Self-recruiting species (SRS) are the aquatic animals that do not require repeated stocking in farmer managed aquatic systems (FMAS) and can be of indigenous or exotic origin (Little, 2002). Current concept of conventional aquaculture greatly underestimated the contribution of SRS to the livelihoods and particularly nutritional security of the poor. The present study examines the role of SRS in poverty focused aquaculture. The role of SRS in aquaculture was evaluated from the perspective of people dependent on them in terms of well-being, gender, resource access and broader livelihoods in the northwest and south-central region of Bangladesh. SRS management practices, already an existing component of aquaculture in FMAS, were explored to define sustainable management strategies that benefited poor. The thesis uses a livelihoods framework within a methodological context of participatory action research at household, community and national level. The process begins with a Participatory Community Appraisal (PCA) in 18 communities with 360 participants which then directs further investigation at household level through survey, longitudinal study farmer and farmer participatory action research over a systematic 4 year investigation from 2001 to 2004. At the PCA stage, the context of livelihoods, importance of popular aquatic animals and their different sources were examined. The more frequently mentioned and higher scored SRS by the communities were Clarias batrachus, Anabas testudineus, Macrobrachium sp., Puntius sp., Heteropneustes fossilis, Channa punctatus, Mystus vittatus, Amblypharyngodon mola, Channa striata, Macrognathus puncalus. The sources of these aquatic animals provided a better understanding of the diverse typology of farmer managed aquatic systems (FMAS) and showed the importance of both FMAS and open systems to sustain a self-supporting population of aquatic animals for nutritional security of the poor. Rice and other crop farming, fish culture, livestock and poultry rearing, service and business were found to be common occupations among better off households where as share-cropping, petty trade, fishing, selling agricultural and non-agricultural labour were of greater importance to poorer households. Both gender and well-being affected livelihoods with significant differences in involvement of the better off and poorer. PCA findings were later validated at a national level stakeholder workshop with 138 government, non-government officials, researchers and academics which established a broader understanding of the prospects and constraints of SRS culture and conservation. The baseline survey with 119 households further examined the characteristics and access of key farmers to managed aquatic systems, livelihood assets, vulnerability and the behaviours of households managing SRS. Access to FMAS and SRS are of much greater importance to poorer than to the rich. Positive, negative and neutral attitudes towards managing SRS were not significantly affected by well-being. Access to appropriate types of FMAS, SRS management knowledge, traditional taste, greater involvement in non-farm activities, family need were all associated with the SRS positive attitude. Results from the year round longitudinal study with 50 households focused on the seasonal dynamics of food consumption and its connection to livelihoods in terms of sources, income and expenditure. Aquatic animals are the 3rd most important contributor to the rural Bangladeshi diet after cereal and vegetables by weight and the 2nd most important contributor by price after cereal. FMASs are important source of aquatic animals compared to other sources such as open system, market and given sources (free from neighbours and relatives). SRS were accounts for 52% of the total aquatic animal consumption. Even among some very low income vulnerable groups such as day labourers and rickshaw pullers, SRS was found important in their diet. Poorer households rely significantly more on SRS than richer households. The total amount of SRS consumed by thenhosueholds over the year was strongly correlated with total number of SRS species consumed per year and further emphasised the significance of maintaining biodiversity. The pre monsoon dry period as April and May were low consumption periods in both zones. Rainy and post rainy season July to October were the peak consumption months in the northwest zone and June to November in south-central zone. The year round farmer participatory trial with 29 farmers confirmed the value of SRS within culture systems with lack of any major conflicts in the husbandry of non-stocked species with popular carps in the system which, in the past regarded as weed fish and have been generally excluded from formal aquaculture. The study found a range of species of both commercial and non-commercial SRS have greater significance to the poor than to the richer households particularly in terms of household consumption, income and social value. More deliberate attention towards avoidance of negative actions towards SRS in aquaculture in the lean season may also expand niche benefits for non-pond owners and vulnerable social groups such as fishers. Current investigations also revealed the complementarities of stocked fish particularly during dry months when SRS are less available. In spite of the poor having limited access to ponds, the seasonal scarcity of water in dry seasons and habitat degradation, SRS remains an important and valuable food item for the poor in low income vegetable scarce months. The study recommends future emphasis on the management and conservation of both commercial and non-commercial (mainly for consumption) SRS in FMAS particularly during the lean season and also to maintain the integrity of the permeable nature of FMAS and its linkage with the broader open systems for the sustained availability of such self-recruiting population. Finally the study greatly influenced the perception of utilising both stocked and non-stocked species in formal aquaculture. It is necessary to take urgent steps to avoid negative actions to damage SRS and formulate an integrated approach to water, agriculture, environment and fisheries management to sustain them for current and future nutritional and livelihoods security of the poor.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2009. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 13 janvier 2010). Bibliogr.

