DIPLOMA THESIS Purification of phlorizin from Malus domestica Borkh.by solid-phase extraction and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography Eva Prachařová Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany The aim of this diploma thesis was to find the best conditions for purification of a flavonoid extract from leaves of Malus domestica Borkh., and obtaining the purest fraction of phlorizin. Phlorizin may be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the future, it has the ability to reduce glycemia by reducing the absorption of glucose in the small intestine and by increasing urinary glucose excretion. The first step was to find an SPE cartridge with a suitable sorbent and a suitable eluent for solid phase extraction. The DPA-6S cartridge and 100% methanol as an eluentwerefound to be the most suitable for SPE. The next step was to find the best possible conditions for semi-preparative HPLC using an ACE 5 C18 column (5 μm, C18, 150 x 10 mm i.d., 150 mm length). The mobile phase consisted of 1% (v/v) acetic acid in water (solvent A) and ethanol 100% (v/v) (solvent B), and a linear gradient elution was used (10-100% B), 0-60 min, the flow: 1mL/min. This method resulted in the 91.05% purity of phlorizin. Keywords: phlorizin, SPE,...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5859.pdf: 8428715 bytes, checksum: 1818210d95744ce8daf3a59dda0bf966 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Marine microorganisms are living beings with extraordinary abilities, once they have developed physiological and metabolic capabilities that allow them to survive in an environment filled with adverse conditions, such as high pressure, excessive salinity and extreme temperatures. Thus, these living beings have great potential for the production of metabolites which normally cannot be produced by soil bacteria. The overall objective of this study was to elucidate the metabolite profile of the bacterium Streptomyces cebimarensis SS99BA-2 isolated from marine sediment in São Sebastião, a city located in the northern coast of São Paulo State, using the LC-SPE/NMR hyphenated technology. Ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of bacterial fermentation broths showed, respectively, biological activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, and cytotoxic activity against tumour cells SF-295 (central nervous system). The optimization of the chromatographic conditions, together with the optimization of parameters for SPE retention, and for NMR acquisition and processing, led to the identification of at least eight known substances. This strategy did not require bench isolation methods, from very small amounts, approximately 3 mg, of crude extracts and permited to identify: maltol, 5-hydroximaltol, 4-hydroxibenzoic acid, N-acetyltyramine, isomaltol, 3-(N)-propanesulfonic acid, dehydroxinocardamine and nocardamine. In addition, six new compounds were isolated, including four belonging to a rare class of pyrazin-2(1H)-onic secondary metabolites named: giovaninone A, giovaninone B, giovaninone C and giovaninone D, and two belonging to an extremely cytotoxic class of antitumor phosphated polyketides: thomasicine A and thomasicine B. The results show that the LC-SPE/NMR coupling technology is extremely useful in the natural products field, since organic compounds can be identified in a rapid, safe and reproductible way. Moreover, it can be observed that the chemistry of marine microorganisms is still very little explored and reveal a promising field in the obtaining of potential candidates for pharmaceuticals, since these organisms are able to be cultivated in large scale through the use of bioreactors. / Micro-organismos marinhos são seres com habilidades extraordinárias, uma vez que apresentam características fisiológicas e metabólicas que lhes permitem sobreviver num ambiente repleto de condições adversas, como alta pressão, salinidade excessiva e temperaturas extremas. Muitos deles também apresentam um grande potencial para a produção de metabólitos que normalmente não podem ser produzidos por bactérias terrestres. Diante disso, o objetivo geral do presente estudo foi elucidar o perfil metabólico de uma linhagem de bactéria isolada de sedimento marinho em São Sebastião, litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, Streptomyces cebimarensis SS99BA-2, utilizando a técnica hifenada LC-SPE/NMR. Extratos de acetato de etila e butanólicos dos caldos fermentativos dessa bactéria apresentaram, respectivamente, atividade