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Through the use of natural history records, published literature, and personal sampling (2011-2016) a total of 454 caddisfly species represented by 24 families and 93 genera were documented from the south-central United States. Two Hydroptilidae species were collected during the 2011-2016 collection efforts that are new to the region: Hydroptilia scheringi and Mayatrichia tuscaloosa. Eightteen species are endemic and 30 are considered species of concern by either federal or state agencies. The majority of each of these groups is Hydroptilidae, or microcaddisflies. Trichoptera community structure, by minimum number of species, was analysed in conjunction with large-scale geographical factors to determine which factor illustrated caddisfly community structure across the region. Physiographic provinces compared to other geographic factors analyzed best-represented caddisfly communities with a minimum of 10 or more species. Statistically, Hydrologic Unit Code 4 (HUC 4) was the most significant geographical factor but low number of samples representing this variable rendered it less representative of caddisfly community structure for the study area.

Preparted by the First Tennessee-Virginia Development District in 1978, this tourism map denotes points of interest along the I-81 corridor of Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia. With I-81 constructed just 19 years earlier, this helped open the region up to many new travelers. This maps highlights some of the historic areas to visit, many of which still serve as area attractions today. These include Roan Mountain State park, Tipton-Haynes Farm and Davy Crockett's Birthplace. Also of note is the spelling of Jonesboro, which later reverted back to the original spelling of the town as Jonesborough. Physical copy resides in the Government Information, Law and Maps Department of East Tennessee State University’s Sherrod Library. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1006/thumbnail.jpg

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Samples from 13 different sites along the south coast of West Java yield 7 candidate paleo-tsunami sands, which may represent 4 different paleo-tsunami events. Ages obtained from one deposit may document a tsunami and coastal subsidence from an earthquake in 1,053 AD. The tsunami deposit from this event is preserved in an uplifted marine terrace exposed at Panto Cape, Banten Province. We speculated that the terrace has been uplifted about 4.6 m to the present height of 2 m above sea level, since the 1053 AD event at a rate of 4.8 mm/a. This uplift is strong evidence that strain is accumulating at the Java Trench and enough has already accumulated to generate a megathrust earthquake event.Numerical models using ComMIT of possible megathrust earthquake scenarios were constructed using the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, 30-m fault slip, and the 2011 Japan earthquake as proxies. These three scenarios yield earthquakes of Mw 9.3, 9.5 and 8.9, respectively. The worst case scenario is used to estimate the extent of tsunami inundation of the SW coast of Java, which totals 643 km2. The total number of people who inhabit the inundation area is around 451,000. Some coastal configurations cause a no escape situation where the modeled tsunami arrives in less than 20 minutes, which is not enough time for those near the coast to escape far enough inland or to a sufficient elevation to avoid the tsunami. These areas include the coastlines of Sukabumi, Cianjur and west Garut Regencies and the Pameungpeuk area.

Samples from 13 different sites along the south coast of West Java yield 7 candidate paleo-tsunami sands, which may represent 4 different paleo-tsunami events. Ages obtained from one deposit may document a tsunami and coastal subsidence from an earthquake in 1,053 AD. The tsunami deposit from this event is preserved in an uplifted marine terrace exposed at Panto Cape, Banten Province. We speculated that the terrace has been uplifted about 4.6 m to the present height of 2 m above sea level, since the 1053 AD event at a rate of 4.8 mm/a. This uplift is strong evidence that strain is accumulating at the Java Trench and enough has already accumulated to generate a megathrust earthquake event.Numerical models using ComMIT of possible megathrust earthquake scenarios were constructed using the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, 30-m fault slip, and the 2011 Japan earthquake as proxies. These three scenarios yield earthquakes of Mw 9.3, 9.5 and 8.9, respectively. The worst case scenario is used to estimate the extent of tsunami inundation of the SW coast of Java, which totals 643 km2. The total number of people who inhabit the inundation area is around 451,000. Some coastal configurations cause a no escape situation where the modeled tsunami arrives in less than 20 minutes, which is not enough time for those near the coast to escape far enough inland or to a sufficient elevation to avoid the tsunami. These areas include the coastlines of Sukabumi, Cianjur and west Garut Regencies and the Pameungpeuk area.

