Yes / The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) constructed at the Yangtze River, China represents a revolutionary project to battle against the mage-scale flooding problems while improving the local economy at the same time. However, the large-scale fine-size sediment and pollutant material transport caused by the TGD operation are found to be inevitable and long-lasting. In this paper, a multi-fluid Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) model is used to simulate the multi-fluid flows similar to the fine sediment materials transport (in muddy flows) and water flow mixing process. The SPH method is a mesh-free particle modeling approach that can treat the free surfaces and multi-interfaces in a straightforward manner. The proposed model is based on the universal multi-fluid flow equations and a unified pressure equation is used to account for the interaction arising from the different fluid components. A Sub-Particle-Scale (SPS) turbulence model is included to address the turbulence effect generated during the flow process. The proposed model is used to investigate two cases of multi-fluid flows generated from the polluted flow intrusions into another fluid. The computations are found in good agreement with the practical situations. Sensitivity studies have also been carried out to evaluate the particle spatial resolution and turbulence modeling on the flow simulations. The proposed ISPH model could provide a promising tool to study the practical multi-fluid flows in the TGD operation environment. / The Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 program) of China (No. 2013CB036402) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51479087).

Le but du travail présenté est la compréhension puis la simulation numérique des mécanismes d'érosion des augets de turbine Pelton par impacts répétés de gouttes d'eau dans le but de prédire la durée de vie des composants. Tout d'abord, les phénomènes de propagation d'ondes dans les milieux fluide et solide sont étudiés. Cela permet de mettre en lumière l'évolution temporelle et la distribution spatiale des pressions de contact, et l'apparition de microjets par éjection supersonique du fluide au contact. Les études expérimentales de l'érosion par gouttes d'eau traduisent un dommage basé sur la fissuration par fatigue. Des simulations numériques en dynamique rapide couplées fluide-structure sont alors effectuées. Le domaine solide est discrétisé par la Méthode des éléments Finis (MEF), et le domaine fluide par la méthode Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), qui est une méthode particulaire (sans maillage) particulièrement adaptée aux grandes distorsions et au suivi des surfaces libres. L'analyse des états de contraintes vient corroborer la nature cyclique de l'endommagement. La simulation d'érosion est alors réalisée à l'aide de critères de fatigue multiaxiaux. Le choix se porte vers un premier critère général de l'American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), utilisant les valeurs principales des différences de contraintes au cours du temps. Le second choix concerne un critère à plan critique : le critère de Dang Van 2. Il traite séparément la contrainte hydrostatique et le cisaillement alterné maximal local. Ces critères permettent de définir les régions érodées du solide au bout d'un nombre d'impact donné, ce qui fait de cette démarche une méthode prédictive. Une étude paramétrique pour différentes tailles de gouttes et vitesses d'impact est ensuite réalisée, puis on évalue l'influence de la présence d'une couche de coating. / The goal of this work is the comprehension and the numerical simulation of erosion caused by repeated droplet impact on Pelton turbine buckets, to predict the lifetime of these components. First, waves propagation phenomenon inside fluid and solid domains are presented, which allows determining the time evolution and spatial distribution of contact pressure, and the birth of lateral microjets by supersonic ejection of the fluid on the contact. Experimental studies of erosion by droplet impact highlight a fatigue cracking-based erosion mechanism. Then, coupled FSI computation are performed. The solid subdomain is discretized by the Finite Element Method (FEM), and the fluid subdomain by the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), which is a particle method (meshless) effectively recommended for large distortions and free surface tracking. Stress analysis confirms the cyclic nature of the damage mechanism, and erosion simulation is performed using multiaxial fatigue criteria. The first selected criterion is a general one from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) using principal values of stress differences over time. The second one is the Dang van 2 criterion, belonging to the family of critical plane criteria. This criterion considers separately the effects due to hydrostatic stress on one hand, and the ones induced by maximum local shear on the other. These two criteria are used to building the equivalent eroded zones of the solid subdomain for a given number of impacts, which allows to qualify this procedure as a predictive predictive. Finally, a parametric study for different droplet sizes and velocites is computed, and the effects of a coating layer are investigated.