biológica contra Escherichia coli e Candida albicans e atividade citotóxica contra células tumorais SF-295 (sistema nervoso central). A otimização da separação cromatográfica, somada à otimização dos parâmetros de retenção por SPE e de aquisição e processamento de RMN, levou à identificação de pelo menos oito substâncias conhecidas sem a necessidade de isolamento de bancada a partir de quantidades muito pequenas, aproximadamente 3 mg, de extratos brutos: maltol, 5-hidróximaltol, ácido 4-hidróxibenzóico, isomaltol, N-acetiltiramina, ácido 3-(N-morfolino)-propanossulfónico, dehidróxinocardamine e nocardamine, além de seis compostos inéditos na literatura, sendo quatro pertencentes à uma classe rara de metabólitos secundários pirazin-2(1H)-ônicos: giovaninona A, giovaninona B, giovaninona C e giovaninona D e dois pertencentes à uma classe de policetídeos fosfatados antitumorais com potencial citotóxico: thomasicina A e thomasicina B. Os resultados mostram que a técnica hifenada LC-SPE/NMR é extremamente valiosa na área de produtos naturais, uma vez que substâncias orgânicas podem ser identificadas de forma rápida, segura e reprodutível. Além disso, verifica-se que a química de micro-organismos marinhos ainda é muito pouco explorada e revela um campo promissor na obtenção de possíveis candidatos a fármacos, uma vez que esses organismos são passíveis de cultivos em larga escala através do uso de bioreatores.

abstract: N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable human carcinogen, has been found in clouds and fogs at concentration up to 500 ng/L and in drinking water as disinfection by-product. NDMA exposure to the general public is not well understood because of knowledge gaps in terms of occurrence, formation and fate both in air and water. The goal of this dissertation was to contribute to closing these knowledge gaps on potential human NDMA exposure through contributions to atmospheric measurements and fate as well as aqueous formation processes. Novel, sensitive methods of measuring NDMA in air were developed based on Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The two measuring techniques were evaluated in laboratory experiments. SPE-GC-MS was applicable in ambient air sampling and NDMA in ambient air was found in the 0.1-13.0 ng/m3 range. NDMA photolysis, the main degradation atmospheric pathway, was studied in the atmospheric aqueous phase. Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was found to have more impact than inorganic species on NDMA photolysis by competing with NDMA for photons and therefore could substantially increase the NDMA lifetime in the atmosphere. The optical properties of atmospheric WSOC were investigated in aerosol, fog and cloud samples and showed WSOC from atmospheric aerosols has a higher mass absorption efficiency (MAE) than organic matter in fog and cloud water, resulting from a different composition, especially in regards of volatile species, that are not very absorbing but abundant in fogs and clouds. NDMA formation kinetics during chloramination were studied in aqueous samples including wastewater, surface water and ground water, at two monochloramine concentrations. A simple second order NDMA formation model was developed using measured NDMA and monochloramine concentrations at select reaction times. The model fitted the NDMA formation well (R2 >0.88) in all water matrices. The proposed model was then optimized and applied to fit the data of NDMA formation from natural organic matter (NOM) and model precursors in previously studies. By determining the rate constants, the model was able to describe the effect of water conditions such as DOC and pH on NDMA formation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2016

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-20T13:59:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAIR.pdf: 2674916 bytes, checksum: ce7235eb0ec52019719941436fc35728 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:34:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAIR.pdf: 2674916 bytes, checksum: ce7235eb0ec52019719941436fc35728 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:34:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAIR.pdf: 2674916 bytes, checksum: ce7235eb0ec52019719941436fc35728 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T12:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAIR.pdf: 2674916 bytes, checksum: ce7235eb0ec52019719941436fc35728 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Among