[pt] As condições do aporte e a composição do material que é depositado no talude continental brasileiro e sua relação com a paleoceanografia e o paleoclima da margem continental sudeste brasileira (SEBCM) entre os períodos eventos glacial e interglacial ainda são pouco estudados e assim a pesquisa da tese tem como eixo principal a aplicação de indicadores orgânicos e inorgânicos para reconstruir variações das condições paleoambientais na porção sudoeste do Atlântico Sul. Adicionalmente, a pesquisa aplica métodos analíticos e ferramentas interpretativas recentes desenvolvidas para a análise de compostos orgânicos aplicada de forma inédita em amostras da região, como a determinação de (14)C-alquenonas. Além disso, neste estudo a discussão de biomarcadores específicos como esteróis e glicerol dialquil glicerol tetraéteres (GDGTs) é feita a partir da mais antiga reconstrução destes marcadores na região da SEBCM. Amostras de registros sedimentares da SEBCM foram utilizadas para aplicar uma metodologia de isolamento das alquenonas pela primeira vez na literatura (Capítulo 4). A purificação se apresentou eficiente para isolar as alquenonas de forma adequada para análise isotópica (14C-alquenonas), importante para avaliar processos paleoambientais. O modelo de idade foi desenvolvido para dois testemunhos e uma descrição geral do ambiente de sedimentação (Capítulo 5) foi realizada a partir de parâmetros bulk ((porcento)COT, (porcento)NT, (porcento)carbonatos), granulometria e elementos majoritários (Ti/Ca, Fe/Ca, Ti/Al e Si/Al) que mostrou diferenças na composição do material depositado no transecto do talude e permitiu estimar processos sedimentares que influenciaram a transição entre glaciação e interglaciação em relação aos aportes continentais, em que a distância da costa e a profundidade da coluna d água são fatores controladores da composição sedimentar. Foi possível observar e um gradiente de profundidade bem definido em relação a composição do material orgânico entre a região de quebra de plataforma e talude intermediário a partir de uma abordagem de investigação de biomarcadores múltiplos (registros de alquenonas, esteróis, n-álcoois e n-alcanos e também sucessões dos ecossistemas entre os eventos MIS3 a MIS1 (Capítulo 6). Na região mais externa, o perfil de temperatura acoplada com as mudanças na composição de organismos planctônicos evidenciou uma importante contribuição de dinoflagelados no MIS3, diatomáceas durante condições climáticas mais adversas (MIS2) e cocolitoforídeos associados a maiores temperaturas no Holoceno (MIS1). O aporte de lipídeos terrígenos na região de quebra de plataforma refletiu a história da cobertura vegetal e clima na região e indicou predomínio de plantas adaptadas a clima mais seco durante os MIS3 e MIS2 e expansão de plantas de clima úmido (ex. Mata Atlântica) a partir do início do Holoceno. A reconstrução da oceanografia das águas do Atlântico sudoeste foi realizada em uma abordagem inédita a partir da composição isotópica de delta18(O) e delta13(C) de foraminíferos planctônicos, determinação da temperatura superficial e subsuperficial (U37(k) e TEX86(h) respectivamente) e da estimativa salinidade (deltaD-alquenonas e delta 18(O)água do mar) (Capítulo 7). Dois registros sedimentares possibilitaram a investigação das diferenças entre a história oceanográfica costeira e oceânica da região. Apesar da proximidade dos dois registros, as histórias glaciais são distintas, em que as condições oceanográficas históricas de circulação revelaram acoplamentos entre temperatura e salinidade das águas superficiais da SEBCM e as condições do clima continental adjacente (anomalias do Sistema de Monções do Atlântico Sul) durante o glacial, Terminação I e Holoceno. Há indícios que este gradiente é controlado na quebra da plataforma pelos processos influenciados pela dinâmica das Águas de plataforma e no talude intermediário pelos processos oceânicos externos (Corrente do Brasil e Giro Subtropical do Atlântico Sul). Por fim, os resultados mostraram que o enfraquecimento da Célula de Revolvimento Meridional do Atlântico (CRMA) no período e após a Terminação I pode transportar águas mais quentes para região mais próxima à costa, que pode acarretar aumento gradativo de chuva sobre a região costeira sudeste do Brasil. / [en] The conditions of the inputs and the composition of burial material and its relations with paleoceanography and paleoclimate in the Southeast Brazilian Continental Margin (SEBCM) during glaciation and interglaciation has been insufficiently researched. The goal of study in this thesis is the application of organic and inorganic proxies to reconstruct the variations in the paleoenvironmental conditions in the southwestern portion of the South Atlantic. Additionally, the survey applies analytical methods and recent interpretative tools developed for the analysis of organic compounds, which were applied in an unprecedented way to samples of the region, such as the determination of (14)C-alkenones. Furthermore, the discussion of specific biomarkers in this study, such as sterols and Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers (GDGTs), is done based on the oldest reconstruction of these proxies in the SEBCM region. Samples of cores collected from SEBCM were used to apply a methodology of alkenone isolation (Chapter 4) the first time. The purification methodology was efficient in adequately isolating the alkenones for isotopic analysis (14C-alquenonas), an important tool to evaluate paleoenvironmental processes. Age model from two cores was determinate and a general description of the sedimentary environment (from bulk parameters, grain size, and major elements: (percent)TOC, (percent)TN, (percent)carbonates, Ti/Ca, Fe/Ca, Ti/Al and Si/Al) showed an estimate of the differences in the overall composition of the material deposited on a transect through the southeastern Brazilian slope, which enabled an estimate of the sedimentary processes that influenced the transition between glaciation and inter-glaciation in relation to continental input. The coast distance and water column are the main driver factors (Chapter 5). The succession of ecosystems between the temporal events MIS3 to MIS1 could be observed based on the multi-biomarker approach (from records of alkenones, sterols and alcohols, n-alcohols and n-alkanes) and a depth gradient relating to the organic matter composition (Chapter 6). The temperature profile in the more external site fitted with the changes in the composition of planktonic organisms revealed an important contribution of dinoflagellates in MIS3, of diatoms during the most adverse climatic conditions (MIS2) and of coccolithophores associated to higher temperatures in the Holocene (MIS1). The terrigenous lipids input in shallower station reflected the history of vegetation cover and climate in the region, thus indicating a predominance of plants adapted to drier climates during MIS3 and MIS2 and expansion of plants of humid climates (ex. Rain forest) after the Early Holocene. The reconstruction of waters oceanography of the South Atlantic was studied based on delta18(O) and delta (13)C- foram isotopic composition, determination of the superficial and sub-superficial temperature (from U(37)k and TEX86(H) ), and the estimated salinity (from deltaD-alkenone and delta(18)O sea water) for the first time (Chapter 7). The two records provided an opportunity to investigate the differences between coastal and oceanic oceanographic history, despite their proximity. Based on the cross-slope approach was noted a circulation history gradient revealed a connection between superficial temperature and salinity and the continental climate conditions (South Atlantic Monsoon System anomalies) during glacial, Termination I and Holocene. There is evidence to suggest that this depth gradient have been controlled by hydrodynamics processes of the Shelf Waters in shelf continental break region and of the oceanic processes (Brazil Current and South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre) in the intermediate slope. At last, there are indications that the weakening of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cell during and after Termination I can carry warmer waters to the Southeast coastal region of Brazil that a rain increase could result.

