Bakgrund: En pågående centralisering av handeln sker med en förflyttning av handel från landsbygd och mindre orter till större städer. Denna urbanisering beror på bland annat de stordriftsfördelar som större butiker och köpcentra erhåller. Den ökade konkurrensen i städerna påverkar därför handeln på mindre orter och kan riskera att utarma denna helt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur handelssituationen på en mindre ort kan se ut då stark konkurrens föreligger från närbelagda orter samt att kartlägga alternativa förbättringsmöjligheter som skulle kunna tillämpas för att nå ökad lönsamhet. Metod: Fallstudien utgår ifrån en abduktiv ansats där en kvalitativ undersökning har gjorts med sju respondenter. Även en kvantitativ undersökning har genomförts med 25 deltagande företag. Slutsats: På den mindre orten upplevs konkurrensen både genom kraftig extern konkurrens från närliggande orter och en intern konkurrens från andra företag på den egna orten. Ett samarbete mellan företagarna kan bestå i att anordna gemensamma aktiviteter och att tillsammans marknadsföra orten under ett varumärke. För att detta ska fungera behövs att en person är särskilt avsatt för detta ändamål, då kan samarbetet leda till bättre resultat och bättre sammanhållning inom orten. / Background: An ongoing centralization of the trade is carried out with a movement of trade from rural areas and smaller towns to larger cities. This urbanization depends, among other things, on the economies of scale that larger stores and shopping centers receive. The increased competition in the cities therefore affects the trade in small communities and may be likely to impoverish the whole. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe what the trade situation in a small town looks like when there is a strong competition from nearby cities and to identify alternative improvement options that could be applied to achieve increased profitability. Research method: The case study is based on an abductive process in which a qualitative study has been made with seven respondents. A quantitative survey has also been carried out with 25 participating companies answering the survey. Conclusion: In the smaller town the competition in experienced by both a strong external competition from nearby cities and an internal competition from other companies in the own town. Collaboration between entrepreneurs can be to organize joint activities and to jointly market the trade in the town under one trademark. For this to work it is required that one person is earmarked for that purpose, then the cooperation can lead to better results and better cohesiveness in the town.

Beginning in 1980, large forestry corporations in British Columbia began to rapidly downsize and restructure their operations. The combination of volatile international market conditions, increasing demands for environmental conservation, First Nation?s land claims, higher stumpage rates, American protectionism, a declining timber supply, and introduction of labor saving technologies, made it no longer profitable for these companies to employ large numbers of workers under a Fordist organizational structure. The tremendous job losses seriously compromised the sustainability of forestry dependent communities throughout the province. The responses from forestry based communities in B. C. have been diverse. Some have chosen to take a more passive approach and have become bedroom communities to larger urban centers or retirement destinations. Others have actively pursued economic diversification through increased entrepreneurial activities. No matter which alternative individual communities have chosen to pursue, it is evident that they are all undergoing a significant transformation. This exploratory study examines how the identity (or image) of these places has evolved, and investigates the impact this has had on local residents. The three Vancouver Island communities of Chemainus, Sooke, and Port Alberni have been selected as case studies. A variety of quantitative and qualitative research methods are employed including a resident survey, personal interviews, and review of real estate guides and promotional materials. Overall the findings suggest that the identity associated with each case study community has both positively and negatively perceived elements. With a greater appreciation for these elements, it was possible for the researcher to make a variety of justifiable recommendations to improve current planning policies and processes, in each of the case studies, which will help them build a stronger, more positive image, and therefore become healthier, more viable, and sustainable communities. By emphasizing the significance of identity for community planning, and by outlining the participatory methods necessary to conduct an in depth identity investigation, this study also paves the way for future investigations on other British Columbia communities in transition and for the widespread use of the principle of identity as a contributory decision-making strategy in the planning profession.

This thesis focuses on Canadian Prairie communities and how architecture plays a role in promoting community engagement and interaction. The ideal components of a healthy rural town include its identity, sense of community and a strong relationship to the landscape, all of which are threatened by both internal and external influences. The large urban centers in close proximity to rural communities are a major influence over the direction of development. The growth of the urban fabric is understood only after studying the historical factors that have shaped its foundation, as well as its relationship to larger regional forces. These forces have changed the urban morphology — shifting from an emphasis centered on community to one that is more focused upon economic development. This change does not suggest that these elements are completely separate from one another, but instead that the emphasis has shifted – bringing with it a whole new set of priorities. Increased development along major arterial highways is favoured over downtown growth; vehicular transportation dominates over the pedestrian; subdivisions are planned and built by developers to maximize economic gain rather than foster a sense of community; and community-based projects are no longer the norm. Unfortunately this has resulted in a loss of citizen participation and engagement. An in-depth urban analysis of the town is central to the development of future design and development strategies. Case studies of comparable cities, towns or villages will help guide the development of design principles, strategies and processes necessary to promote a healthy rural community. By exploring the complexities of rural development, strategies and interventions that address these issues can be articulated and applied.