No description available.

Neospora caninum é um parasita intracelular obrigatório do filo Apicomplexa, intimamente relacionado a Toxoplasma gondii e responsável por abortamento e perda da fertilidade em bovinos, o que acarreta prejuízos significativos na pecuária mundial. Como parte de seu ciclo intracelular, a primeira interação do parasita com a célula alvo é realizada por proteínas de superfície conhecidas como superfamília SRS (Surface Antigen Glycoprotein - Related Sequences). Proteínas SRS ou SAG tem sido alvo de intensas pesquisas devido ao seu padrão imunodominante, exibindo grande potencial como ferramenta de diagnóstico e/ou candidatos vacinais. Atualmente existem cinco genes pertencentes à extensa família de proteínas SRSs descritos na literatura científica para N. caninum, dos quais dois foram caracterizados de taquizoítas por serem altamente reconhecidos por soros de animais infectados: NcSRS29B (SAG1) e NcSRS29C (SRS2). Diante disso, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar as proteínas de superfície SRS, NcSRS57 e NcSRS67. Além disso, foi obtido um panorama geral de proteínas ancoradas por GPI de N. caninum na linhagem Nc-1. Dentre os homólogos apicomplexas, NcSRS67 apresentou maior identidade e similaridade com Hammondia hammondi (HHA_450490), enquanto NcSRS57 revelou maior identidade e similaridade com Toxoplasma gondii (TgSRS57). NcSRS67 e NcSRS57 apresentaram a terceira maior semelhança entre os homólogos envolvidos no alinhamento estrutural. Estas duas proteínas SRS possuem doze resíduos de cisteína conservados que por predição formam seis pontes dissulfeto distribuídas em dois domínios SRS (D1 e D2), formando sanduiches de folhas ? e ? hélices associadas entre si. A sequência codificadora de NcSRS67 (sem o peptídeo sinal e sem a âncora GPI) foi clonada e expressa constitutivamente no plasmídeo pCR-Blunt II-TOPO-His6x. A forma nativa de NcSRS67 apresentou massa molecular de 35 kDa (predito 30.6 kDa sem peptídeo sinal e sem âncora GPI). A sequência rNcSRS57 (sem o peptídeo sinal e sem a âncora GPI) foi clonada em pET32, entretanto apenas um fragmento de 92 pb foi traduzido em relação a sequência clonada de 1074pb, devido a presença de stop códon oculto. Este evento gerou rNcSRS57 com massa molecular abaixo do esperado (19,5 kDa). NcSRS57 nativa apresentou massa de 43 kDa (predito sem peptídeo sinal e sem âncora GPI 31.14 kDa). Os efeitos inibitórios dos anticorpos policlonais anti-rNcSRS67, anti-rNcSRS57 e a associação destes sobre a adesão/invasão de taquizoítas foram investigados in vitro, resultando em uma inibição de 20% para o anticorpo anti-rNcSRS67, 16% para o anticorpo anti-rNcSRS57 e 11% para a associação destes dois anticorpos. NcSRS67 foi localizada sobre parte da superfície de taquizoítas, ao contrário de NcSRS57, que abrangeu toda a área da superfície destes parasitas. Apesar das inúmeras tentativas, as formas nativas de NcSRS67 e NcSRS57 obtidas por eletroforese 2D não foram identificadas por MS/MS. O tratamento de taquizoítas de N. caninum com a enzima fosfolipase C fosfatidilinositol (PI-PLC) específica, seguido de análises por MS/MS também gerou a identificação de proteínas de N. caninum, ii dentre elas as proteínas mais abundantes já identificadas no secretoma de N. caninum, NcSRS29B (SAG1) e NcSRS29C (SRS2). Dessa forma, os resultados obtidos neste estudo agregam conhecimentos sobre o parasita N. caninum e revelam-se úteis na busca e seleção de novos alvos a serem investigados contra a neosporose. / Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite of the Apicomplexa phylum, closely related to Toxoplasma gondii and responsible for abortion and loss of fertility in cattle, resulting in significant losses in the worldwide livestock. As part of its intracellular cycle, the first interaction of the parasite with the target cell is performed by surface proteins known as SRS superfamily (Surface Antigen Glycoprotein - Related Sequences). SRS or SAG proteins have been subject of intensive research due to their immunodominant pattern, exhibiting great potential as a diagnostic tool and/or vaccine candidates. Currently there are five genes belonging to the SRS family of proteins described in the scientific literature for N. caninum. Two of these genes were isolated from tachyzoites due to their high sera reactivity of infected animals: NcSRS29B (SAG1) and NcSRS29C (SRS2). Therefore, this work was carried out with the aim of characterizing SRS surface proteins, NcSRS57 and NcSRS67. In addition, we have performed an overview of N. caninum GPI anchored proteins in the Nc-1 lineage. Our results showed that; among the apicomplexan homologues, NcSRS67 presented higher identity and similarity with Hammondia hammondi (HHA_450490), while NcSRS57 revealed greater identity and similarity with Toxoplasma gondii (TgSRS57). NcSRS67 and NcSRS57 presented the third major similarity between the homologues involved in the structural alignment. These two SRS proteins have twelve conserved cysteine residues predicted to form six disulfide bonds distributed in two SRS domains (D1 and D2), forming ?