The use of alternative fuels, particularly renewable energy sources, has been an important strategy to achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions. In Bolivia, many rural areas struggle with an unreliable power supply. The most common electricity solution in such isolated areas is to have off-grid systems, where hybrid systems have become a feasible solution. In this study, a hybrid system in the rural village El Espino is optimized using a linear programming tool called MicroGridsPy. Currently, the village is powered by a hybrid system consisting of solar photovoltaics, a diesel generator and lead-acid batteries as a storing system. To optimize the system in a sustainable way, considering economic, environmental and social aspects, two wind turbines of the nominal capacities 5 and 10 kW are studied and introduced to the hybrid system. To find synergies between the wind and solar energy, the irradiance and wind speed of the study area are simulated using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The power output from the wind turbines can then be obtained by modelling the power curves and then be added to the optimization model. The optimization is performed both with and without the wind turbines to evaluate the impact of them. In the optimization model, characteristics of the components, techno-economic parameters, including investment costs, and constraints such as renewable penetration, and cost of the curtailment are set. The obtained results include that the wind speed is higher during the winter season, and that the wind power output, regardless of turbine size, is proportional to the wind speed. Furthermore, the 10 kW wind turbine is proven to be the most suitable for the system of the two compared. The economical values of the system, such as NPC and LCOE are higher, the higher the renewable penetration, but lower for the system with wind turbines. This implicates that adding wind energy to the hybrid system could be beneficial from both an environmental and economical point of view. One conclusion that can be drawn is that wind turbines are a feasible technology for rural electrification, and that the optimization tool is sensitive to cost. Furthermore, it is found that the wind and solar energy are suitable complements to each other both season wise and daily. / Användningen av alternativa bränslen, särskilt förnybara energikällor, har varit en viktig strategi för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. I Bolivia kämpar många landsbygdsområden med en opålitlig strömförsörjning. Den vanligaste lösningen för elektricitet i sådana områden är off-grid system, där hybridsystem har blivit en lämplig lösning. I denna studie, optimeras ett hybridsystem beläget i byn El Espino, med ett linjärt programmeringsverktyg; MicroGridsPy. För närvarande drivs byn av ett hybridsystem bestående av solceller, en dieselgenerator och blybatterier för att lagra energin. För att optimera systemet på ett hållbart sätt, utifrån ett ekonomiskt, miljömässigt och socialt perspektiv, studeras två vindturbiner med de nominella kapaciteterna 5 och 10 kW, för att sedan introduceras till hybridsystemet. För att göra detta simuleras områdets solstrålning och vindhastighet med hjälp av en WRF-modell (Weather Research and Forecast). Effekten från vindturbinerna kan då erhållas genom att modellera effektkurvorna, och kan därefter läggas till i optimeringsmodellen. Optimeringen utförs både med och utan vindturbiner för att på så sätt utvärdera deras inverkan på systemet. I optimeringsmodellen fastställs egenskaper hos komponenterna, techno-ekonomiska parametrar, inklusive investeringskostnader och begränsningar såsom förnybar penetration och kostnad för energispill. De erhållna resultaten visade bland annat att vindhastigheten är högre under vintersäsongen, och att effekten är proportionell mot vindhastigheten, oavsett storlek på vindturbin. Vidare har vindturbinen med kapacitet 10 kW visat sig vara den mest lämpade för systemet av de två jämförda. Systemets ekonomiska värden, såsom NPC och LCOE, är högre, ju högre förnybar penetration, men lägre för systemet med vindturbiner. Detta implicerar att vindenergi kan vara till nytta för hybridsystemet, både ur miljösynpunkt och ur en ekonomisk synvinkel. En slutsats som kan dras är att vindturbiner är en passande teknik för landsbygdselektrifiering, och att optimeringsverktyget som användes är känslig mot kostnader. Vidare konstateras att vind- och solenergi kompletterar varandra både säsongsvis och på daglig basis.