Teacher attrition is a state and local concern. Teachers leaving the profession before they reach the age of retirement is costly to school divisions, hinders school achievement, and negatively affects student success. Studies of teacher attrition and retention state teachers are leaving the workforce and pointing to adverse working conditions of teaching in the schools as the main stressor. Increasing teacher resilience may be a pathway to increasing teacher retention in schools. The negative factors associated with teaching in high poverty elementary public schools present challenges that are driving away teachers in their beginning years as well as those with the most experience. Currently, resilience studies have taken on a profession oriented lens. Teacher resilience is how teachers overcome personal and job related challenges to become more resilient and therefore more equipped to manage stress associated with teaching in today's schools. This study uses a survey and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-25 to measure and compare the resilience of two groups of elementary teachers in Southwest Virginia. Teachers from high poverty (≥90%) and lower poverty (≤50%) elementary public schools were identified by their levels of Free and Reduced Price Lunch and qualification for the Community Eligibility Provision. The CD-RISC-25 resulted in statistically insignificant differences between the mean resilience scores between the two groups of teachers, however, the interviews with ten elementary school principals described and delineated the differences between the challenges faced by teachers in high poverty schools compared to teachers in lower poverty schools. / Doctor of Education / The number of teachers leaving the profession before reaching the age of retirement is a state and national concern. The cycle of replacing teachers who leave the classroom is costly to school divisions, negatively influences teachers' working conditions, functions as a barrier to consistent student achievement, and hinders the overall success of the school. Studies of the conditions influencing teachers who leave the profession indicate adverse working conditions as the primary concern. The negative factors associated with teaching in high poverty elementary public schools places additional stress and a litany of challenges for teachers to overcome before they are able to start the instructional day as well as maintain a status quo in the classroom. Currently resilience studies are taking on a profession oriented lens. Teacher resilience results from their capacity to overcome personal and job related challenges to become more resilient and therefore more equipped to manage stress associated with teaching in today's schools. Teachers have a complex set of internal systems (parent, spouse, daughter/son, sibling) interacting within a highly stressful professional environment ( high poverty elementary schools) using multiple skill sets (instruction, behavior management, record keeping, and counseling) at varying degrees of expertise (beginning teacher, experienced teacher, and master teacher). This study investigates the resilience of two groups of teachers working in Southwest Virginia public elementary schools. The first group of teachers were from high poverty elementary schools while the second group of teachers were from lower poverty elementary schools. A survey and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-25 (CD-RISC-25) measured individual teachers' resilience for comparisons between the two groups of teachers. Findings showed there were no statistically significant differences between the resilience of teachers in high poverty elementary schools and lower poverty elementary schools. In addition, there were no statistically significant relationships between teacher resilience, teachers choosing to remain in the profession, and teachers deciding to leave the profession. In contrast to the survey and CD-RISC- the differences between these two groups of teachers derived from the interviews with ten elementary school principals. The comments provided an in-depth perspective to the challenges of working in a high poverty elementary school as compared to a lower poverty elementary school. Understanding the role of resilience in Southwest Virginia teachers in both the high poverty and lower elementary schools may add to plausible policies, workable practices, and engaging professional development dedicated to increasing teachers' abilities to withstand the stressors associated with teaching in a public or private school.