-sheet sandwiches and ?-helices associated with each other. The coding sequence of NcSRS67 (without the signal peptide and without the GPI anchor) was cloned and constitutively expressed in the plasmid pCR-Blunt II-TOPO-His6x. The native form of NcSRS67 has a molecular mass of 35 kDa (predicted 30.6 kDa without signal peptide and without the GPI anchor). The rNcSRS57 sequence (without the signal peptide and without the GPI anchor) was cloned into pET32, however only a 92 bp fragment was translated in contrast to the cloned sequence of 1074 bp, due to the presence of a hidden stop codon. This event generated rNcSRS57 with molecular mass lower than expected (19.5 kDa). Native NcSRS57 has 43 kDa mass (predicted without signal peptide and without GPI anchor 31.14 kDa). The inhibitory effects of the anti-rNcSRS67 polyclonal antibodies, anti-rNcSRS57 and the association of both on the adhesion/invasion of tachyzoites were investigated in vitro, resulting in a 20% inhibition for the anti-rNcSRS67 antibody, 16% rNcSRS57 and 11% for the association. NcSRS67 was localized on part of the surface of tachyzoites, unlike NcSRS57, which covered the entire surface area of these parasites. Despite of the iv numerous attempts, native forms of NcSRS67 and NcSRS57 obtained by 2D electrophoresis were not identified by MS/MS. The treatment of N. caninum tachyzoites with the specific phospholipase C phosphatidylinositol (PI-PLC) enzyme, followed by MS/MS analysis also generated the identification of N. caninum proteins, among them the most abundant proteins already identified in the secretome of N. caninum, NcSRS29B (SAG1) and NcSRS29C (SRS2). Thus, the results obtained in this study increase the knowledge of the parasite N. caninum and demonstrate to be useful in the search and selection of new targets to be investigated against neosporosis.

Le VIH-1 est l'agent infectieux qui cause le SIDA. De nombreuses thérapies existent pour combattre le SIDA mais aucune ne permet son éradication et des résistances apparaissent. Le développement de nouvelles thérapies est donc nécessaire. Les anticorps simple-domaine (sdAb) de lamas présentent les propriétés idéales pour le développement de molécules neutralisantes. Des lamas ont donc été immunisés avec Vpr et les formes native, ou induite par un miniCD4, du trimère de gp140 (partie extracellulaire de l'enveloppe (Env)). Des banques de sdAbs ont ensuite été construites et des sélections par phage display et par double hybride ont été réalisées. Trois sdAbs se liant au site de liaison du co- récepteur de l'Env et un sdAb se liant au site de liaison du CD4 ont ainsi été sélectionnés. Ces sites sont conservés mais difficile d'accès pour des immunoglobulines conventionnelles. Ces sdAbs ont ensuite été caractérisés par ELISA, SPR et cytométrie de flux pour leur capacité de liaison à différentes Env, et en « single round assay » pour leur capacité de neutralisation d'un large spectre (LS) de pseudovirus. Des protéines multidomaines (plusieurs sdAbs reliés par un linker) ont ensuite été construites et testées pour leur neutralisation. Plusieurs de ces molécules, neutralisant un LS de virus, pourraient être utilisées dans des microbicides. La stabilité caractéristique des sdAbs, même en absence de formation de pont disulfure, par exemple dans un environnement réducteur tel que le cytoplasme, est primordiale dans le développement d'anticorps intracellulaires (intrabodies). / HIV-1 is the infectious agent of AIDS. Numerous therapies exist to fight AIDS, but they are not able to eradicate it, and resistances appear. So, new therapy development is necessary. Single-domain antibodies (sdAb) of llamas have ideal properties to develop neutralizing molecules. So, llamas have been immunized with Vpr and with free or miniCD4 induced trimeric gp140 (extracellular part of the envelope (Env)). SdAb libraries have been built and selections were done by phage display and yeast two hybrid. Three sdAbs targeting the co-receptor binding site of the Env and one sdAb targeting the CD4 binding site have been selected. These sites are conserved but inaccessible by conventional immunoglobulins. These sdAbs have been characterized by ELISA, SPR and FACS for their ability to bind different Env and by single-round assay for their neutralization ability. Multimeric proteins (linked sdAbs) have been built and tested for their neutralization ability. Several of these molecules are able to neutralize a broad spectrum of pseudoviruses. They can be used in microbicides. The characteristic stability of these sdAbs, even without disulfide bound formation, ie into reducing environment, as the cytoplasm, is primordial for intracellular antibody (intrabody) development. One sdAb anti-Vpr has been selected using the Sos Recruitment System (SRS), an yeast two-hybrid system allowing detection of cytoplasmic protein-protein interactions. This sdAb is able to alter the localization of its antigen into eukaryotic cells. It is a proof of concept ot the use of SRS in the selection of intracellularly functional sdAbs.