Integrating more renewable energy sources into the grid has caused increased instability due to the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Hence, the need for grid balancing strategies such as frequency regulation has intensified. Areim, a Nordic real estate investment company, through this thesis, aims to have an assessment conducted to estimate the environmental benefits or consequences of using their specific battery system as a participant in the Swedish frequency regulation market, using the lifecycle assessment framework. The study only considered the cradle-to-gate lifecycle scope, excluding the product disposal stage, and the impact categories used align with the Environmental Footprint assessment methodology. The functional unit is in per kilo-watthour delivered, and the batteries are expected to deliver 933 kWh of electric energy over the estimated lifetime of 15 years. The normalized carbon emissions caused by delivering 1 kWh of energy for frequency regulation using the status quo prequalified technologies primarily comprised of hydropower, combined heat and power, and battery energy storage produce 4.75 kgCO2eq. Introducing Areim's specific battery system 200 kW bid into the prequalified technologies mix by substitution produces 0.075 kgCO2eq fewer carbon emissions per kWh delivered. The sensitivity analysis further supports that Areim will yield added carbon emission savings by increasing its available prequalified re-source capacity in the market. The findings of this thesis can be used to support Areim and other companies interested in grid support services such as frequency regulation to decide whether it is beneficial to use their specific battery systems for such services from an environmental effect perspective.

Solar energy is of huge interest due to the current situation with global warming. A number of solar technologies have been developed, such as photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, and solar water heating systems, to name a few. However, the technologies are being slowly implemented, and Botswana, with generous amounts of sun, is particularly suitable for solar energy. The opportunities were investigated due to the overwhelming and horrifying warnings echoed by many of the world's scientists regarding global warming. First, a handful of solar technologies were thoroughly investigated. A field study at Gakgatla village was then conducted, where the locals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed, and solutions were suggested based on the identified needs of the locals. The biggest challenges identified were the lack of electricity in many of the households, parental figures not being supportive of the children's education, and theft. Additionally, many locals cooked with firewood. The most helpful solution but difficult to implement is photovoltaic panels. Solar water heating systems would also be helpful to the locals who predominantly had cold water. Additionally, solar cookers could help minimize exposure to hazardous smoke. Lastly, solar lamps could help students study during nighttime. Some locals also showed huge enthusiasm for what the future partnership with Botho University will bring. It is encouraged to develop a prototype of a solar cooker, particularly the parabolic solar cooker, in order to install solar cookers in Gakgatla village. Solar dryers would also greatly benefit the locals and are also suggested developments. Both of the mentioned solutions would help minimize the locals' exposure to the hazards of cooking with firewood. The solar dryers will also help eliminate bacteria by drying the food in a protected space inside a container.

The residential and commercial sector is the largest consumer of electricity in Sweden and therefore highly affected by fluctuations in electricity price. On the other hand, there is a large potential to reduce both the electricity demand and emissions from electricity generation on a national level if measures are taken within this sector. This Masters' Thesis focuses on the implementation of Solar PV panels and Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (Li-BESS) in commercial buildings. The thesis was conducted in collaboration with Vasakronan, one of Sweden’s largest real-estate companies in terms of market share with a lot of focus on sustainability and reducing the electricity demand of their properties. The objective of this study is to determine which one out of three management strategies: Peak Shaving, Energy Arbitrage and Frequency Regulation that generate the highest revenue for a Solar PV + Li-BESS system in Vasakronan’s Lumi Property. A research gap was identified in the literature for a techno-economic model evaluating and comparing these three control strategies, where Peak Shaving and Energy Arbitrage are established, while Frequency Regulation is a new possible control strategy in commercial buildings. The techno-economic model is developed for the three control strategies using the System Advisor Model and Microsoft Excel. The model evaluates battery sizes between 0-600 kWh and uses input data on weather and electricity prices for the years 2018-2022. Quantifiable outputs in terms of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) from the model are compared between control strategies. Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are the main economic KPIs to determine which control strategy is the most profitable. The result of the analysis showed that the Peak Shaving and Energy Arbitrage controllers does not reach a positive NPV or an IRR above the set discount rate of 6.5 % for any of the battery sizes above 120 kWh for any of the studied datasets. The main reason is that the investment cost for a battery large enough to reduce a sufficient part of the demand or generate enough revenue from the difference in electricity price, is too high. With no battery at all, or a small battery of 120 kWh, the savings in electricity cost from the Solar PV system surpasses the investment and entails a profitable result. The Frequency Regulation controller generated a positive NPV and IRR above the discount rate for all battery sizes between 240 – 600 kWh for all years except 2021, which was the year with the lowest solar radiation. The conclusion from the result for the Frequency Regulation controller is that the revenue gained from a 120-kWh battery is not enough to cover for the investment cost, but for larger batteries the revenue exceeds the investment cost over the whole modelling period. The overall conclusion from is that battery storage with a Li-BESS in commercial buildings coupled with a Solar PV system is only profitable if the battery capacity is offered on the FCR markets. In all other cases, it is preferable to have a solar PV system without battery storage from an economical point of view. However, new markets and potential business models are developing continuously which is something future studies should investigate. A more thorough analysis of the frequency regulation markets and how these will develop over time is required to further validate the result of this thesis. / Sektorn för Bostäder och Service är den största elkonsumenten i Sverige och påverkas därför starkt av fluktuationer i elpriset. Samtidigt finns en stor potential att minska elbehovet och utsläppen från elproduktion på nationell nivå om åtgärder vidtas inom denna sektor. Denna masteruppsats fokuserar på implementeringen av solclellspaneler och batterilagring med ett Lithium-jon-batteri i komersiella byggnader. Uppsatsen har genomförts i samarbete med Vasakronan, ett av Sveriges största fastighetsbolag sett till marknadsandelar, med stort fokus på hållbarhet och att minska elbehovet i deras fastigheter. Syftet med denna studie är att avgöra vilken av tre förvaltningsstrategier: Lapa Effekttoppar, Energi-arbitrage eller Frekvensreglering som genererar de högsta intäkterna för ett solcells- och batterilagringssystem i Vasakronans fastighet Lumi. I den undersökta litteraturen identifierades en avsaknad av en teknoekonomisk modell som utvärderar och jämför dessa tre styrstrategier, där Energi-arbitrage och att Kapa Effekttoppar är etablerade, medan Frekvensreglering är en ny möjlig styrstrategi för kommersiella byggnader. Målsättningen utvärderas genom en teknoekonomisk modell som är utvecklad för de tre olika styrstrategierna i modelleringsprogrammet System Advisor Model (SAM) och Microsoft Excel. Modellen utvärderas för batteristorlekar mellan 0-600 kWh med indata på solinstrålning och elpris för åren 2018-2022. Kvantifierbara utdata från modellen i form av Key Performance Indicators (KPI:er) jämförs mellan kontrollstrategier. Nettonuvärde (NPV) och Intern avkastning (IRR) är de ekonomiska KPI:er med mest fokus på för att avgöra vilken kontrollstrategi som är den mest lönsamma. Resultatet av analysen visade att styrstrategierna att Kapa Effekttoppar och Energi-arbitrage inte når ett positiv NPV eller ett IRR över diskonteringsräntan på 6,5 % för någon av batteristorlekarna över 120 kWh eller valda år. Det främsta skälet till detta resultat är att ett större batteri inte generar tillräckligt mycket intäkter genom dessa styrstrategier för att kompensera för den stora investeringen. Utan något batteri alls, eller med ett litet batteri på 120 kWh, överträffar besparingen i elkostnad från solcellssystemet investeringen och ger därmed ett lönsamt resultat. Frekvensreglerings-strategin genererade ett positivt Nuvärde och IRR över diskonteringsräntan för alla batteristorlekar mellan 240 – 600 kWh för alla år förutom 2021, som var året med lägst solinstrålning. Slutsatsen från resultatet för Frekvensreglering är att intäkterna från ett 120 kWh batteri inte räcker för att täcka investeringskostnaden, men för större batterier överstiger intäkterna investeringskostnaden under hela modellperioden. Den övergripande slutsatsen från är att batterilagring med ett litiumbatteri i kommersiella byggnader i kombination med ett solcellssystem endast är lönsamt om batterikapaciteten budas på FCR-marknaderna. I alla andra fall är ett solcellssystem utan batterilagring att föredra ur en ekonomisk synvinkel. Men nya marknader och potentiella affärsmodeller utvecklas kontinuerligt vilket är något som framtida studier bör undersöka. En mer grundlig analys av marknaderna för frekvensreglering och hur dessa kommer att utvecklas över tiden skulle också krävas för att ytterligare validera resultatet av denna avhandling.