Atualmente diversos produtos são fabricados por meio de injeção de polímeros, num processo denominado moldagem por injeção: material fundido é injetado em um molde no qual resfria e endurece. Contudo, ao contrário de outros processos de produção, a qualidade da peça criada por meio de moldagem por injeção não depende apenas do material e da sua forma geométrica, mas também da maneira na qual o material é processado durante a moldagem. Por esse motivo, o uso de modelagem matemática e simulações numéricas tem aumentado consideravelmente como maneira de auxiliar o processo de produção e tem-se tornado uma ferramenta indispensável. Desta forma, este projeto tem o propósito de simular o escoamento de fluidos durante a fase de preenchimento do processo de moldagem por injeção, utilizando o modelo 21/2-dimensional, composto por uma equação bidimensional para a pressão, conhecida como equação de Hele-Shaw, e uma equação tridimensional para a temperatura do fluido. Um modelo bidimensional para a temperatura é também desenvolvido e apresentado. Este projeto de doutorado propõe duas estratégias numéricas para a solução da equação de Hele-Shaw. A primeira delas é baseada em uma formulação euleriana do método Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, onde os pontos utilizados na discretização não se movem, e não há utilização de malhas. A segunda estratégia é baseada na criação de malhas dinamicamente construídas na região do molde que já encontra-se parcialmente cheio de fluido e subseqüente aplicação do método Control Volume Finite Element Method. Uma estratégia dinâmica do método semi lagrangeano é apresentada e aplicada à solução da equação bidimensional da temperatura. O projeto também pretende investigar três novas abordagens para o tratamento da superfície livre. Duas delas são baseadas na técnica Volume of Fluid e uma delas é uma adaptação meshless do método Front-Tracking. O comportamento não newtoniano do fluido é caracterizado por uma família de modelos de viscosidade. Testes numéricos indicando a confiabilidade das metodologias propostas são conduzidos / Currently, several plastic products are manufactured by polymer injection, in a process named injection molding: molten material is injected into a thin mold where it cools and solidifies. However, unlike other manufacturing processes, the quality of injection-molded parts depends not only on the material and shape of the part, but also on how the material is processed throughout the molding. For this reason, the use of mathematical modelling and numerical simulations has been increasing in order to assist in the manufacturing process, and it has become an essential tool. Therefore, this Sc.D. project has the purpose of simulating the fluid flow during the filling stage of the injection molding process, using the 21/2-dimensional model, compounded by a two-dimensional equation for the pressure field (also known as Hele-Shaw equation) and a three-dimensional equation for the temperature of the fluid. A simpler two-dimensional model for the temperature field is also derived and presented. This project proposes two novel numerical strategies for the solution of Hele-Shaw equation. The first one is based on an Eulerian formulation of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method, where the particles used in the discretization do not move along as the simulation evolves, thereby avoing the use of meshes. In the second strategy, local active dual patches are constructed on-the-fly for each active point to form a dynamic virtual mesh of active elements that evolves with the moving interface, then the Control Volume Finite Element Method is applied for the pressure field approximation. A dynamic approach of the semi-Lagrangian scheme is applied to the solution of the two-dimensional temperature equation. The project also assesses three new approaches for the treatment of the free surface of the fluid flow. Two of them are based on the Volume of Fluid technique and one of them is a meshless adaptation of the Front-Tracking method. The non-Newtonian behavior is characterized by a family of generalized viscosity models. Supporting numerical tests and performance studies, which assess the accuracy and the reliability of the proposed methodologies, are conducted

Os métodos numéricos convencionais, baseados em malhas, têm sido amplamente aplicados na resolução de problemas da Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional. Entretanto, em problemas de escoamento de fluidos que envolvem superfícies livres, grandes explosões, grandes deformações, descontinuidades, ondas de choque etc., estes métodos podem apresentar algumas dificuldades práticas quando da resolução destes problemas. Como uma alternativa viável, existem os métodos de partículas livre de malhas. Neste trabalho é feita uma introdução ao método Lagrangeano de partículas, livre de malhas, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) voltado para a simulação numérica de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos compressíveis e quase-incompressíveis. Dois códigos numéricos foram desenvolvidos, uma versão serial e outra em paralelo, empregando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), que possibilita o processamento em paralelo empregando os núcleos das Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) das placas de vídeo da NVIDIA Corporation. Os resultados numéricos foram validados e a eficiência computacional avaliada considerandose a resolução dos problemas unidimensionais Shock Tube e Blast Wave e bidimensional da Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem). / The conventional mesh-based