Beginning in 1980, large forestry corporations in British Columbia began to rapidly downsize and restructure their operations. The combination of volatile international market conditions, increasing demands for environmental conservation, First Nation?s land claims, higher stumpage rates, American protectionism, a declining timber supply, and introduction of labor saving technologies, made it no longer profitable for these companies to employ large numbers of workers under a Fordist organizational structure. The tremendous job losses seriously compromised the sustainability of forestry dependent communities throughout the province. The responses from forestry based communities in B. C. have been diverse. Some have chosen to take a more passive approach and have become bedroom communities to larger urban centers or retirement destinations. Others have actively pursued economic diversification through increased entrepreneurial activities. No matter which alternative individual communities have chosen to pursue, it is evident that they are all undergoing a significant transformation. This exploratory study examines how the identity (or image) of these places has evolved, and investigates the impact this has had on local residents. The three Vancouver Island communities of Chemainus, Sooke, and Port Alberni have been selected as case studies. A variety of quantitative and qualitative research methods are employed including a resident survey, personal interviews, and review of real estate guides and promotional materials. Overall the findings suggest that the identity associated with each case study community has both positively and negatively perceived elements. With a greater appreciation for these elements, it was possible for the researcher to make a variety of justifiable recommendations to improve current planning policies and processes, in each of the case studies, which will help them build a stronger, more positive image, and therefore become healthier, more viable, and sustainable communities. By emphasizing the significance of identity for community planning, and by outlining the participatory methods necessary to conduct an in depth identity investigation, this study also paves the way for future investigations on other British Columbia communities in transition and for the widespread use of the principle of identity as a contributory decision-making strategy in the planning profession.

This thesis focuses on Canadian Prairie communities and how architecture plays a role in promoting community engagement and interaction. The ideal components of a healthy rural town include its identity, sense of community and a strong relationship to the landscape, all of which are threatened by both internal and external influences. The large urban centers in close proximity to rural communities are a major influence over the direction of development. The growth of the urban fabric is understood only after studying the historical factors that have shaped its foundation, as well as its relationship to larger regional forces. These forces have changed the urban morphology — shifting from an emphasis centered on community to one that is more focused upon economic development. This change does not suggest that these elements are completely separate from one another, but instead that the emphasis has shifted – bringing with it a whole new set of priorities. Increased development along major arterial highways is favoured over downtown growth; vehicular transportation dominates over the pedestrian; subdivisions are planned and built by developers to maximize economic gain rather than foster a sense of community; and community-based projects are no longer the norm. Unfortunately this has resulted in a loss of citizen participation and engagement. An in-depth urban analysis of the town is central to the development of future design and development strategies. Case studies of comparable cities, towns or villages will help guide the development of design principles, strategies and processes necessary to promote a healthy rural community. By exploring the complexities of rural development, strategies and interventions that address these issues can be articulated and applied.

This thesis examines the way in which youth between the ages of sixteen and eighteen envision their future possible selves with respect to their possible careers and roles in the community. The youth were recruited from members of the Fusion Youth Activity and Technology Centre (a.k.a. Fusion) in Ingersoll, Ontario; population 12,146 (Statistics Canada, 2011). Situated in the context of small-town youth who attend afterschool activities aimed at providing skills in business, the arts, media and technology, the study asked youth to consider what their future possible selves would look like ten years from now. Using Q-methodology, the participating youth were asked to complete a 55-statement Q-sort with statements relating to careers and community roles generated by a focus group of Fusion youth and from the relevant literature. Using identical statements, the sort was conducted under two conditions of instruction; thinking of your hoped-for self in the future and; thinking of your feared self in the future. Factor analysis was conducted on both sets of Q-sorts (hoped-for and feared) and three factors were extracted for each. In keeping with Q-methodology, composite sorts were generated giving three distinct profiles of statement placement for each of the hoped-for and feared selves. Hoped-for profiles included community-minded professionals, independent creatives and no-plan dreamers. Feared self profiles included, disengaged problem citizens, trapped labourers and unhappy average citizens. These six different viewpoints of their possible futures indicate that youth see their futures (both good and bad) very differently and that their career foci and community involvement hopes and fears are far from homogeneous. This opens an opportunity for youth programs like Fusion to develop programming specific to these groups that may help to make hoped-for selves the more probable outcome.

