medidas de regulamentação mais rigorosas. O estudo se concentra em estudar dois destes pontos. O primeiro se refere ao desenvolvimento do projeto do navio e da instalação propulsora com a preocupação de reduzir o consumo de energia. Isso implica em alterações nos projetos e seus sistemas de propulsão, tirando melhor proveito da tecnologia disponível no mercado, bem como análise da viabilidade de uso de fontes alternativas de energia. O segundo ponto se refere ao processo de gestão operacional, com ênfase na redução da emissão de poluentes. Serão examinados exemplos práticos que sustentem as reduções e benefícios, por exemplo, a redução de velocidade do navio. Por ultimo foram expostas as alternativas que o autor considera as mais promissoras para atingir o objetivo pretendido. São selecionadas as melhores opções que contribuem para a redução das emissões de gases, entre as medidas tecnológicas, operacionais e de dimensionamento de frota. Algumas destas alternativas podem ser aplicadas aos navios existentes, enquanto que outras só podem ser aplicadas no projeto de navios novos. / The shipping depends on the energy of oil products, which produce emissions of CO2, SOX, NOX and particulate matter. Today, the water transport accounts for approximately 4.5% of carbon emissions, 4% of sulfur oxides emissions and 7% of nitrogen oxide emissions. If the expansion of this mode of transport is maintained in the coming years, as has been predicted, its participation in the emission of these types of pollutants must increase, and certainly there will be pressure from society for introducing measures to contain its increase. It can be argued that pollutants generated by the Maritime Transport are the result of deficiency in the design of ships and theirs systems, deficient operational management, and even the absence of more stringent regulatory measures. The study focuses on the study of these two points. The first refers to the development of Ship design and propulsion plant with a view to reducing energy consumption. This implies changes in design and propulsion systems, making best use of available technology, as well as the evaluation of viability in the use of sources of alternative energy. The second point refers to the process of operational management, with emphasis on reducing of emissions. Practical examples are examined to support and benefit the reductions of emissions, for example, the reduction of ship speed. Finally is exposed the alternatives that the author considers the most promising to achieve the desired goal. The best options are selected to reducing greenhouse gas emissions between technological measures, operational and fleet sizing. Some of these alternatives can be applied to existing ships, while others may only be applied in the design of new ships.

Levels of underwater noise in the open ocean have been increasing since at least the 1960s due to growth in global shipping traffic and the speed and propulsion power of vessels. This rise in noise levels reduces the range over which vocal marine species can communicate, and can induce physiological stress and behavioural responses, which may ultimately have population-level consequences. Although long-term noise trends have been studied at some open-ocean sites, in shallower coastal regions the high spatiotemporal variability of noise levels presents a substantial methodological challenge, and trends in these areas are poorly understood. This thesis addresses this challenge by introducing new techniques which combine multiple data sources for ship noise assessment in coastal waters. These data include Automatic Identification System (AIS) ship-tracking data, shore-based time-lapse footage, meteorological data, and tidal data. Two studies are presented: in the first, AIS data and acoustic recordings from Falmouth Bay in the western English Channel are combined using an adaptive threshold, which separates ship passages from background noise in the acoustic data. These passages are then cross-referenced with AIS vessel tracks, and the noise exposure associated with shipping activity is then determined. The second study, at a site in the Moray Firth, Scotland, expanded the method to include shore-based time-lapse footage, which enables visual corroboration of vessel identifications and the production of videos integrating the various data sources. Two further studies examine and enhance basic analysis techniques for ambient noise monitoring. The first study examines averaging metrics and their applicability to the assessment of noise from shipping. Long-term data from the VENUS observatory are empirically assessed for different averaging times and in the presence of outliers. It is concluded that the mean sound pressure level averaged in linear space is most appropriate, in terms of both standardization and relevance to impacts on marine fauna. In the second study, a new technique for the statistical analysis of long-term passive acoustic datasets, termed spectral probability density (SPD), is introduced. It is shown that the SPD can reveal characteristics such as multimodality, outlier influence, and persistent self-noise, which are not apparent using conventional techniques. This helps to interpret long-term datasets, and can indicate whether an instrument’s dynamic range is appropriate to field conditions. Taken together, the contributions presented in this thesis help to establish a stronger methodological basis for the assessment of shipping noise. These methods can help to inform emerging policy initiatives, efforts to standardise underwater noise measurements, and investigation into the effects of shipping noise on marine life.

In its theoretical -- methodical part, the thesis is focusing on the subject of containerization, characterizes the liner sea transportation (shipping lines), describes the current situation on the sea freight market, characterizes selected shipping lines operating on the trade: Latin America -- EU and describes the ports on the export side: Callao and Paita. In the practical part, it addresses the progression of the transportation chain, beginning with the client's inquiry and ending with delivering the cargo at the consignee's premises. I am also presenting the transportation string through an actual shipment from the Peruvian port of Callao to Prague.

This thesis deals with the subject of dry cargo chartering. The aim is to describe the issues, which are not common in Czech Republic, from both the theoretical and practical side. Both parts emphasize the main aspects, which are followed by suitable findings and comments. All examples used in the work are based on internal information of a shipping company.