numerical methods have been widely applied to solving problems in Computational Fluid Dynamics. However, in problems involving fluid flow free surfaces, large explosions, large deformations, discontinuities, shock waves etc. these methods suffer from some inherent difficulties which limit their applications to solving these problems. Meshfree particle methods have emerged as an alternative to the conventional grid-based methods. This work introduces the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), a meshfree Lagrangian particle method to solve compressible flows. Two numerical codes have been developed, serial and parallel versions, using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). CUDA is NVIDIAs parallel computing architecture that enables dramatic increasing in computing performance by harnessing the power of the Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The numerical results were validated and the speedup evaluated for the Shock Tube and Blast Wave one-dimensional problems and Shear Driven Cavity Problem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wesley Jose Nunes Pinto.pdf: 2090367 bytes, checksum: e676fde8423a3a2cfeac61da24020ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-19 / Neste estudo foi aplicado do método numérico, sem malhas, baseado em partículas, denominado SPH (Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics). E um código numérico na linguagem computacional FORTRAN foi utilizado para solucionar as equações de Navier-Stokes. O clássico problema da literatura da dinâmica dos fluidos Computacional, denotado como problema da cavidade quadrada bidimensional (Shear-Driven Cavity Flow) , foi estudado com a intenção de verificar o comportamento do código numérico em relação a resultados específicos já existentes do assunto. O citado problema físico das cavidades abertas é amplamente empregado como benchmark, visando a validação do método numérico utilizado no trabalho desenvolvido na pesquisa. O trabalho de análise e validação do código numérico foi dividido em três seções: a primeira lista as localizações dos centros dos vórtices principais gerados pelo escoamento na aresta superior das cavidades; a segunda plota os perfis das componentes das velocidades centrais das cavidades; e a terceira: lista os desvios absolutos dos perfis das velocidades centrais do presente trabalho, comparados com dados de outros estudos. Constata-se que o método SPH apresentou boa acurácia nas simulações realizadas, obtendo boa concordância entre os resultados das simulações dinâmicas com os dados de referências, validando-se o modelo numérico proposto, tendo melhores resultados para baixos números de Reynolds / In this study, it was applied the numerical method, grid-free, based on particles named SPH (Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics). Also, a numerical code in the computer language FORTRAN was used to solve the Navier-Stokes Equations. This classic problem of the literature related to Computational Fluid Dynamics indicated as Shear-Driven Cavity Flow was studied to check the behavior of the numerical code regarding specific existing results. Such problem is highly used as Benchmark, aiming the validation of the numerical method used to develop the research. The analysis and validation of the numerical code was divided into three sections: the first one lists the location of the centre of the main vortex generated by the flow of the upper edge of the cavities; the second one plots the profiles of the components of the central speed of the cavities; the third one lists the absolute deviation of the profiles of the central speed of this study compared with other cases data. It is established that the SPH Method presented accuracy in the performed simulations, in a consonance between the results of the dynamic simulations and the reference data, thus the proposed numerical model was validated with better results for low Reynolds numbers

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um simulador numérico baseado no método livre de malhas Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) para a resolução de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis. Diferentemente da maioria das versões existentes deste método, o código numérico faz uso de uma técnica iterativa na determinação do campo de pressões. Este procedimento emprega a forma diferencial de uma equação de estado para um fluido compressível e a equação da continuidade a fim de que a correção da pressão seja determinada. Uma versão paralelizada do simulador numérico foi implementada usando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) da NVIDIA Corporation. Foram simulados três problemas, o problema unidimensional do escoamento de Couette e os problemas bidimensionais do escoamento no interior de uma Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem) e da Quebra de Barragem (Dambreak). / In this work a numerical simulator was developed based on the mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to solve incompressible newtonian fluid flows. Unlike most existing versions of this method, the numerical code uses an iterative technique in the pressure field determination. This approach employs a differential state equation for a compressible fluid and the continuity equation to calculate the pressure correction. A parallel version of the numerical code was implemented using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) from the NVIDIA Corporation. The numerical results were validated and the speed-up evaluated for an one-dimensional Couette flow and two-dimensional Shear Driven Cavity and Dambreak problems.