the various diseases which attack citrus worldwide, the gummosis is caused by species of the genus Phytophthora. The various species present in the literature, the most severe in Brazil is P. nicotianae. This pathogen produces resistance’s structures in the soil, thus the best control method is the exclusion. There are other ways to preventive, as is the case of the use of synthetic fungicides which help in the combat, however , the widespread use thereof, can favor the emergence of resistant strains to the active ingredient , as well as being damaging to the environment. In this context, one of saprobes fungi (Memnoniella levispora) found in the Brazilian semi -arid region, has received special attention as a biological control agent that proves to be an alternative and effective method. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the growth of this fungus in solid and liquid, through five different culture media (PD, PDY, PDM, CZA, CC), perform isolation and identification of metabolites from the most suitable means and then submit them to the mycelial growth tests of the P. nicotianae. After a comparative by HPLC-DAD, HPLC-UV and NMR of this media, the CC proved to be the most productive. For showing good results this medium was reproduced on a large scale in liquid medium. After partitioning and fragmentation of the material, the extracts were analyzed and biologically tested against mycelial growth of P. nicotianae, in order to realize a biomonitored study. The fraction of ethyl acetate liquid of the carrot and corn medium, was considerably inhibited the pathogen growth. Therefore, by the technique LC-SPE-NMR along with the other techniques mentioned, it was possible to identify and isolate eight structures of this fraction, which griseofulvina and analogues, 3 of which purports to be unpublished yet. The Griseofulvin was tested and showed about 72% of the inhibition of mycelial growth of Phythophtora, which leads us to research on the antifungal activity of this and other secondary metabolites in the fight against P. nicotianae and other pathogens. / Dentre as várias doenças que atacam os citros em todo o mundo, a gomose, causada por espécies do gênero Phytophthora se encontra entre as mais importantes. Dentre as espécies, a que se destaca é a Phytophtora nicotianae, mais severa aqui no Brasil. Devido ao fato do patógeno produzir estruturas resistentes no solo, a exclusão é o melhor método de controle. Existem outras maneiras preventivas, como é o exemplo do uso de fungicidas sintéticos que auxiliam nesse combate, no entanto, o uso indiscriminado do mesmo, pode favorecer o surgimento de linhagens resistentes ao principio ativo, além de ser prejudicial ao meio ambiente. Neste contexto, um dos fungos sapróbios (Memnoniella levispora) encontrado no semi-árido brasileiro tem recebido atenção especial como agente de controle biológico que demonstra ser um método alternativo e eficaz. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar o efeito do crescimento do fungo em meio sólido e líquido em cinco diferentes meios de cultivo, realizar isolamento e identificação de metabólitos provenientes do meio mais propício e posteriormente submetê-los a testes do crescimento micelial da P. nicotianae. Para isso, foi feito o crescimento de M. levispora no meios de Batata Dextrose (BD), BD suplementada com 1% de extrato de levedura (BDL), BD suplementado com 1% de extrato de malte (BDM), Czapeck (CZA), e cenoura e milho (CM). Após um comparativo por HPLC-DAD, HPLC-UV e RMN desses extratos, o CM demonstrou ser o mais produtivo. Por apresentar bons resultados este extrato foi reproduzido em escala ampliada em meio líquido. Após partição e fracionamento desse material, os extratos foram analisados e testados biologicamente frente ao crescimento micelial da Phytophtora, afim de se realizar um estudo biomonitorado. O fração acetato de etila do meio líquido de cenoura e milho, foi o que inibiu consideravelmente o crescimento do patógeno. Assim, através da técnica LC-SPE-NMR em conjunto com as demais técnicas citadas, foi possível identificar e isolar 8 metabólitos secundários dessa fração, sendo eles griseofulvina e análogos, dos quais 3 propõe-se ser inéditas. O teste de inibição do crescimento micelial da Phythophtora nicotianae foi refeito e a griseofulvina apresentou resultado satisfatório de 72% de inibição que nos leva à pesquisar sobre a atividade antifúngica desta e dos outros metabólitos secundários no combate à P. nicotianae e a outros patógenos.