With increasing shares of variable renewable energy sources in the power mix, the need for energy storage solutions is projected to increase as well. Storage can in such combined systems help mitigate the issues with relying on intermittent sources by time-shifting the supply and smoothing out frequency fluctuations, to name some examples. This thesis has focused on Azelio ABs flagship product, the TES.POD, which is a long-duration thermal energy storage technology. When integrated with, for example, solar PV power, the TES.POD can store excess energy and dispatch it during times of low supply or when during the evening/night. The aim of the thesis has been the development of a day-ahead dispatch optimization tool for systems that include multiple TES.PODs, combined into a Cluster, and solar PV. The model was to be built using the Python programming language and based on Mixed-Integer-Linear-Programming (MILP) methods. The PV+storage system was then allowed to be connected to supplementary power sources such as a larger electric grid, or diesel generators in off-grid locations. The purpose of the optimization model is to find the most economic way to operate the individual TES.PODs while also keeping track of other system components, using a cost-based objective function (minimize costs). A focus has been on using high time resolution (small time step) in order to investigate the impact that the TES.PODs dynamic constraints has on operation. Another strength compared to pre-existing models was the ability to operate individual units indifferent to each other, as opposed to having them all operated in unison. Final results from benchmarking tests and two case studies indicated that using the optimization tool with smaller time steps had an effect on key indicators, and could lead to improved economy in the system. It was observed in both cases that the cost of electricity was reduced by running the optimization tool with time steps of either two or three minutes when compared with using an hourly resolution. Furthermore, several usage parameters for the TES.PODs, notably the total amount of operated hours and energy output per cycle, saw improvements which could lead to reduced cost of operation and maintenance. While not the main intent, testing different Cluster sizes and amount of installed PV capacity with the model, it could also be used in strategic decisions for system sizing. However, due to rapidly growing computational times in systems with large TES.POD clusters and using smaller time steps, the possibility of adding more complexity to the model in future work must be done with caution. To combat this issue, either improvements to the model formulation could be attempted, or by using more powerful hardware or optimizer (imported software algorithm that handles solving the model).

Purpose - In the pursuit of renewable energy sources, solar photovoltaic (PV) is predicted to become the single biggest global source of energy by the year of 2027, part of a trilemma involving climate change, biodiversity and food security. Agrivoltaic (AV) systems, the co-location and potential symbiosis between agricultural activities and solar PV, has thereby arisen as a potential solution for dual land-use. The research within this area is novel, and scholars agree that there is a need for the conceptualization of utility-scale AV in general, and the commercialization process of such systems in particular. Thereby, the purpose of this study is to unravel the key factors, activities and stakeholder involvement in order to assess the commercial potential of utility-scale AV. By addressing research questions: RQ1. What are the key factors for assessing the commercial potential of utility-scale AV?, RQ2. Which activities are essential to address these factors? and RQ3. Who are the key stakeholders that need to be involved in these activities?, a contingency framework for the assessment process has been developed. Method - In order to fulfill the purpose of this study utility-scale AV was approached as a Technology Innovation System (TIS) where the solar energy actor Sunna Group AB (Sunna) enabled insight to the potential industry context of utility-scale AV. Respondents were sampled within the TIS, forming the prerequisites for this multiple case study. Empirical data were collected in three phases: 1) Exploratory, 2) Semi-structured and 3) Final workshop, resulting in 3 workshops and 17 interviews, analyzed by a thematic analysis.  Findings - The thematic analysis resulted in four main themes: 1) Socio-political factors, 2) Techno-economical factors, 3) Meso activities for commercialization and 4) Macro activities for commercialization, under which seven key factors, six overarching activities and the stakeholder involvement in these activities, were revealed. These further formed a contingency framework providing an overview of how these building blocks are interlinked.  Theoretical & practical implications - The resulting framework provides an overview and synthesizes the commercialization of utility-scale AV, bridging the gap between stakeholder involvement and the key factors for assessing the commercial potential. The practical implications of this study primarily involve the solar energy sector, yet deemed to be of value to all potential stakeholders within the ecosystem of AV. Limitations & future research - The limitations of this study includes the potential exclusion of stakeholders within the data collection process due to the complex stakeholder configuration of AV, as well as the geographical constraints limiting this study to the context of Sweden. Future research is encouraged within several fields of this novel research area, predominantly including stakeholder involvement, business model configuration and how to mobilize the synergy sought in technology development between the solar energy- and agricultural sector.

