M. Tech. Tourism and Hospitality Management / South Africa has been the world's stage in hosting major and mega sport events that drew the world's attention such as the legacy of the Rugby World Cup 1995, the Cricket World Cup in 2003, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Confederations Cup 2009 and the latest FIFA World Cup 2010 which are also examples of the opportunities provided by major and mega events. Such as in many cities, destination marketing organizations have engaged in the systematic planning, development, and marketing of events as tourist attractions, image-makers, or catalysts for other developments however, the involvement of local residents in the planning and operational stages is often neglected. Therefore, this study has been conceived to focus on the local resident's perceptions of the impacts of the Confederations Cup 2009 within the City of Tshwane (Metropolitan Municipality).

This investigation examined the relationship between the superstition endorsement and pre-game anxiety among male and female soccer players at various levels of soccer play. The sample consisted of one hundred-and-one elite soccer players at professional, university, and under 15 year levels. A Soccer Behavior, Beliefs, and Preferences Questionnaire, developed by the investigator, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (Martens et al., 1990) were used to assess respectively soccer superstitions and pre-game anxiety. Pearson Correlations, ANOVAs, and t-tests were computed to test the study's hypotheses. A significant relationship was not found between superstition endorsement and pre-game anxiety for the group sampled. Superstitious practices were found to be significantly negatively related to age (r = -.23), teenagers being significantly higher in superstition scores than both professional and varsity groups (H(2,98) = 6.72, p < .05). Although superstition endorsement was not different between the genders at the same levels of play, both under 15 boys and girls were more superstitious than university women. Professional players exhibited significantly more state self-confidence than the teenage group (t(66) = 2.03, p < .05). The under 15 boys were significantly more cognitively anxious than the professional athletes (T(45) = -2.52, p < .05). At these levels of play, superstitious behavior was not in general related in males or females to pre-game anxiety.

A ninety minute competitive soccer match consists of many intermittent sprints resulting in fatigue, and consequently, a reduction in skill performance. The combination of caffeine and carbohydrate (CHO) has been shown to have ergogenic effects which help maintain skill measures during fatiguing states, however, there has been little research investigating this combination on soccer performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of three sports drinks, including a placebo (PLA), a 6% CHO drink, and CHO + caffeine (CCAF; 5 mg/Kg body mass (BM)) on soccer-specific skills, throughout a fatigue-inducing soccer match. Twelve male soccer players completed three ninety minute intersquad matches played outdoors on a grass field in a randomized crossover design. Players consumed 5 ml/kg BM 45 minutes prior to kickoff and 3 ml/kg BM every 15 minutes during match play. Soccer passing skill was measured using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), shot speed, and 20m sprint performance were measured pre-match, immediately at halftime and immediately post-match. Countermovement jump (CMJ) was measured pre-match and post-match. Heart rate (HR) was measured continuously. Blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and perceived fatigue were assessed every fifteen minutes throughout the match. Urine was collected pre-match for analysis of urine specific gravity (USG). BM was measured pre-match and post-match. LSPT total performance time was significantly better in the CCAF trial compared to the PLA trial at halftime (55.3 ± 10.3 s vs 66.5 ±8.7 s, p = .027). There were also significant improvements in penalty time (CCAF 8.2 ± 7.6 s vs. PLA 16.6 ± 7.8 s, p = .042) and movement time (CCAF 8.2 ± 7.6 s vs. PLA 16.6 ± 7.8 s, p = .028) during the CCAF trial in comparison to the PLA at halftime. HR and blood lactate was elevated throughout the PLA trial in comparison to the CHO trial. There were no other significant findings. Most players (50% - 83%) started all three matches in a dehydrated state (USG > 1.020). The CHO trial had significantly lower sweat rates (0.83 ± 0.25 L/hr) than both the PLA trial (1.06 ± 0.26 L/hr, p = .038) and the CCAF trial (1.11 ± 0.19 L/hr, p = .009). The addition of caffeine to a CHO sports drink significantly improved passing performance (quicker completion time and fewer penalties accumulated) over a PLA. All three sports drinks appeared to be equally as effective in preventing deterioration of soccer skill performance during a game situation. This suggests that the total volume of fluid consumed is of greater importance than the type of fluid. Caffeine appeared to have limited ergogenic effects on skill performance without any negative consequences. / Graduate

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-67). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (MS) University of Montana, 2008. / Title from author supplied metadata. Contents viewed on May 19, 2010. Includes bibliographical references.