Os agrotóxicos, quando presentes na água, são definidos como micropoluentes: mesmo em baixas concentrações, conferem à água características de toxicidade. Aponta-se o RS como o quarto estado do Brasil com maior volume de vendas anuais de agrotóxicos, chegando a mais de 50 mil toneladas por ano. Desde 2014 está em vigência no território gaúcho uma portaria estadual que acrescenta a exigência de 46 parâmetros de agrotóxicos no padrão de potabilidade da água, além dos 27 já exigidos pela portaria nacional. Neste trabalho, 89 pesticidas foram avaliados conforme três métodos teóricos de predição de risco de contaminação em mananciais subterrâneos e superficiais: índice Ground Ubiquity Score (GUS), método Screening da USEPA e método de GOSS, baseados nas propriedades físico-químicas dos pesticidas. Nos anos de 2015 e 2016, foram realizadas 143 coletas de água para consumo humano em 45 municípios da bacia hidrográfica do Alto Jacuí (G-50), a que possui a maior taxa de aplicação de agrotóxicos do estado, para análises de vigilância através de laboratório contratado, envolvendo os 89 pesticidas presentes na portaria nacional e estadual. Em paralelo, 183 pesticidas presentes em uma solução-padrão foram empregados no desenvolvimento de um novo método de análise multiresíduos, com etapas de pré-tratamento por filtração seguidas por extração em fase sólida e LC-MS/MS, aplicada para os três maiores municípios da G-50 (Carazinho, Soledade e Cruz Alta) em amostras de água bruta e tratada, durante quatro períodos de aplicação de agrotóxicos dos principais cultivos agrícolas da região. Dos pesticidas mencionados nas portarias nacional e estadual, 12 foram classificados com o maior risco de contaminação tanto em água superficial e subterrânea de acordo com os três métodos teóricos empregadas. Nas análises de vigilância foi detectado permetrina em Carazinho e alaclor em Espumoso. No método desenvolvido, 75 pesticidas foram validados de acordo com os critérios propostos e atingiram limites de detecção (LD) e limites de quantificação (LQ) que variaram de 10 a 300 ng L-1. Na aplicação do método nas coletas dos três municípios da G-50 não houve detecção de nenhum pesticida. / Agrochemicals, when present in water, are defined as micropollutants, thus giving the water toxic characteristics, even at low concentrations. The Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil was found to rank fourth in annual agrochemical sales in the country, surpassing 50 thousand tons per year. A state regulation in effect in the RS state since 2014 requires the inclusion of 46 new agrochemical parameters concerning the standards for potable drinking water, in addition to 27 existing parameters mandated by national ordinance. Seventy-five pesticides were evaluated based on three theoretical methodologies of contamination risk prediction in underground and surface water sources, by measuring the physicochemical properties of pesticides: GUS index, USEPA screening method and Goss method. In 2015 and 2016, 143 water samples were collected from sources of potable water in 45 municipalities located in the Alto Jacuí river basin, a region which has the highest pesticide application rate in the RS state. A private laboratory analyzed samples from 89 pesticides present in the national and state regulation. Paralely, 183 pesticides were evaluated by a new multi-residue analysis method. Filtration was conducted in the pre-treatment steps, followed by a solid phase extraction liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis (SPE-LC-MS/MS) of raw and treated water samples from the three largest G-50 municipalities (Carazinho, Soledade and Cruz Alta), during the four pesticide application periods of the main crops cultivated in the region. Twelve pesticides were classified as of high risk in terms of contamination for both surface and groundwater, in accordance with the three theoretical methodologies implemented. During analysis of the surveillance data collected, the pesticides permethrin and alachlor were found in Carazinho and Espumoso, respectively. Through the methodology developed, 75 pesticides were evaluated according to the criteria proposed, reaching lower detection limit (LD) and quantification limit (LQ) ranging from 10 to 300 ng L-1, respectively. During the implementation of the methodology for sample collections in the three G-50 municipalities, no pesticides were detected.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o desenvolvimento de metodologia analitica para a determinação e quantificação de sete anti-inflamatórios não esteroides, amplamente consumidos para tratamento humano, além da cafeína, determinada como marcador antropogênico, em amostras aquosas ambientais. Os analitos estudados foram acetaminofeno (AC), ácido salicílico (AS), cafeína (CA), cetoprofeno (CE), diclofenaco (DC), dipirona (DP), ibuprofeno (IB) e naproxeno (NA) . Como padrão internos, foi utilizado o lindano (LI). A determinação destes analitos foi realizada utilizando-se cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) utilizando MSTFA/Imidazol como derivatizante. As condições para a reação de derivatização foram otimizadas utilizando o planejamento Doehlert. O procedimento de pré-concentração utilizado foi a extração em fase sólida (SPE), tendo como sorvente um sistema de fase polimérica reversa. O procedimento de SPE