Cette thèse questionneles recompositions spatiales, sociales et politiques en cours dans une petite ville sacrée, patrimoniale et touristique. Lalibela est une petite ville que ses églises, inscrites sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco, contribuent à amarrer intensément à l’espace mondial. Cette recherche est largement fondée sur une enquête de terrain qualitative, associant travail d’observation participante et entretiens.L’espace est analysé dans le cadre particulier du resettlement, c’est-à-dire au cœur d’un temps de crise, celui de l’éviction des habitants installés autour des églises et de leur réinstallation en périphérie de la ville. L’analyse de la légitimation et de la mise en œuvre du resettlementmet en évidence le poids de la puissance publique et celui de différents acteursinternationaux dans la réorganisation de l’espace local.En insistant sur d’autres espaces et d’autres temps particuliers de célébrations religieuses, de fêtes culturelles ou de consultations publiques, il apparaît que Lalibela est une petite ville dans laquelle des acteurs internationaux, mais aussi des acteurs éthiopiens particulièrement liés à l’espace mondialisé, impulsent une ouverture au monde. L’internationalisation de Lalibela se construit aussi localement. Elle s’établit dans des paysages et de nouvelles formes spatiales élaborées avec le souci de renforcer l’attractivité touristique. Au-delà, certains citadins créent un nouveau rapport au monde et tirent profit de la possibilité d’interaction avec l’étranger qu’offre l’activité touristique. Cependant, parallèlement à la progression de l’internationalisation, l’espace politique éthiopien reste prégnant dans les dynamiques locales. Cette recherche montre qu’à Lalibela les recompositions spatiales, sociales et politiques correspondent à une relation triangulaire entre l’espace social local, le poids de l’État et de la culture politique éthiopienne, et les logiques et acteurs mondialisés. / This thesis questions the spatial, social and political reshaping going on in a small, holy, with a rich heritage touristic town. Lalibela is a small town with its churches, registered in the UNESCO World Heritage List, linking intensely the town to theworld. This research is largely based on a field survey resolutely qualitative, with participative observation work and interviews. Space is analyzed in the particular context of a resettlement, that is to say in a time of crisis with the eviction of the inhabitants who lived around the churches and their relocation in the outskirts of the city. The analysis of the legitimization and of the implementation of the resettlement highlights the weight of public power and of different international actors in the reorganization of the local space. With other spaces and other particular times such as religious celebrations, cultural festivals and public consultations, it seems that Lalibela is a small town in which international actors but also Ethiopian actors particularly linked to globalized space are boosting an opening to the world. The internationalization of Lalibela is also achieved locally. It establishes itself in landscapes and new spatial forms with the objectiveof reinforcing touristic attractiveness. In addition, some dwellers are creating a new connection to the world and are reaping advantages from the possibility of interaction with foreigners offeredby touristic activity. But as internationalization grows, Ethiopian political space still remains meaningful in local dynamics. This research shows that spatial, social and political recombination in Lalibela correspond to a three-cornered relationship between local social space, the importance of the State and of an Ethiopian political culture, and the globalized logics and actors.