Dans le cadre de ce travail, une technique non-intrusive est proposée pour coupler la méthode Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) à la méthode des Eléments Finis afin de résoudre numériquement des problèmes dynamiques et non-linéaires d’interaction fluide-structure en permettant l’utilisation des pas de temps différents dans les deux domaines de calcul (fluide et solide). Ces développements sont motivés par le besoin de simuler numériquement des phénomènes rapides et très non-linéaires qui prennent en compte des impacts en se servant des intégrateurs temporels explicites dans chaque sous-domaine de calcul (Newmark explicite pour le solide et Runge-Kutta 2 pour le fluide). De ce fait, le pas de temps de stabilité est limité par des caractéristiques intrinsèques au modèle numérique du phénomène étudié et en conséquence, il devient important de pouvoir intégrer chaque sous-domaine numérique avec un pas de temps proche de son pas de temps de stabilité. Pour permettre d’utiliser un pas de temps proche du pas de temps de stabilité pour chaque sous-domaine, des méthodes de décomposition de domaines dual-Schur sont implémentées et validées pour des cas en 1-D, 2-D, et 3-D. Des simulations numériques d’impacts de cailloux sur des aubes des turbines hydrauliques sont aussi effectue´es afin de prédire le dommage que cet évènement peut engendrer. / A method to couple smoothed particle hydrodynamics and finite elements methods for nonlinear transient fluid–structure interaction simulations by adopting different time-steps depending on the fluid or solid sub-domains is proposed. These developments were motivated by the need to simulate highly non-linear and sudden phenomena that take into acount solid impacts and hence require the use of explicit time integrators on both sub-domains (explicit Newmark for the solid and Runge–Kutta 2 for the fluid). However, due to critical time-step required for the stability of the explicit time integrators in, it becomes important to be able to integrate each sub-domain with a different time-step while respecting the features that a previously developed mono time-step coupling algorithm offered. For this matter, a dual-Schur decomposition method originally proposed for structural dynamics was considered, allowing to couple time integrators of the Newmark family with different time-steps with the use of Lagrange multipliers.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um simulador numérico baseado no método livre de malhas Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) para a resolução de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis. Diferentemente da maioria das versões existentes deste método, o código numérico faz uso de uma técnica iterativa na determinação do campo de pressões. Este procedimento emprega a forma diferencial de uma equação de estado para um fluido compressível e a equação da continuidade a fim de que a correção da pressão seja determinada. Uma versão paralelizada do simulador numérico foi implementada usando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) da NVIDIA Corporation. Foram simulados três problemas, o problema unidimensional do escoamento de Couette e os problemas bidimensionais do escoamento no interior de uma Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem) e da Quebra de Barragem (Dambreak). / In this work a numerical simulator was developed based on the mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to solve incompressible newtonian fluid flows. Unlike most existing versions of this method, the numerical code uses an iterative technique in the pressure field determination. This approach employs a differential state equation for a compressible fluid and the continuity equation to calculate the pressure correction. A parallel version of the numerical code was implemented using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) from the NVIDIA Corporation. The numerical results were validated and the speed-up evaluated for an one-dimensional Couette flow and two-dimensional Shear Driven Cavity and Dambreak problems.

Os métodos numéricos convencionais, baseados em malhas, têm sido amplamente aplicados na resolução de problemas da Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional. Entretanto, em problemas de escoamento de fluidos que envolvem superfícies livres, grandes explosões, grandes deformações, descontinuidades, ondas de choque etc., estes métodos podem apresentar algumas dificuldades práticas quando da resolução destes problemas. Como uma alternativa viável, existem os métodos de partículas livre de malhas. Neste trabalho é feita uma introdução ao método Lagrangeano de partículas, livre de malhas, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) voltado para a simulação numérica de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos compressíveis e quase-incompressíveis. Dois códigos numéricos foram desenvolvidos, uma versão serial e outra em paralelo, empregando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), que possibilita o processamento em paralelo empregando os núcleos das Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) das placas de vídeo da NVIDIA Corporation. Os resultados numéricos foram validados e a eficiência computacional avaliada considerandose a resolução dos problemas unidimensionais Shock Tube e Blast Wave e bidimensional da Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem). / The conventional mesh-based numerical methods have been widely applied to solving problems in Computational Fluid Dynamics. However, in problems involving fluid flow free surfaces, large explosions, large deformations, discontinuities, shock waves etc. these methods suffer from some inherent difficulties which limit their applications to solving these problems. Meshfree particle methods have emerged as an alternative to the conventional grid-based methods. This work introduces the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), a meshfree Lagrangian particle method to solve compressible flows. Two numerical codes have been developed, serial and parallel versions, using the Programming Language C/C++ and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). CUDA is NVIDIAs parallel computing architecture that enables dramatic increasing in computing performance by harnessing the power of the Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The numerical results were validated and the speedup evaluated for the Shock Tube and Blast Wave one-dimensional problems and Shear Driven Cavity Problem.