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Förnybar energi sägs vara en stor bidragande faktor till att lösa klimatproblem med global uppvärmning och den svenska regeringen har som mål att Sverige ska vara 100% fossilfritt år 2045. Ett förslag från Energimyndigheten är att cirka 5-10% av den svenska elkonsumtionen ska komma från solceller. Utvecklingen med solceller går framåt och allt fler privatpersoner och företag väljer att investera i det. Denna rapport ämnar att undersöka hur solceller kan dimensioneras för större kommersiella företag, samt även att kartlägga hur nyckelpersoner i koppling till företaget Dahl Sverige AB resonerar om hållbarhet och solceller. Dahl har valt att utvärdera möjligheten med solceller och används därför som ett studieobjekt i denna rapport. Efter insamling av av data kunde programmet System Advisor Model användas för att dimensionera solcellssystemet. Utifrån resultaten av simuleringarna togs tre olika storleksalternativ på solcellssystemet fram för att kunna fungera som beslutsunderlag vid beslutsfattande från Dahl; ett alternativ för att undvika energiskatten och främja det ekonomiska, ett för att undvika överproduktion och slutligen ett för maximal miljönytta. Dock kan en avvägning göras utifrån vad företaget själva accepterar för tröskelränta, eftersom att solcellssystemet blev mer miljövänligt men krävde en större investering allt eftersom storleken ökade. För att undersöka resonemang beträffande solceller och hållbarhet har intervjuer genomförts med fem nyckelpersoner i logistikprojektet där Dahl bygger ett nytt centrallager. Intervjuerna kategoriserades i sex olika teman. Dessa jämfördes sedan utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk om olika paradigm: ett transformativt ekocentriskt paradigm samt ett dominant kulturellt paradigm. Resultatet synliggjorde att informanterna resonerade på olika sätt. Det fanns inslag av båda paradigmen men informanterna resonerade främst utifrån det dominanta kulturella paradigmet som motsvarar dagens marknadsdrivna konkurrensbaserade samhälle. Ett alternativ för att utveckla företaget i en mer hållbar riktning blir således att införa mer internutbildning för att främja en transformativ ekocentrisk världssyn. Denna slutsats uppskattas vara applicerbar även inom andra företag utanför Dahl. / Renewable energy is said to be a contributing factor in solving the environmental problems with global warming, which is why the Swedish Government has decided that Sweden will be 100% fossil free by 2045. A proposition from the Swedish Energy Agency is that around 5-10% of the Swedish consumption should come from solar energy. The development of solar PVs are going forward, and the number of private households and organisations that are choosing to invest are growing. This report aims to investigate how a solar PV system can be dimensioned for bigger commercial companies. It also seeks to map how stakeholders at Dahl Sverige AB, a large trading company in the plumbing industry, reason about solar cells and sustainability. Dahl is evaluating the possibilities with solar PVs, and will be used as a case in this report. After collecting data, the System Advisor Model program could be used to dimension the solar cell system. Based on the results of the simulations, three different size alternatives on the solar cell system were developed in order to be able to function as a basis for a decision for the study object; one option to avoid the energy tax and promote the economy, one to avoid overproduction and one for maximum environmental benefit. However, a trade-off could be made depending on what hurdle rate the company deems acceptable, as the solarsystem becomes more environmentally friendly but requires a larger investment as the size increases.To investigate reasoning regarding solar cells and sustainability, five interviews were conducted with five stakeholders with a connection to the logistics project to build a new central warehouse. The interviews went through a thematic analysis and the answers were characterized as six different themes. These were analysed on the basis of a theoretical framework that distinguishes between a dominant cultural paradigm and a transformative ecocentric paradigm. The result showed that the informants reasoned differently. There were elements from both paradigms, but the informants largely expressed opinions that could be characterized as the dominant cultural paradigm. An alternative for Dahl to become more sustainable was thus to introduce more internal training to promote a transformative ecocentric worldview. This conclusion is assessed to be applicable for other companies outside the Dahl case as well.