Submitted by Gustavo Gomes (gustavolascasas@gmail.com) on 2013-08-27T14:21:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Administra????o p??blica em munic??pios de pequeno porte do sul de Minas Gerais.pdf: 1695643 bytes, checksum: 18ae39d2454c956ac8226dd18b5c9a50 (MD5) license_rdf: 22192 bytes, checksum: 16508d913bcfe515c0f9e2bdf06ca16d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2013-08-27T16:52:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Administra????o p??blica em munic??pios de pequeno porte do sul de Minas Gerais.pdf: 1695643 bytes, checksum: 18ae39d2454c956ac8226dd18b5c9a50 (MD5) license_rdf: 22192 bytes, checksum: 16508d913bcfe515c0f9e2bdf06ca16d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-27T16:52:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Administra????o p??blica em munic??pios de pequeno porte do sul de Minas Gerais.pdf: 1695643 bytes, checksum: 18ae39d2454c956ac8226dd18b5c9a50 (MD5) license_rdf: 22192 bytes, checksum: 16508d913bcfe515c0f9e2bdf06ca16d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Funda????o Jo??o Pinheiro / A Constitui????o Federal de 1988 promoveu expressivas mudan??as nas formas de gest??o das organiza????es p??blicas. Aos munic??pios brasileiros concedeu a autonomia, o que lhes assegurou importante centralidade e protagonismo na vida p??blica. Assim, a participa????o dos munic??pios na provis??o de bens e servi??os p??blicos vem aumentando, ora com a devida compensa????o financeira pelos n??veis superiores de governo ou, ent??o, simplesmente, assumindo o papel que legalmente deveria ser assumido pelos governos estaduais e o federal. Diante desse quadro, os desafios enfrentados pelos munic??pios, nas ??reas social, financeira e pol??tica v??m exigindo das gest??es atua????o eficiente com a finalidade de propiciar qualidade de vida adequada aos seus cidad??os. Enfrentar estes desafios em munic??pios onde ainda predominam pr??ticas patrimonialistas e burocr??ticas, algumas vezes combinadas com uma gest??o gerencial, torna ainda maior o desafio das administra????es p??blicas, em especial no caso de munic??pios de pequeno porte. Neste contexto, buscou-se analisar, neste trabalho, a gest??o p??blica em munic??pios de pequeno porte do sul de Minas Gerais, com base no uso de instrumentos compuls??rios de gest??o e de planejamento, bem como identificar as dificuldades apontadas pelos gestores municipais em adotar o modelo gerencial. As an??lises foram realizadas a partir de um conjunto de informa????es dispon??veis na literatura, nas publica????es do IBGE e em dados do Tribunal de Contas do Estado, complementadas por pesquisa direta em 16 munic??pios de pequeno porte localizados na regi??o sul de Minas. A matriz anal??tica utilizada para identificar e analisar as diferen??as de modelos de gest??o, burocr??tica e gerencial, foi constru??da a partir das duas dimens??es de atua????o da administra????o p??blica que caracterizam o modelo gerencial: institucional-administrativa e econ??mico-financeira. Na dimens??o institucional-administrativa, a an??lise mostrou a exist??ncia de defasagem no uso dos instrumentos de gest??o urbana e o desinteresse dos agentes p??blicos, em especial os eleitos, na aplica????o dos mesmos. As ferramentas de planejamento, como o Plano Diretor e o PPA, s?? s??o elaboradas devido ??s exig??ncias legais. Na dimens??o econ??mico-financeira, cujos condicionantes tratados neste trabalho foram o cumprimento dos limites m??ximo de gastos com pessoal e m??nimo nas ??reas de sa??de e educa????o, as evid??ncias, tanto emp??ricas quanto documentais, apontam que os gastos s??o mantidos dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela LRF. As evid??ncias apontadas pelo presente estudo, considerando seus limites, sugerem que ainda sobrevivem na gest??o dos munic??pios modelos distintos de administra????o p??blica, com predomin??ncia do patrimonialismo e da burocracia. Notaram-se, tamb??m, tentativas de incorpora????o de pr??ticas do modelo gerencial, induzidas por meio de leis e normas emanadas por inst??ncias superiores de governo. Prevalece, no entanto, nos munic??pios de pequeno porte estudados, um cen??rio no qual os agentes pol??ticos implementam estrat??gias de manuten????o dos espa??os pol??ticos com objetivos puramente eleitoreiros. Por fim, conclui-se, com base nas evid??ncias observadas ao longo do estudo, que a conviv??ncia do patrimonialismo, da burocracia e das incipientes pr??ticas gerenciais t??m reflexos, de maneira clara, na baixa efici??ncia e efic??cia das administra????es p??blicas municipais brasileiras, notadamente, em sua maioria, nos munic??pios de pequeno porte, que s??o os mais carentes e dependentes. / The Constitution of 1988 provided significant changes in ways of management public organizations. Granted to municipalities autonomy, which assured them important centrality and prominence in public life. Thus, the participation of municipalities in the provision of goods and public services is increasing, sometimes with proper financial compensation for higher levels of government, or else simply assuming the role that legally should be taken by the state and federal governments. Given this situation, the challenges faced by municipalities in the social, financial and political areas have been demanding from administrations effective actions m order to provide adequate quality of life for its citizens. Facing these challenges in municipalities where patrimonial and bureaucratic practices still prevail, sometimes combined with a managerial organization increase the challenge of governments, especially in the case of small towns. In this context, we have analyzed in this work, the public management m small towns m southern Minas G??rais, based on the usage of mandatory instruments of management and planning, as well as identifying the difficulties indicated by the municipal managers to adopt the management model. Analyses were performed from a set of information available m the literature, publications and data from the IBGE's and Accounts Court of State, supplemented by direct research at 16 small towns located in southern Minas G??rais. The analytical matrix used to identify and analyze differences in managerial models (bureaucratic and management) was built from two dimensions of performance of public administration that characterize the managerial model: the institutional-administrative, and economic-financial. In dimension institutional-administrative, the analysis show the existence of a gap in the use of instruments of urban governance and the disinterest of public staff especially those elected, in their application. The planning tools such as the Master Plan and the PPA are produced only due to legal requirements. In the economic-financial dimension, winch constraints are treated in this work, was the fulfillment of the ceiling on personnel expenses and minimum areas of health and education, evidences, as empirical and documentary, show that expenditures are kept within the limits set by the FRL. The evidences presented by this study, considering their limitations, suggest that still survive in municipal management models distinct of public administration, with predominance of patronage and bureaucracy. It was noted, too, attempts to incorporate practice of management model, induced by laws and norms issued by higher authorities of government. Prevails, however, in the small municipalities studied, a scenario where public agents implement political strategies of maintaining purely political spaces with electioneering goals. Finally, we conclude, based on evidence observed during the study, the coexistence of patronage, bureaucracy and the incipient management practices clearly reflect in the the low efficiency and effectiveness of Brazil's municipal goverments, mainly, mostly in the small municipalities wich are most needy and dependents. / Governo e Pol??tica