165f. / Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-06T16:07:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Priscilla_Andreata_Rosa_de_Sousa.pdf: 999855 bytes, checksum: fa84a16ca309542785401f9cc2b61d68 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-09-06T17:27:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Priscilla_Andreata_Rosa_de_Sousa.pdf: 999855 bytes, checksum: fa84a16ca309542785401f9cc2b61d68 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-06T17:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Priscilla_Andreata_Rosa_de_Sousa.pdf: 999855 bytes, checksum: fa84a16ca309542785401f9cc2b61d68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / CAPES / Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar e analisar a constituição da força de trabalho específica que vem a ser o jogador de futebol e as relações de trabalho e jurídicas a ele associadas, sob o contexto das mudanças ocorridas a partir do advento do regime de acumulação flexível, da flexibilização e precarização do trabalho em geral, e das propostas de modernização do futebol. Recupera-se o contexto dos anos 90 no Brasil, notadamente a Lei Pelé e as novas determinações legais para o esporte brasileiro em geral, com o intuito de dar conta da singularidade do processo de modernização do futebol no Brasil bem como das especificidades da formação e circulação da mercadoria força de trabalho jogador de futebol, além de algumas similitudes com outras atividades, seja sob o prisma da formação, da remuneração, da relação com o empregador, da legislação ou do trabalho produtor de valor. This study has as its goal to investigate and analyze the constitution of the specific working labor which is the soccer player and working / juridical relationships associated to him. All this takes place in a context of changing occurred within the advent of system of flexible accumulation, flexibleness and precarization of work in general, and of soccer modernization proposals. The dissertation retrieves the 90‟s context in Brazil, specially the Pelé Law and the new legal determinations for Brazilian sport in general with the purpose of cover the singularity of Brazilian soccer modernization process, as well as the specifics of construction and circulation of the working labor soccer player product. This study intends also to analyze some similarities with other activities, being under the prism of training, relationship with the employer, legislation or working producing value. / Salvador

MORAIS, Diego Batista de. O jogo na arquibancada: o setor alvinegro e as performances do torcer no contexto do futebol espetacularizado. 2015. 124f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-06-23T11:48:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dbmorais.pdf: 2534500 bytes, checksum: a764f54051a22aea905a4b2b79d76b66 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-06-23T12:47:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dbmorais.pdf: 2534500 bytes, checksum: a764f54051a22aea905a4b2b79d76b66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-23T12:47:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_dbmorais.pdf: 2534500 bytes, checksum: a764f54051a22aea905a4b2b79d76b66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This work investigates how to set appointments among supporters and fans and what implications can be seen in their performances in the context of spectacularized soccer. Here, it is understood that there is a game going on in the soccer bleachers, where the performances of fans and supporters are communicated to the audience, but also transmitted to an indefinite number of people watching, for example, on television. This game is a cultural phenomenon (is maintained even after processing) and acts parallel to what is played on the field (the soccer match itself), containing similar agonistic elements. Disputes usually circulate around the various ways of being in the game. These differences are expressed in the ways cheer, sing, vibrate, which use the stadium, the places they choose to attend soccer matches, among other ways. This research is anthropological, mainly using up of participant observation and interviews with members of a crowd of “Ceara Sporting Club” called “Setor Alvinegro”. This crowd is named as "torcida de alento" a new meaning from the conduction another habitus to fans, as opposed to a model understood by them as traditional supporters. The approach of the game occurs in face to face interactions, usually in stages, based on a phenomenological perspective, from Schutz, and interactionism, from the influences of Simmel and Goffman. In this game, the various supporters (here understood as teams) lay pipelines (ideologies) to be performing during interactions, which creates conditions for disputes by recognition, space and power. In the meantime these disputes and attempts to appointments, there is a latent moral supporter, as thread that also allows the event of a competition around the universalization of a way of playing the game, as if there were a "real" way to demonstrate your passion for a soccer team. / Este trabalho investiga como se estabelecem as nomeações entre torcidas e torcedores e que implicações podem ser percebidas nas performances deles no contexto do futebol espetacularizado. Aqui, é entendido que há um jogo ocorrendo nas arquibancadas de futebol, no qual as performances de torcedores e torcidas são comunicadas ao público presente, mas também transmitidas a um número indefinido de pessoas que assistem, por exemplo, pela televisão. Esse jogo é um fenômeno cultural (se mantém mesmo após finalizado) e atua paralelo ao que é disputado em campo (a partida de futebol em si), contendo elementos agonísticos semelhantes. As disputas circulam geralmente em torno das diversas maneiras de estar no jogo. Essas diferenças se expressam nas formas como torcem, cantam, vibram, o que usam no estádio, os lugares que escolhem para assistir às partidas de futebol, dentre outros modos. Essa pesquisa tem caráter antropológico, utilizando-se principalmente de observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade com membros de uma torcida do Ceará Sporting Club chamada Setor Alvinegro. Essa torcida se nomeia como “torcida de alento”, uma barra brava ressignificada a partir da condução de um outro habitus torcedor, em oposição a um modelo entendido por eles como “tradicional”. A abordagem do jogo ocorre nas interações face a face, geralmente nos estádios, com base numa perspectiva fenomenológica, a partir de Schutz, e com o interacionismo, a partir das influências de Simmel e Goffman. Nesse jogo, as várias torcidas (aqui entendidas como equipes) estabelecem condutas (“ideologias”) a serem performadas durante as interações, o que cria condições de disputas por reconhecimento, espaços e poder. No ínterim dessas disputas e tentativas de nomeações, há uma moral torcedora latente, como fio condutor que permite também o acontecimento de uma competição em torno da universalização de um modo de participar do jogo, como se houvesse uma “verdadeira” maneira de demonstrar sua paixão clubística.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / The continent of Africa hosted the FIFA World Cup™ for the first time in 2010. The historical hosting of Africa‟s first mega-event by South Africa was deemed to be a key opportunity to initiate and promote socio-economic legacies for local South Africans. Therefore, the importance of examining visitor experiences and perceptions of the event cannot be overemphasised. The global struggle for competitive advantage, national reputation or nation branding is in recent times more and more significant as countries compete for attention, respect and trust of investors, tourists, consumers, donors, immigrants and media. Assessing visitors‟ experiences can contribute significantly to knowledge management and inform the planning of future events to leverage positive benefits while minimising the negative impacts. In this study, visitors‟ perceptions of the event are examined using Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth (one of the nine [9] host cities for the 2010 event) as a case study. A spatially-based systematic sampling technique was used to interview visitors at fan parks and in the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium precinct during the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. Face-to-face interviews were conducted and in all, two thousand, two hundred and twenty-five (n=2225) visitors were interviewed. The key findings reveal that many of the visitors came from the key tourism source markets of South Africa (the United Kingdom [UK], Germany, the Netherlands, the United States of America [USA] and France), were men and had an average age of thirty three (33) years. They generally had positive perceptions about the hosting of the event and the quality of tourism facilities and services on offer during their stay in Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth, and South Africa generally. Additionally, many visitors suggested that the hosting of the event in Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth offered an opportunity to experience a different tourism destination, with potential for future repeat visitations. However, the city was found to be a poor responsible tourism destination and as not being a good value-for-money destination. During the event, the Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth region arguably drew its biggest international crowd as it usually receives fewer international tourists when compared to other regions in South Africa. The study therefore underscores the need for local tourism authorities to devise strategies aimed at capitalising on the exposure garnered through the hosting of the event and at maximising the opportunity to tap into new tourism markets with a view to increasing international visitation in a province that is said to attract only five percent of South Africa‟s international visitors.