A evolução dos sistemas de transporte no modal rodoviário tem criado novas demandas operacionais devido à crescente concorrência e aumento da pressão para a redução de custos. Em face dessas novas demandas, muitas delas advindas da globalização, geraram uma mudança no perfil da frota de veículos comerciais pesados no mercado brasileiro. Frotas que anteriormente eram compostas por veículos comerciais pesados 4x2 (4 pontos de apoio no solo com tração em 2 pontos) operando com carretas de três eixos com capacidade de transporte de 45 toneladas, passaram a ser gradativamente substituídas por aquelas compostas por veículos comerciais pesados 6x2 (6 pontos de apoio no solo com tração em 2 pontos) com carretas do tipo bi-trem e rodo-trem com capacidade de transporte de 57 e 74 toneladas respectivamente. Esta mudança foi acompanhada pelo aumento da pressão do custo de aquisição dos veículos comerciais pesados, com isso, verificou-se que os principais frotistas brasileiros passaram a adaptar eixos de apoio nos veículos 4x2, aumentando assim as solicitações mecânicas impostas ao sistema de embreagem. Neste trabalho desenvolve-se, portanto, um estudo sobre as falhas ocorridas no sistema de acionamento de embreagem por cilindro escravo concêntrico no mercado brasileiro, avaliando-se a seleção de materiais empregados na construção do sistema através de ensaios químico-laboratoriais e testes de funcionalidade através de ensaios em condições reais de operação com veículos comerciais pesados devidamente instrumentados, mantendo o foco nos novos parâmetros operacionais impostos pelo novo perfil da composição tratora. Como resultado, apontam-se duas alternativas para a solução das falhas encontradas no mercado brasileiro: 1. Proposição de nova solução técnica construtiva para o sistema de acionamento da embreagem a fim de aumentar a robustez do componente de maior suscetibilidade às falhas. 2. Proposição de um modelo matemático para a predição do intervalo mínimo de manutenção para o sistema de acionamento da embreagem por cilindro escravo concêntrico. / The evolution of highway transportation of goods in the brazilian market has created new operation requirements due to the increased competition allied to the cost reduction demands. This new demands, most of them coming from globalization, have generated a significant change on the profile of heavy commercial vehicles. Fleets that were mainly composed of 4x2 tractors coupled to three wheeled semi-trailers with towing capacity of 45 tons, were in small steps exchanged by new compositions of tractors 6x2 coupled to bi-trains and road-trains with total towing capacity of 57 and 74 tons, respectively. This change have been followed by the new purchasing demands from fleet owners by lowering acquisition costs of new heavy commercial vehicles, as a consequence, most of 4x2 trucks have been adapted with tag-axles in order to increase towing capacity, which means increasing the stresses over the clutch system. On this research, a case study is developed about failures on clutch systems actuators by the concentric slave cylinder concept in the brazilian market. The research is developed by the evaluation of types of materials selected to the system components through chemical test and functionality tests carried on actual operation conditions on instrumented vehicles, keeping always the focus on the new operational demands imposed by the new profile of vehicle compositions (bi-trains and road-trains). As a final result, two alternatives are appointed to solve the failures in the brazilian market: 1. By the determination of the most failure susceptible component, it is possible to propose a mathematical and theoretical model to determine the minimum maintenance interval to the clutch actuation system by concentric slave cylinder concept. 2. Proposition of a new technical construction to the system in order to increase the robustness of the component most susceptible to the failures.

This licentiate thesis investigates the decision-making process behind the regulation of winter shipping along the coast of the northern part of Sweden, the Norrland region, in the period 1940-1975. The licentiate thesis examines two aspects of this decision-making process. First, how the regulations in the field of winter shipping were designed in the period. Second, this work examines the underlying factors behind this regulatory outcome on the premise that the regulatory design in the field was the result of an interaction between the regulating actors in the government and their political and economic institutional context. As for the first issue, it is demonstrated that the period 1940-1975 was characterised by a regulatory ambition to expand winter shipping along the coast of Norrland. This meant that the government made substantial investments in ice-breakers during the period, which gradually expanded the shipping season until the target of year-round shipping even to the northernmost ports was established in the first part of the 1970s. Accordingly, those dues for ice-breaker services proposed by several committees that investigated the issue were never introduced. Instead, government-led ice-breaking has served to compensate Norrland as a peripheral region for its relatively high transport costs. Regarding the second issue, it is showed that the decision-making process was influenced by developments at different policy levels of the government hierarchy. In the period 1940-1964, when a public authority within the maritime sector emerged and was consolidated, developments at the maritime sector level affected the decision-making process to a large extent. In turn, the period after 1964 witnessed a change in government policy towards the Norrland region as a more interventionist regional and industrial policy than earlier was implemented. This meant that the decision-making process to a larger extent was influenced by factors originating from a macro policy level. During the decision-making process, actors at both the maritime sector level and the macro level emphasized the importance of government-regulated winter shipping for the regional industrialization of the Norrland region in terms that reflected the aims and interests of their policy levels. In this respect, actors in the maritime sector pointed to the role of winter shipping as a trade policy instrument while actors who represented the interests of regional development policy and industrial policy considered the expansion of winter shipping as crucial in achieving the general ambition to create a geographically egalitarian welfare state, characterised by high levels of growth and low unemployment.