The Republic of Kosovo, and its 1.8 million inhabitants, is heavily reliant on two highly pollutive lignite coal-fired power plants, Kosova A and Kosova B for energy generation. The coal-fired power plants, that cover 91% of the energy generation, are reaching the end of their operational life and are in need of either restoration or discontinuation. This implies that Kosovo is in need of energy alternatives for a more flexible energy system which could open opportunities for renewable energy. Solar power in Kosovo is still at a low percentage of less than 1%, and its future penetration is being held back by lack of investments and underdeveloped regulatory framework. Affordable and reliable energy, from solar power, could reduce poverty, lower unemployment, boost economic growth and improve people's health in Kosovo. This coincides with the sustainability goals set by the UN Agenda 2030 and specifically goal 7, ‘Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. The aim of the project was to design a techno-economically optimal PV-system at The University of Prishtina and to investigate the potential technical, social and economic impacts of implementing PV-systems in Kosovo to help achieve the UN 2030 Agenda, specifically SDG 7. The project consists of a quantitative part where simulations were done with the System Advisor Model (SAM) in order to calculate the energy generation and profitability of installing photovoltaic modules at The University of Prishtina with different policy-schemes. In addition, a qualitative study was done by compiling information on the policy structures in Kosovo and other european countries in order to identify obstacles and future trends in the development of renewables. The results showed that it is profitable for the University of Prishtina to install a PV-system in which the inspected financial indicators such as NPV, LCOE and payback time showed profitability for all policy-scenarios. In the base scenario with 200 kWp, which follows the current policy and capacity restrictions on the maximum allowed capacity of 100 kWp per metering point, 60% of the yearly electricity bills were covered. Two additional models were made with alternative policy-scenarios, one with a net-billing model in which sell-rates were altered and another with a higher capacity of 298.49 kWp utilizing the whole roof area. The system of 298.49 kWp gave the highest energy production and could cover 80% of the early electricity bills. The net-billing simulations indicated that profitability is also feasible for small-scale PV in a net-billing scheme with low sell-rates of electricity. LCOE ranged from $6.98 to 8.24 ¢/kWh, for all policy-scenarios, which was lower than the buy-rate of electricity for The University of Prishtina. The results from the simulations along with the qualitative study conclude that the cost- and technical potential for solar power is profitable and feasible. In addition to socio-economic factors such as job-opportunities and health benefits, solar power could be a competitive energy alternative in comparison to current forms of energy generation in Kosovo. However, due to restrictive RES-policy and potentially costly FiT’s in Kosovo a proposition, collected through qualitative studies, is to switch to auctioning schemes with possible usage of FiP’s, if needed, for large- scale PV with regulators putting an emphasis on an open, fair and competitive market. Solar power is competitive and would fare well in such schemes and its implementation should be encouraged by stakeholders and regulators in Kosovo. / Republiken Kosovo och dess 1.8 miljoner invånare är starkt beroende av de två kraftigt förorenade kolkraftverken Kosova A och B för sin energiproduktion. Kolkraftverken, som är i slutskedet av sin