Cortical bone tissue - one of the most intriguing materials found in nature - demonstrate some fascinating behaviours that have attracted great attention of many researchers from all over the world. In contrast to engineering materials, bone has its unique characters: it is a material that has both sufficient stiffness and toughness to provide physical support and protection to internal organs and yet adaptively balanced for its weight and functional requirements. Its structure and mechanical properties are of great importance to the physiological functioning of the body. Still, our understanding on the mechanical deformation processes of cortical bone tissue is rather limited. Penetration into a bone tissue is an intrinsic part of many clinical procedures, such as orthopaedic surgery, bone implant and repair operations. The success of bone-cutting surgery depends largely on precision of the operation and the extent of damage it causes to the surrounding tissues. The anisotropic behaviour of cortical bone acts as a distinctive protective mechanism and increases the difficulty during cutting process. A comprehensive understanding of deformation and damage mechanisms during the cutting process is necessary for improving the operational accuracy and postoperative recovery of patients. However, the current literature on experimental results provides limited information about processes in the vicinity of the cutting tool-bone interaction zone; while; numerical models cannot fully describe the material anisotropy and the effect of damage mechanisms of cortical bone tissue. In addition, a conventional finite-element scheme faces numerical challenges due to large deformation and highly localised distortion in the process zone. This PhD project is aimed at bridging the gap in current lack of understanding on cutting-induced deformation and fracture processes in the cortical bone tissue through experimental and numerical approaches. A number of experimental studies were accomplished to characterise the mechanical behaviour of bovine cortical bone tissue and to analyse deformation and damage mechanisms associated with the cutting process II along different bone axes in four anatomic cortices, namely, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. These experiments included: (1) a Vickers hardness test to provide initial assessments on deformation and damage processes in the cortical bone tissue under a concentrated compressive load; (2) uniaxial tension and compression tests, performed to understand the effect of orientation and local variability of microstructure constituents on the macroscopic material properties of cortical bone; (3) fracture toughness tests, aimed at elucidating the anisotropic character of fracture toughness of cortical bone and its various fracture toughness mechanisms in relation to different orientations; (4) penetration tests, conducted to evaluate and validate mechanisms involved in bone cutting as well as orientation associated anisotropic deformation and damage processes at various different cortex positions. Information obtained in these experimental studies was used to assist the development of advanced finite-element models: (1) the effective homogenised XFEM models developed in conjunction with three-point bending test to represent a macroscopically, anisotropic elasticplastic fracture behaviour of cortical bone tissue; (2) three microstructured XFEM models to further investigate the effect of the randomly distributed microstructural constituents on the local fracture process and the variability of fracture toughness of cortical bone; (3) a novel finite-element modelling approach encompassing both conventional and SPH elements, incorporating anisotropic elastic-plastic material properties and progressive damage criteria to simulate large deformation and damage processes of cortical bone under penetration. The established models can adequately and accurately reflect large deformations and damage processes during the penetration in bone cutting. The results of this study made valuable contributions to our existing understanding of the mechanics of cortical bone tissue and most importantly to the understanding of its mechanical behaviours during the cutting process.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2018-03-12T18:36:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Condições de Contorno em SPH.pdf: 3948796 bytes, checksum: 56af592704db440fbf4865e764d28120 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T18:36:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Condições de Contorno em SPH.pdf: 3948796 bytes, checksum: 56af592704db440fbf4865e764d28120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / CAPES / Nesta dissertação será apresentado o método SPH - Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, - em português, Hidrodinâmica da Partícula Suavizada, um método sem malhas baseado em distribuições de partículas. O método foi inicialmente desenvolvido, em 1988, para simulações de sistemas astronômicos, onde as grandezas envolvidas sofrem variações bruscas e e grandes. Seus criadores desejavam um método que fosse fácil de se trabalhar e que, em contrapartida, fornecesse uma precisão coerente. O SPH é muito utilizado em aplicações em sistemas fluidos ou granulares, mas nada impede, e muito tem sido feito, de se aplicar a sistemas sólidos e de alta viscosidade. O SPH, em comparação com, por exemplo, Método do Elemento Finito, apresenta a grande vantagem de não sofrer com as grandes deformaç oes, em virtude de sua natureza particular. Neste trabalho estabeleceremos os fundamentos matemáticos que são a essência método. Serão exibidas algumas de suas aplicações e discutidas as principais condições de contorno utilizadas pelos pesquisadores da área, bem como proposta uma condição funcional que será simulada. Por fim, os resultados serão comparados com alguns outros trabalhos desenvolvidos por outros pesquisadores na área. / The SPH- Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-, in portuguese, Hidrodinâmica da Partícula Suavizada, will be presented. It is a meshless method based on particles distributions. The method was initially developed in 1988 for simulations of astronomical systems, where the quantities involved suffer abrupt and large variations. Its creators wanted a method that was easy to work with and, on the counterpart, would give a coherent precision. The SPH is mainly applied to fluid or granular systems but can be applied to solid or high viscous systems. The SPH method in comparison, for example, to Finite Element Method, shows a great advantage once do not have the problem when treating large deformations, in virtue of his particular nature. In this dissertation will be presented the mathematical foundations that are the essence of the method. It will be exhibited some of their applications and some of the major boundary conditions used by the researchers in the subject. It will be also proposed a functional condition to be simulated. Finely, the results will be compared to some other simulations developed by researchers in this area.