The aim of this diploma thesis is to present the impact of the Josephine reforms of town-councils on the administrative development of a minor South Bohemian liege town. The work is divided into several chapters, which study the local administrative organization in Lhenice just before the mentioned reform and the life of the local inhabitants at the turn of the 18th and 19th century. Being put into context, there was even outlined the progress of establishing regulated town-councils in some Bohemian and Moravian towns and the influence of no implementation of this system on the administration functioning in the town.

Orientador: Maria Encarnação Beltrão Sposito / Banca: Everaldo Santos Melazzo / Banca: Arthur Magon Whitacker / Banca: Beatriz Ribeiro Soares / Banca: Celene Cunha Monteiro Antunes Barreira / Resumo: Este estudo foi realizado com base na linha de pesquisa Desenvolvimento Regional e tem como foco a cidade de Sanclerlândia - GO, situada no cruzamento das Rodovias GO 164 e GO 326. O povoamento inicial que deu origem à cidade ocorreu nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, principalmente por migrantes mineiros. Um estabelecimento comercial, o cemitério, a capela de São Sebastião e uma escola pública; localizados às margens de uma estrada que interligava Mossâmedes a Córrego do Ouro são as bases de constituição da cidade. O Povoado do Barreirinho, primeira denominação de Sanclerlândia, foi elevado à condição de distrito e de município com a denominação de Sanclerlândia. Para o desenvolvimento desta investigação, levamos em conta a constituição e a ampliação das centralidades intra e interurbana na e da cidade. Até o início da década de 1990, ela foi uma cidade local sem influência expressiva na região. A partir de então, passou por um conjunto articulado de mudanças, muitas delas ainda em curso, cujos processos possibilitaram transformações no espaço intraurbano, inclusive com a ampliação de áreas de concentração das atividades comerciais e de serviços no centro da cidade. As transformações são expressivas também na relação interurbana de Sanclerlândia na e com a região, mais especificamente com a ampliação de influências nas cidades de Buriti de Goiás, Córrego do Ouro e Mossâmedes. Assim, os processos verificados na cidade definiram e definem, por enquanto, a centralidade da cidade no seu espaço interno, bem como na sua relação interurbana / Abstract: This study is based on the Regional Development line of research and focus the town called Sanclerlândia which is located approximately in the junction of the motorways GO-164 e GO-326 - state of Goiás. Its first settlement ocurred within 1930 and 1940 mainly by the "mineiros" (people originally from Minas Gerais, a state located in the south-east region of Brazil). A small shop, a cemetery, the Saint Sebastian Chapel and a state school, located just beside the main road that connect Mossâmedes to Córrego do Ouro are the basis of the constitution of this town. "O povoado do Barreirinho" the previous name for Sanclerlândia, was later raised to a condition of district and municipality thereafter being called Sanclerlândia. In order to develop this study we took into account the constitution and the expansion of it as a business and services centre within the town and also in relation to some neighbouring towns. Sanclerlândia was not a very influential district until the early 1990s. However, from then on, it went through a number of well-planned changes, some of them still developing, that made it possible to transform and develop the inner urban space, including the expansion of businesses, trading and services downtown. The transformation is also quite evident in relation to some neighbouring towns such as Buriti de Goiás, Córrego do Ouro and Mossâmedes, all of which have inscreasingly been influenced by all the changes in Sanclerlândia. Therefore, the development found in this town defined and define, for the time being, its capacity of being a businesses and services centre within its inner space, as well as being it in relation to other cities / Doutor