Thesis (MTech( Tourism and Hospitality Management))-- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / South Africa goes down in the annals of African history as the first nation on the continent to host an edition of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup in 2010. The event has been well publicised by the host nation as an “African World Cup”, with a number of economic, socio-cultural and political legacies projected for all of Africa’s citizens. Such a scenario has triggered hope of anticipated benefits in the minds of such citizens. In this light, several studies in relation to mega-events and the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, linked to perceptions of the event impact on relevant stakeholders, has mainly targeted local South African communities. Given that the event was designed and planned within the framework of an African affair, and with South Africa’s demographic groups being inclusive of resident African immigrants, the study attempted to determine the perceptions of such immigrants residing in Cape Town with respect to the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ and its associated African legacy. The study was conducted before the hosting of the World Cup and the assessment was therefore prospective. In all, 450 questionnaires were administered to respondents in different areas in Cape Town by means of the simple convenient sampling method. Of such questionnaires, 406 were deemed usable and therefore formed the sample size for the study. The key findings of the study in terms of demographic profile reveal the average age of respondents to be 30 years, with more men than women participating in the study. Although the study confirms the male domination of football in terms of participation, increased participation by women is noted in the study. Furthermore, the findings also indicate a high level of participation of resident African immigrants in Cape Town during the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, as spectators, volunteers and operators of small businesses. Most respondents perceived the event as generating positive economic benefits for South Africa and the African continent as a whole. However, the respondents noted concerns regarding the issues of crime, the disruption of daily lives and the increase in the price of goods and services that could result from the hosting. Findings further revealed that a slight majority of respondents were aware of the projected African legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. The study provides the basis for future research into the perceptions of African immigrants in relation to sport mega-events in Africa. The different roles assumed by such immigrants and the initiatives undertaken in preparation for the event warrants a post-event assessment with a view to determine any shift in perceptions and expectations that might pave the way for a comparative analysis to be done.