Tsunamis are among the most terrifying and complex physical phenomena potentially affecting almost all coastal regions of the Earth. Tsunami waves propagate in the ocean over thousands of kilometres away from their generating source at considerable speeds. Among several other tsunamis that occurred during the past decade, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan, considered to be the deadliest and costliest natural disasters in the history of mankind, respectively, have hit wide stretches of densely populated coastal areas. During these major events, severe destruction of inland structures resulted from the action of extreme hydrodynamic forces induced by tsunami flooding. Subsequent field surveys in which researchers from the University of Ottawa participated ultimately revealed that, in contrast to seismic forces, such hydrodynamic forces are not taken into proper consideration when designing buildings for tsunami prone areas. In view of these limitations, a novel interdisciplinary hydraulic-structural engineering research program was initiated at the University of Ottawa, in cooperation with the Canadian Hydraulic Centre of the National Research Council, to help develop guidelines for the sound design of nearshore structures located in such areas. The present study aims to simulate the physical laboratory experiments performed within the aforementioned research program using a single-phase three-dimensional weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical model. These experiments consist in the violent impact of rapidly advancing tsunami-like hydraulic bores with individual slender structural elements. Such bores are emulated based on the classic dam-break problem. The quantitatively compared measurements include the time-history of the net base horizontal force and of the pressure distribution acting on columns of square and circular cross-sections, as well as flow characteristics such as bore-front velocity and water surface elevation. Good agreement was obtained. Results show that the magnitude and duration of the impulsive force at initial bore impact depend on the degree of entrapped air in the bore-front. The latter was found to increase considerably if the bed of the experimental flume is covered with a thin water layer of even just a few millimetres. In order to avoid large fluctuations in the pressure field and to obtain accurate simulations of the hydrodynamic forces, a Riemann solver-based formulation of the SPH method is utilized. However, this formulation induces excessive numerical diffusion, as sudden and large water surface deformations, such as splashing at initial bore impact, are less accurately reproduced. To investigate this particular issue, the small-scale physical experiment of Kleefsman et al. (2005) is also considered and modeled. Lastly, taking full advantage of the validated numerical model to better understand the underlying flow dynamics, the influence of the experimental test geometry and of the bed condition (i.e. dry vs. wet) is investigated. Numerical results show that when a bore propagates over a wet bed, its front is both deeper and steeper and it also has a lower velocity compared to when it propagates over a dry bed. These differences significantly affect the pressure distributions and resulting hydrodynamic forces acting on impacted structures.

Alumina is one of the most commonly used engineering ceramics for a variety of applications ranging from microelectronics to prosthetics due to its desirable properties. Unfortunately, conventional machining techniques generally lead to fracture, tool failure, low surface integrity, high energy consumption, low material removal rate, and high tool wear during machining due to high hardness and brittleness of the ceramic material. Laser machining offers an alternative for rapid processing of brittle and hard engineering ceramics. However, the material properties, especially the high thermal expansion coefficient and low thermal conductivity, may cause ceramic fracture due to thermal damage. Striation formation is another defect in laser cutting. These drawbacks limit advanced ceramics in engineering applications. In this work, various lasers and machining techniques are investigated to explore the feasibility of high-quality laser machining different thicknesses of alumina. The main contributions include: (i) Fibre laser crack-free cutting of thick-section alumina (up to 6-mm-thickness). A three-dimensional numerical model considering the material removal was developed to study the effects of process parameters on temperature, thermal-stress distribution, fracture initiation and propagation in laser cutting. A rapid parameters optimisation procedure for crack-free cutting of thick-section ceramics was proposed. (ii) Low power CW CO2 laser underwater machining of closed cavities (up to 2-mm depth) in alumina was demonstrated with high-quality in terms of surface finish and integrity. A three-dimensional thermal-stress model and a two-dimensional fluid smooth particle hydrodynamic model (SPH) were developed to investigate the physical processes during CO2 laser underwater machining. SPH modelling has been applied for the first time to studying laser processing of ceramics. (iii) Striation-free cutting of alumina sheets (1-mm thickness) is realised using a nano-second pulsed DPSS Nd: YAG laser, which demonstrates the capability of high average power short pulsed lasers in high-quality macro-machining. A mechanism of pulsed laser striation-free cutting was also proposed. The present work opens up new opportunities for applying lasers for high-quality machining of engineering ceramics.