This project examines the activism of Black parents, students, and citizens who fought to obtain school equality and desegregation from the 1920s until the 1960s in southwest Virginia and consequently the resistance from White residents and officials. Resistance to the status quo of inequality between Black and White schools in Pulaski County, Virginia began as early as the 1920s. This activism continued through the 1930s and 1940s, with it finally leading NAACP attorneys Oliver Hill and Spottswood Robinson collaborating with Pulaski citizens in 1948 to file a discrimination lawsuit in the case Corbin v. School Board of Pulaski County. The activism did not end here as once the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated schools were unconstitutional, Black residents in southwest Virginia localities such as Floyd, Galax, Grayson, and Pulaski worked together with NAACP attorney Reuben Lawson to file multiple lawsuits so Black students could attend White schools. Many of these lawsuits faced staunch resistance from White residents of these localities, even with the threat of closing schools due to Virginia's policy of Massive Resistance. I argue that looking at localities such as Pulaski, Floyd, Galax, and Grayson helps situate southwest Virginia into the larger context of Virginia history in terms of examining resistance, fighting for equality, and pushing desegregation in the area during the middle of the twentieth century. Black citizens in the western part of Virginia faced resistance from the White citizens, but they persevered with their activism in the courts and hometowns which ultimately contributed to the dismantling of segregated schools in Virginia. They pushed for equality within segregation and then for desegregation in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Examining the historiography of school equality and desegregation in Virginia demonstrates that there is an overgeneralization about the resistance which occurred in the western half of the state. Historians argue that the eastern part of the state saw more modes of resistance, especially Massive Resistance, due to the higher population of Black residents. On the other hand, they ignore the western part as they believe the same resistance did not occur due to a lower population of Black residents. I reject these notions as Massive Resistance found its way into southwest Virginia through either the threat of or action of closing schools. I have dug more deeply into the sources, such as trial transcripts, legal correspondence, school board records, petitions, court cases, testimony, newspapers, and oral histories to understand the avenues Black residents in southwest Virginia used to fight inequality and segregation. / Master of Arts / This project examines the activism of Black parents, students, and citizens who fought to obtain school equality and desegregation from the 1920s until the 1960s in southwest Virginia and consequently the resistance from White residents and officials. Resistance to the status quo of inequality between Black and White schools in Pulaski County, Virginia began as early as the 1920s. This activism continued through the 1930s and 1940s, with it finally leading NAACP attorneys Oliver Hill and Spottswood Robinson collaborating with Pulaski citizens in 1948 to file a discrimination lawsuit in the case Corbin v. School Board of Pulaski County. The activism did not end here as once the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated schools were unconstitutional, Black residents in southwest Virginia localities such as Floyd, Galax, Grayson, and Pulaski worked together with NAACP attorney Reuben Lawson to file multiple lawsuits so Black students could attend White schools. Many of these lawsuits faced staunch resistance from White residents of these localities, even with the threat of closing schools due to Virginia's policy of Massive Resistance. I argue that looking at localities such as Pulaski, Floyd, Galax, and Grayson helps situate southwest Virginia into the larger context of Virginia history in terms of examining resistance, fighting for equality, and pushing desegregation in the area during the middle of the twentieth century. Black citizens in the western part of Virginia faced resistance from the White citizens, but they persevered with their activism in the courts and hometowns which ultimately contributed to the dismantling of segregated schools in Virginia. They pushed for equality within segregation and then for desegregation in the middle decades of the twentieth century.

Nuclear weapons are considered to be the most destructive military weapons in the modem era. The combination of extensive destruction and the fact that nuclear missiles cannot be stopped makes nuclear weapons a major game changer in international security. When a country manages to weaponize nuclear material and is also able to make a delivery system the balance of power in the region is shifted. The roots of deterrence theory and modem balance of power theory are based on nuclear weapons capabilities between countries. In Southwest Asia, nuclear proliferation is common and has an important influence on the balance of power in the region. The combination of a turbulent history and a threatening environment are suitable for countries to try and develop nuclear weapons in order to overcome a security dilemma. This paper will attempt to demonstrate that nuclear proliferation in Southwest Asia is used as a deterrent against neighboring enemies and not a means to achieve regional dominance. This paper will illustrate this phenomenon through three case studies- Israel, Pakistan, and Iran. Each case will look at the historical evolution, political development, and military/security condition of each country and how each has influenced the decision of its leaders to commit to nuclear proliferation.