livslängd, utgör närmare 91% av landets energiproduktion och är i behov av antingen restaurering eller avveckling. Detta medför ett stort behov av nya, flexibla energikällor i Kosovo vilket luckrar upp möjligheter för förnybar energi, särskilt solkraft. Andelen solkraft i Kosovo utgör idag mindre än 1 % av landets energimix och hämmas avsevärt av underutvecklade regelverk och brist på investering. Ekonomiskt överkomlig och tillförlitlig energi från solkraft skulle kunna bidra till minskad fattigdom, sänkt arbetslöshet, ökad ekonomisk tillväxt samt förbättrad hälsotillstånd hos Kosovos invånare. Detta sammanfaller i sin tur med FN:s globala hållbarhetsmål stipulerade i Agenda 2030, särskilt mål 7, ”Säkerställa tillgång till ekonomiskt överkomlig, tillförlitlig, hållbar och modern energi för alla”. Syftet med arbetet var att utforma ett tekno-ekonomiskt optimalt solcellssystem vid Universitetet i Pristina, samt undersöka de potentiella tekniska, sociala och ekonomiska effekterna av att implementera solcellssystem i Kosovo. Detta i mån om FN:s hållbarhetsmål och Agenda 2030, inriktat på mål 7. Projektet består av en kvantitativ analys där energiproduktionen och lönsamheten av att installera solcellsmoduler vid Universitetet i Pristina simuleras i anknytning till olika policy regelverk med hjälp av System Advisor Model (SAM). Vidare utfördes en kvalitativ studie där information om rådande politiska strukturer och regelverk i Kosovo och andra europeiska länder sammanställdes för att identifiera aktuella hinder och framtida trender i utvecklingen av förnybar energi. Resultaten visade att det är lönsamt för Pristinas universitet att installera ett solcellssystem. De granskade finansiella indikatorerna som NPV, LCOE och payback påvisade lönsamhet för alla simulerade policy scenarion. I bas-scenariot med 200 kWp med nuvarande kapacitets och policy restriktioner på maximalt 100 kWp per mätningspunkt, täcks 60% av de årliga elräkningarna. Därutöver simuleras ytterligare två modeller med alternativa policy-scenarion. En net-billing modell med varierande el-försäljningspriser samt en modell med högre kapacitet på 298,49 kWp. I systemet med 298,49 kWp erhölls den högsta energiproduktionen som täckte närmare 80% av de årliga elräkningarna. Net-billing simuleringarna gemensamt med låga el-försäljningspriser indikerade även lönsamhet i net-billing systemet. Denna typ av elförsäljning kan därmed vara realiserbart och tillämpas för småskaliga solkraftsanläggningar i Kosovo. För alla policy scenarion varierade LCOE från $ 6,98 till 8,24 ¢/kWh, vilket var lägre än elpriserna för Universitetet i Pristina. Resultaten från simuleringarna och den kvalitativa studien antyder att den tekniska och ekonomiska potentialen för solenergi är hög. Utöver socioekonomiska faktorer som jobbmöjligheter och hälsofördelar kan solenergi vara ett konkurrenskraftigt energialternativ jämfört med nuvarande former av energiproduktion i Kosovo tack vare dess billiga kostnader. Med avseende på restriktiva regelverk gällande förnybar energi och den potentiellt dyra feed-in tariff-policyn i Kosovo är det till fördel, baserat på den kvalitativa och kvantitativa analysen, att utveckla ett auktionssystem med kompletterande feed-in premium för storskaliga solkraftsanläggningar. Detta med betoning på en öppen, rättvis och konkurrenskraftig marknad. Solkraft är billigt, konkurrenskraftig och är gynnsam för de socioekonomiska aspekterna i Kosovo. Dess implementering bör uppmuntras av intressenter och lagstiftare i Kosovo. / Në Republiken e Kosovës me 1.8 milion banorë, qytetarët e saj varen shumë nga dy termocentrale të ndotura, Kosova A dhe Kosova B. Termocentralet me linjit, që mbulojnë 91% të gjenerimit të energjisë, po arrijnë fundin e jetës së tyre operacionale dhe kanë nevojë për restaurim ose