This thesis investigates violent air-water flows in two and three dimensions using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model accelerated using the parallel architecture of graphics processing units (GPUs). SPH is a meshless Lagrangian technique for CFD simulations, whose major advantage for multi-phase flows is that the highly nonlinear behaviour of the motion of the interface can be implicitly captured with a sharp interface. However, prior to this thesis performing multi-phase simulations of large scale air-water flows has been prohibitive due to the inherent high computational cost. The open source code DualSPHysics, a hybrid central processing unit (CPU) and GPU code, is heavily modified in order to be able to handle flows with multiple fluids by implementing a weakly compressible multi-phase model that is simple to implement on GPUs. The computational runtime shows a clear improvement over a conventional serial code for both two- and three dimensional cases enabling simulations with millions of particles. An investigation into different GPU algorithms focuses on optimising the multi-phase SPH implementation for the first time, leading to speedups of up to two orders of magnitude compared to a CPU-only simulation. Detailed comparison of different GPU algorithms reveals a further 12% improvement on the computational runtime. Enabling the modelling of cases with millions of fluid particles demonstrates some previously unreported problems regarding the simulation of the air phase. A new particle shifting algorithm has been proposed for multi-phase flows enabling the air, initially simulated as a highly compressible liquid, to expand rapidly as a gas and prevent the formation of unphysical voids. The new shifting algorithm is validated using dam break flows over a dry bed where good agreement is obtained with experimental data and reference solutions published in the literature. An improvement over a corresponding single-phase SPH simulation is also shown. Results for dam break flows over a wet bed are shown for different resolutions performing simulations that were unfeasible prior to the GPU multi-phase SPH code. Good agreement with the experimental results and a clear improvement over the single-phase model are obtained with the higher resolution showing closer agreement with the experimental results. Sloshing inside a rolling tank was also examined and was found to be heavily dependent on the viscosity model and the speed of sound of the phases. A sensitivity analysis was performed for a range of different values comparing the results to experimental data with the emphasis on the pressure impact on the wall. Finally, a 3-D gravity-driven flow where water is impacting an obstacle was studied comparing results with published experimental data. The height of the water at different points in the domain and the pressure on the side of the obstacle are compared to a state-of-the-art single-phase GPU SPH simulation. The results obtained were generally in good agreement with the experiment with closer results obtained for higher resolutions and showing an improvement on the single-phase model.

<div>Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) made of low thermal conductivity ceramic topcoats have been extensively used in hot sections of gas turbine engines, in aircraft propulsion and power generation applications. TBC damage may occur during gas turbine operations, due to either time- and cycle-dependent degradation phenomena, external foreign object damage, and/or erosion. The damaged TBCs, therefore, need to be removed and repaired during engine maintenance cycles. Although several coating removal practices have been established which are based on the trial-and-error approach, a fundamental understanding of coating fracture mechanisms during the removal process is still limited, which hinders further development of the process.</div><div>The objective of the thesis is to develop a particle-based coating removal modeling framework, using both the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and discrete element modeling (DEM) methods. The thesis systematically investigates the processing-property relationships in the TBC removal processes using a modeling approach, thus providing a scientific tool for process design and optimization.</div><div>To achieve the above-mentioned objective, the following research tasks are identified. First a comprehensive literature review of major coating removal techniques is presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 discusses an improved SPH model to simulate the high-velocity particle impact behaviors on TBCs. In Chapter 4, the abrasive water jet (AWJ) removal process is modeled using the SPH method. In Chapter 5, an SPH model of the cutting process with regular electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) columnar grains is presented. In Chapter 6, a 3D DEM cutting model with regular EB-PVD column grains is discussed. In Chapter 7, a 2D DEM cutting model based on the realistic coating microstructure is developed. Finally, in Chapter 8, based on the particle-based coating removal modeling framework results and analytical solutions, a new fracture mechanism map is proposed, which correlates the processing parameters and coating fracture modes.</div><div>The particle-based modeling results show that: (1) for the SPH impact model, the impact hole penetration depth is mainly controlled by the vertical velocity component. (2) The SPH AWJ simulation results demonstrate that the ceramic removal rate increases with incident angle, which is consistent with the fracture mechanics-based analytic solution. (3) The SPH model with regular EB-PVD columnar grains shows that it is capable to examine the stress evolutions in the coating with columnar grain structures, which is not available if a uniform bulk coating model was used. Additional analysis reveals that the fracture of the columnar grains during the cutting process is achieved through deflection and fracture of the grains, followed by pushing against neighboring grains. (4) The 3D DEM model with regular coating columnar grains shows that, during the coating removal process, a ductile-to-brittle transition is identified which depends on the cutting depth. The transition occurs at the critical cutting depth, which is based on the Griffith fracture criterion. At small cutting depths, the ductile failure mode dominates the cutting process, leading to fine cut particles. As the cutting depth exceeds the critical cutting depth, a brittle failure mode is observed with the formation of chunk-like chips. (5) The 2D DEM model with the realistic coating microstructure shows that there are densification and fracture during the foreign object compaction process, which qualitatively agrees with the experimental observations. (6) The newly proposed coating fracture mechanism map provides guidance to predict three fracture modes, i.e., ductile brittle, and mixed ductile-brittle, as a function of processing parameters, including the cutting depth and cutting speed. The map can be used to determine the processing conditions based on required TBC removal operations: rough cut (brittle mode), semi-finish (mixed ductile-brittle mode), and finish (ductile mode).</div><div><br></div>