L’Interaction Fluide-Structure (IFS) est un sujet d’intérêt dans beaucoup de problèmes pratiques aussi bien pour les recherches académiques ainsi que pour les applications industrielles. Différents types d’approches de simulation numérique peuvent être utilisés pour étudier les problèmes d’IFS afin d’obtenir de meilleurs conceptions et d’éviter des incidents indésirables. Dans ce travail, le domaine du fluide est simulé par une méthode hybride sans maillage (SPH-ALE), et la structure est discrétisée par la méthode d’ ´ Eléments Finis (EF). Considérant le fluide comme un ensemble de particules, on peut suivre l’interface entre le fluide et la structure d’une manière naturelle. Une stratégie de couplage conservant l’énergie est proposée pour les problèmes d’IFS transitoires où différents intégrateurs temporels sont utilisés pour chaque sous-domaine: 2nd ordre schéma de Runge-Kutta pour le fluide et schéma de Newmark pour le solide. En imposant la continuité de la vitesse normale à l’interface, la méthode proposée peut assurer qu’il n’y a ni injection d’énergie ni dissipation d’énergie à l’interface. L’énergie de l’interface est donc nulle (aux erreurs de troncature près) durant toute la période de simulation numérique. Cette méthode de couplage assure donc que la simulation de couplage est numériquement stable en temps. Les expérimentations numériques montrent que le calcul converge en temps avec l’ordre de convergence minimal des schémas utilisés dans chaque sous-domaine. Cette méthode proposée est d’abord appliquée `a un problème de piston mono-dimensionnel. On vérifie sur ce cas qu’elle ne dégrade pas l’ordre de précision en temps des schémas utilisés. On effectue ensuite les études des phénomènes de propagation d’ondes de choc au travers de l’interface fluide-structure. Un excellent accord avec la solution analytique est observé dans les cas de teste de propagation d’onde en 1-D. Finalement, les exemples multi-dimensionnels sont présentés. Ses résultats sont comparés avec ceux obtenus par d’autres méthodes de couplage. / The Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) effects are of great importance for many multi-physical problems in academic researches as well as in engineering sciences. Various types of numerical simulation approaches may be used to investigate the FSI problems in order to get more reliable conception and to avoid unexpected disasters. In this work, the fluid sub-domain is simulated by a hybrid mesh-less method (SPH-ALE), and the structure is discretized by the Finite Element (FE) method. As the fluid is considered as a set of particles, one can easily track the fluid structure interface. An energy-conserving coupling strategy is proposed for transient fluid-structure interaction problems where different time integrators are used for each sub-domain: 2nd order Runge-Kutta scheme for the fluid and Newmark time integrator for the solid. By imposing a normal velocity constraint condition at the interface, this proposed coupling method ensures that neither energy injection nor energy dissipation will occur at the interface so that the interface energy is rigorously zero during the whole period of numerical simulation. This coupling method thus ensures that the coupling simulation shall be stable in time, and secondly, the numerical simulation will converge in time with the minimal convergence rate of all the time integrators chosen for each sub-domain. The proposed method is first applied to a mono-dimensional piston problem in which we verify that this method does not degrade the order of accuracy in time of the used time integrators. Then we use this coupling method to investigate the phenomena of propagation of shock waves across the fluidstructure interface. A good agreement is observed between the numerical results and the analytical solutions in the 1-D shock wave propagation test cases. Finally, some multi-dimensional examples are presented. The results are compared with the ones obtained by other coupling approaches.