foi baseado em trabalhos publicados na literatura, com metanol e água (ajustada a pH 3,0) para o condicionamento e eluição com acetonitrila. Os parâmetros de desempenho do método, como recuperação, linearidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, repetitividade e reprodutibilidade foram avaliados de acordo com as normas estabelecidas pela ANVISA e INMETRO. Os limites de detecção ficaram entre 1,09 e 1079,14 ng L-1 e os de quantificaçõ entre 3,63 e 3597,12 ng L-1. Após as definições em relação ao método, amostras de água do Arroio Dilúvio (em Porto Alegre – RS) e de uma Estação Piloto de tratamento de efluente pertencente ao Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH/UFRGS) , foram analisadas para avaliar a presença destes analitos. As amostras da ETE-piloto do IPH, foram coletadas nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro e as amostras do Arroio Dilúvio também foram coletadas no mesmo período. Considerando as amostras reais analisadas em algumas foram detectados e em outras quantificados os antiinflamatórios estudados. Nas amostras que estes compostos foram quantificados, a faixa de concentração variou entre 0,09 e 23,16 μg L-1. / In this work the development of an analytic methodology was studied to determine and quantify seven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, widely used in human treatment, and caffeine considered an anthropogenic marker. The compounds studied were acetaminophen (AC), salicylic acid (AS), caffeine (CA), ketoprofen (CE), diclofenac (DC), dipyrone (DP), ibuprofen (IB), naproxen (NA) and lindane (LI) as internal standard. The determination of these compounds was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with derivatization of the target analytes using MSTFA/Imidazole. The derivatization conditions were optimized with Doehlert design. Solid phase extraction (SPE) with a polymeric reversed solid phase was used as a pre-concentration system. The SPE procedure conditions were based previously established data in the literature, using methanol and water (adjusted to pH 3.0) for the conditioning step and acetonitrile for the elution step The performance parameters, such recovery, linearity, detection limit, quantification limit, repeatability and reproducibility were evaluated according to ANVISA and INMETRO determinations. The detection limits was in the range of 1,09 and 1079,14 ng L -1 and the quantification limits 3,63 and 3597,12 gn L-1. After method establishment, samples from a piloto sewage treatment plant and river water, both in Porto Alegre-RS, were analysed. The samples were collected in January and February 2012, both in the pilot plant and in the river water. In some real samples the antiinflammatories were detected and in others was possible quantify. In the samples were the analytes were quantified, the concentration range was 0,09 to 23,16 μg L-1.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o desenvolvimento de metodologia analitica para a determinação e quantificação de sete anti-inflamatórios não esteroides, amplamente consumidos para tratamento humano, além da cafeína, determinada como marcador antropogênico, em amostras aquosas ambientais. Os analitos estudados foram acetaminofeno (AC), ácido salicílico (AS), cafeína (CA), cetoprofeno (CE), diclofenaco (DC), dipirona (DP), ibuprofeno (IB) e naproxeno (NA) . Como padrão internos, foi utilizado o lindano (LI). A determinação destes analitos foi realizada utilizando-se cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) utilizando MSTFA/Imidazol como derivatizante. As condições para a reação de derivatização foram otimizadas utilizando o planejamento Doehlert. O procedimento de pré-concentração utilizado foi a extração em fase sólida (SPE), tendo como sorvente um sistema de fase polimérica reversa. O procedimento de SPE foi baseado em trabalhos publicados na literatura, com metanol e água (ajustada a pH 3,0) para o condicionamento e eluição com acetonitrila. Os parâmetros de desempenho do método, como recuperação, linearidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, repetitividade e reprodutibilidade foram avaliados de acordo com as normas estabelecidas pela ANVISA e INMETRO. Os limites de detecção ficaram entre 1,09 e 1079,14 ng L-1 e os de quantificaçõ entre 3,63 e 3597,12 ng L-1. Após as definições em relação ao método, amostras de água do Arroio Dilúvio (em Porto Alegre – RS) e de uma Estação Piloto de tratamento de efluente pertencente ao Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH/UFRGS) , foram analisadas para avaliar a presença destes analitos. As amostras da ETE-piloto do IPH, foram coletadas nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro e as amostras do Arroio Dilúvio também foram coletadas no mesmo período. Considerando as amostras reais analisadas em algumas foram detectados e em outras quantificados os antiinflamatórios estudados. Nas amostras que estes compostos foram quantificados, a faixa de concentração variou entre 0,09 e 23,16 μg L-1. / In this work the development of an analytic methodology was studied to determine and quantify seven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, widely used in human treatment, and caffeine considered an anthropogenic marker. The compounds studied were acetaminophen (AC), salicylic acid (AS), caffeine (CA), ketoprofen (CE), diclofenac (DC), dipyrone (DP), ibuprofen (IB), naproxen (NA) and lindane (LI) as internal standard. The determination of these compounds was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with derivatization of the target analytes using MSTFA/Imidazole. The derivatization conditions were optimized with Doehlert design. Solid phase extraction (SPE) with a polymeric reversed solid phase was used as a pre-concentration system. The SPE procedure conditions were based previously established data in the literature, using methanol and water (adjusted to pH 3.0) for the conditioning step and acetonitrile for the elution step The performance parameters, such recovery, linearity, detection limit, quantification limit, repeatability and reproducibility were evaluated according to ANVISA and INMETRO determinations. The detection limits was in the range of 1,09 and 1079,14 ng L -1 and the quantification limits 3,63 and 3597,12 gn L-1. After method establishment, samples from a piloto sewage treatment plant and river water, both in Porto Alegre-RS, were analysed. The samples were collected in January and February 2012, both in the pilot plant and in the river water. In some real samples the antiinflammatories were detected and in others was possible quantify. In the samples were the analytes were quantified, the concentration range was 0,09 to 23,16 μg L-1.

Performance objectives are often neglected during the design phase of a project, and performance problems are often not discovered until the system is implemented. Therefore, there is a need from the industry to find a method to predict the performance of a system early in the design phase. One method that tries to solve this problem is the Software Performance Engineering (SPE) method. This report gives a short introduction to software performance and an overview of the SPE method for performance prediction. It also contains a case study where SPE is applied on an existing system.

Organic and inorganic compounds are present as contaminants in varying concentrations throughout our water cycle. Examples of these contaminants include the endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) bisphenol-A (BPA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) from plastics and pharmaceutical use. It can be necessary to obtain the concentration of these compounds within the water cycle for analysis by interested parties such as research groups, regulatory agencies, and private organizations. These concentrations, however, can be too dilute within the initial sample for analysis. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate the compound of interest (analyte) prior to analysis. One such way to do this is by way of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). SPE uses a small cartridge which contains chromatographic packing material to chemically extract analytes from a water sample onto a solid phase. To increase concentration, these analytes are then transferred (eluted) to a substantially smaller volume of organic solvent for eventual analyses. These commercially available cartridges are relatively inexpensive, approximately $5 each. However, these cartridges are labeled as single use. In large-scale analyses, this can quickly add up to a sizable percentage of the analysis budget. Additionally, sizable waste volumes can be generated from these analyses in the form of non-degradable polypropylene plastic. If these cartridges can be re-used, material costs as well as waste volumes can be substantially reduced. However, little is known regarding how the quality of analysis degrades with cartridge re-use. The objective of this project is to evaluate the number of times SPE cartridges can be reused without compromising the results of the subsequent analyses. Based on a review of prior literature, I identified and developed protocols for extracting analytes (BPA and E2) from water via SPE, then analyzing them with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These protocols have been developed to mimic those employed by research labs, industry, and other entities for which the results of this study would be most applicable. The only deviation is the re-use of the cartridge rather than disposal and replacement. One type of commercially available SPE cartridge (Oasis HLB, Waters Inc., Milford, MA) was used and two water types were tested. The water was spiked with fixed concentrations of BPA and E2, and then analyzed by way of SPE/GC-MS. For both water types, I performed multiple SPE runs on 10 cartridges each. I tracked the history of GC-MS peak areas, which indicate apparent analyte concentration. Peak area data were analyzed as a function of the number of analyses performed (run number), and evaluated for statistically significant changes as well as overall trends. Statistically significant change and/or trends would indicate that the cartridge had exceeded the maximum allowable number of re-uses and would thereby identify the number of times the “single-use” cartridge can reliably be re-used. Peak area history for 20 SPE runs per cartridge for pure water samples and 10 SPE runs for wastewater effluent showed no statistically significant changes or trends on peak area. This indicates that cartridges can be re-used at least 10 times without compromising the integrity of water sample analysis for the EDCs considered in this study.