This diploma thesis addresses the problem of liquid and gas simulation, it particularly deals with computer simulation of flow of viscous newtonian liquids with a free surface. A main goal of this work is to create an efficient simulation model, utilizing the benefits of current GPU parallel architecture for general-purpose computing. I chose to implement Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, a lagrangian particle-based method. A significant portion of this thesis consists of speed analysis of the implemented algorithm, comparison with other authors' achievements in the field and a demonstration of benefits brought by GPU involvement in the computation. As an output of the thesis I present an interactive computer program that allows for real-time simulation (and visualization) of water-like fluids.

The present document is the final master thesis report written by Marc PILORGET,student at SUPAERO (home institution) and KTH (Royal Institute of Technology,Exchange University). This six months internship was done at DASSAULT AVIATION(Airframe engineering department) based in Saint-Cloud, France. It spanned from the 5thof July to the 23rd of December. The thesis work aims at developing an SPH (SmoothParticle Hydrodynamics) calculation method for ditching and implementing it in the finiteelement software ELFINI® developed by DASSAULT. Ditching corresponds to a phasewhen the aeroplane is touching the water. The problematic of ditching has always beenan area of interest for DASSAULT and the whole aeronautical industry. So far, only testsand simple analytical calculations have been performed. Most of the work was carried bythe NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) in the late 70's. However in thepast decade, a new method for fluid-structure coupling problems has been developed. Itis called SPH. The basic principle is the following: the domain is represented by means ofparticles and each particle of fluid is treated separately and submitted to the Navier-Stokes equations. The particle is influenced by the neighbouring particles with a weightfunction depending on the distance between the two particles. Particles are also placed atthe interface solid-fluid: they are called limit particles. The final purpose of this SPHmethod is to access to the structural response of an aircraft when ditching. The crucialinterest of such a method compared to methods used so far is the absence of mesh. Theanalysis of large deformation problems by the finite element method may require thecontinuous remeshing of the domain to avoid the breakdown of the calculation due toexcessive mesh distortion. When considering ditching or other large deformationsproblems, the mesh generation is a far more time-consuming task than the constructionand solution of a discrete set of equations. For DASSAULT-AVIATION, the long termobjective is to get a numerical tool able to model ditching. The SPH method is used tosolve the equations for the fluid and is coupled with a finite element method for thestructure. So far, the compressible solver for 2D geometries has been implemented.Tests are going to be performed to ensure the program’s robustness. Then theincompressible solver for 2D geometries will be studied both theoretically andnumerically.

No description available.

No / The paper presents a 2-D large eddy simulation (LES) modelling approach to investigate the properties of the plunging waves. The numerical model is based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. SPH is a mesh-free Lagrangian particle approach which is capable of tracking the free surfaces of large deformation in an easy and accurate way. The Smagorinsky model is used as the turbulence model due to its simplicity and effectiveness. The proposed 2-D SPH-LES model is applied to a cnoidal wave breaking and plunging over a mild slope. The computations are in good agreement with the documented data. Especially the computed turbulence quantities under the breaking waves agree better with the experiments as compared with the numerical results obtained by using the k- model. The sensitivity analyses of the SPH-LES computations indicate that both the turbulence model and the spatial resolution play an important role in the model predictions and the contributions from the sub-particle scale (SPS) turbulence decrease with the particle size refinement.