ndërprerje. Kjo nënkupton që Kosova ka nevojë për energji alternative dhe për një sistem më fleksibël, i cili mund të hapë mundësi për energji të rinovueshme. Energjia diellore në Kosovë është akoma në një përqindje të ulët të perdorimit prej më pak se 1%. Energjia diellore po frenohet nga mungesa e përpilimit të ligjeve dhe mungesa e investimeve. Nga energjia diellore Kosova mund të ketë perfitime në rritjen ekonomike dhe përmirësim të shëndetit për popullatën e Kosovës. Kjo ç ështje eshtë në perputhshmëri me qëllimet të vendosura nga agjenda e OKB-së 2030, në veqanti pika 7 në të cilën thuhet: ‘ të sigurohet aksesi në energji të përballueshme, të besueshme, të qëndrueshme dhe moderne për të gjithë ’. Qëllimi ynë me këtë studim është të hulumtojmë mundësitë për një sistem optimal fotvoltaike (PV) në Universitetin e Prishtinës ‘Hasan Prishtina’. Gjithashtu qellimi me ketë studim është të hulumtojmë ndikimet e mundshme teknike, sociale dhe ekonomike në zbatimin e sistemeve PV në Kosovë për të arritur agjendën e OKB-së 2030, posaçërisht pika 7. Projekti përbëhet nga një pjesë sasiore ku janë bërë simulime me System Advisor Model (SAM) në mënyrë që të llogaritet gjenerimi i energjisë dhe përfitimi i instalimit të moduleve PV në Universitetin e Prishtinës me skema të ndryshme rregullative. Për më tepër, është bërë një studim cilësor duke përpiluar informacione mbi strukturat rregullative në Kosovë dhe vendet e tjera evropiane në mënyrë që të identifikohen pengesat dhe tendencat e ardhshme në zhvillimin e burimeve të ripërtëritshme (BRE). Rezultatet e këtijë studimi tregojnë se, për Universitetin e Prishtinës, është veprim fitimprurëse të instalohet një sistem PV. Përmes këtijë sistemi, treguesit financiarë si NPV, LCOE dhe payback rezultojnë në përfitime ekonomike ne të gjitha skemat e provuara rregullative. Në modelin e parë bazë me 200 kWp, i cili ndjek politikat (policy) aktuale me kufizime të kapaciteteve të lejuar prej 100 kWp për një pikë matëse, mbulohen 60% e faturave vjetore të energjisë elektrike. Ndërsa në dy modelet tjera shtesë, bëmë percaktime të skemave alternative. Një nga modelet ishte net-billing në të cilin ndryshuam normat e shitjes. Tjetri model ishte një sistem PV me kapacitet më të lartë prej 298.49 kWp duke përfshirë gjithë siperfaqën e kulmit. Sistemi prej 298.49 kWp dha prodhimin më të lartë të energjisë dhe mund të mbulojë 80% të faturave të energjisë elektrike. Rezultatët e skemës së net-billing treguan se përfitimi është i mundshëm gjithashtu, me norma të ulëta të shitjes së energjisë elektrike. Kjo skemë mund të zbatohet për instalime të vogla me PV në Kosovë. Vlerat e LCOE varion nga $6.98 ¢/kWh- 8.24 ¢/kWh dollar, në të gjitha modelet. Kjo tregon se kostoja është më e ulët se norma e blerjes së energjisë elektrike për Universitetin e Prishtinës. Rezultatet nga simulimet e të gjitha modeleve së bashku me studimin cilësor arrijnë në përfundim se kostoja dhe potenciali teknik për energjinë diellore është fitimprurëse dhe i realizueshëm. Ky studim tregon se përveç faktorëve socio-ekonomikë siç janë mundësitë e punësimit dhe beneficioneve shëndetësore, energjia diellore mund të jetë një alternativë konkurruese e energjisë në krahasim me format aktuale të gjenerimit të energjisë në Kosovë. Sidoqoftë, për shkak të politikave përkufizuese të BRE-ve dhe feed-in tariff ose FiT-ve, qe janë potencialisht të kushtueshme, një rekomandim për instalime të mëdha të PV-së është kalimi në skema tender, potencialisht me përdorimin të feed-in premium ose FiP-ve. Ne ketë skeme, politikbërësitë duhet të krejojnë mundesit për një treg të hapur, të barabartë dhe konkurrues. Energjia diellore do të jetë me kosto më të ulëta në të ardhmen dhe implementimi i saj duhet të inkurajohet nga palët e interesit dhe politikbërësitë në Kosovë.