En environnement marin, la colonisation des surfaces solides par les microorganismes est progressive et suit une logique taxonomique et/ou fonctionnelle des espèces. Les biofilms ainsi formés représentent des systèmes multi-cellulaires entourés d’une matrice de substances polymériques extracellulaires (SPE). L’objectif de ce travail était de comprendre comment des acteurs microbiens (bactéries et diatomées) interagissent dans deux types de biofilms marins (biofilm benthique et biofilm sur structures métalliques portuaires). Dans cette étude, des modèles bactériens isolés de ces biofilms ont été identifiés et caractérisés. Dans un premier volet, leur capacité à former des biofilms stables a été évaluée dans différentes conditions. Quatre souches ont été ainsi sélectionnées : Flavobacterium sp. II2003, Roseobacter sp. IV3009, Roseovarius sp. VA014 et Shewanella sp. IV3014. Dans un deuxième volet, les effets des sécrétomes des bactéries marines issues du même habitat ont été évalués sur ces modèles. Deux souches se distinguent par leur capacité à produire des molécules influençant négativement la formation de biofilms : Pseudoalteromonas sp. IIIA004 produit un peptide de 2224 Da présentant une activité antibiofilm vis-à-vis de Roseovarius sp. VA014 et Pseudomonas sp. IV2006 inhibe la formation de biofilm de Flavobacterium sp. II2003. Dans les deux cas, les antibiofilms sont actifs contre un large spectre de bactéries suggérant ainsi plusieurs applications potentielles dans les domaines marin et médical. Dans le dernier volet, les effets des sécrétomes de la diatomée Navicula phyllepta ont été évalués sur les modèles de bactéries benthiques. Cette diatomée s’est distinguée par sa capacité à sécréter des polysaccharides inhibant ou stimulant la formation de biofilms selon les souches cibles. / In the marine environment, solid surface colonization by microorganisms is progressive and follows a taxonomic and/or functional logic. Biofilms formed are multi-cellular systems surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The objective of this work was to understand how microbial actors (bacteria and diatoms) interact in two types of marine biofilms (benthic biofilm and biofilm on metallic structures of a harbor). In this study, bacterial models isolated from these biofilms have been identified and characterized. In a first part, their ability to form stable biofilms was evaluated under various conditions. Four strains were selected: Flavobacterium sp. II2003, Roseobacter sp. IV3009, Roseovarius sp. VA014 and Shewanella sp. IV3014. In a second part, the effects of secretomes of the marine bacteria from the same habitat were evaluated on these models. Two strains are distinguished by their ability to produce molecules negatively influencing biofilm formation: Pseudoalteromonas sp. IIIA004 produces a 2224 Da peptide with an antibiofilm activity toward Roseovarius sp. VA014 and Pseudomonas sp. IV2006 inhibits the biofilm formation of Flavobacterium sp . II2003. In both cases, the antibiofilms are active against a broad spectrum of bacteria suggesting several potential applications in marine and medical fields. In the last part, the effects of secretomes of the Navicula phyllepta diatom were evaluated on benthic bacteria models. This diatom was distinguished by its ability to secrete polysaccharides stimulating or inhibiting biofilm formation by target strains.