La microscopie par diffusion Raman cohérente anti-Stokes (CARS) est une technique de spectro-imagerie qui permet de cartographier les modes vibrationnels intra-moléculaires d'un échantillon biologique, sans nécessité de marquage préalable. La mesure CARS est cependant dégradée par un "fond non-résonant" qui détériore le contraste. Récemment, la microscopie par diffusion Raman stimulée (SRS) fut proposée comme une alternative à la microscopie CARS, permettant d'obtenir une imagerie "sur fond noir". Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons le développement d'un microscope SRS. Nous évaluons le caractère spécifique des contrastes CARS et SRS dans le cadre d'une application biomédicale concrète, à savoir la détection de mélanomes humains. Nous présentons une description exhaustive des phénomènes physiques pouvant conduire à des artéfacts de mesure en SRS. Nous proposons finalement une technique basée sur l'utilisation de trois faisceaux d'excitation à trois couleurs, permettant de supprimer ces artéfacts. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à la microscopie CARS en configuration plein champ. Nous proposons une méthode permettant de supprimer le fond non-résonant. Celle-ci est basée sur une analyse de front d'onde du champ anti-Stokes. En guise d'ouverture, nous proposons une technique - toujours basée sur l'analyse de front d'onde - permettant de réaliser la spectroscopie d'absorption quantitative de nano-objets. Nous illustrons le potentiel de cette technique en réalisant des mesures sur des matrices de nanoparticules d'or et sur des nanoparticules uniques. / Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy is a technique that can map the spatial distribution of intra-molecular vibrational modes of a biological sample. This method thus provides molecular specificity, without staining the sample. However, CARS signal is hampered by a "non-resonant background" which reduces the contrast. Recently, Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy has been proposed as an alternative to CARS microscopy because it is a background free method. In this thesis, we describe the development of a SRS microscope. We evaluate the specificity of CARS and SRS contrasts in a concrete biomedical application, the detection of human melanomas. We present a comprehensive description of the physical phenomena that can lead to artifacts in SRS microscopy. We show that the scattering properties of the sample can lead to artifacts. We propose a technique based on three excitation beams of different color which suppresses these artifacts. In the second part, we focus on CARS microscopy in a wide-field configuration. We implement a technique to remove the non-resonant background. This method is based on wavefront sensing of the anti-Stokes Field by quadriwave lateral sharing interferometry (QWLSI). We demonstrate that the measurement of the intensity and phase of the complex CARS field allows to retrieve the spontaneous Raman scattering spectrum. As a perspective, we propose a technique, still based on wavefront sensing by QWLSI, to achieve quantitative absorption spectroscopy of nano-objects. We illustrate the potential of this technique by performing measurements on arrays of gold nanoparticles and on single nanoparticles.

La peau est un organe qui enveloppe le corps, elle est une barrière naturelle importante et efficace contre différents envahisseurs. Pour le traitement des maladies dermatologiques ainsi que dans l'industrie cosmétique, les applications topiques sur la peau sont largement utilisées. Ainsi beaucoup d'efforts ont été investis dans la recherche sur la peau visant à comprendre l'absorption moléculaire et les mécanismes rendant efficace la pénétration. Cependant, il reste difficile d'obtenir une visualisation 3D de haute résolution combinée à une information chimique- ment spécifique et quantitative dans la recherche sur la peau. La spectroscopie et la microscopie non-linéaire, incluant la fluorescence excitée à 2-photon (TPEF), la diffusion Raman spontanée, la diffusion Raman cohérente anti-Stokes (CARS) et la diffusion Raman stimulée (SRS), sont introduits dans ce travail pour l'identification sans ambiguïté de la morphologique de la peau et la détection de molécules appliquées de façon topique. Plusieurs méthodes quantitatives basées sur la spectroscopie et la microscopie non-linéaire sont proposées pour l'analyse chimique en3D sur la peau artificielle, ex vivo et in vivo sur la peau humaine. De plus, afin de s'adapter aux applications cliniques à venir, un design endoscopique est étudié pour permettre l'imagerie non-linéaires dans les endoscopes flexibles. / Skin is an organ that envelops the entire body, acts as a pivotal, efficient natural barrier to- wards various invaders. For the treatment of major dermatological diseases and in the cosmetic industry, topical applications on skin are widely used, thus many efforts in skin research have been aimed at understanding detailed molecular absorption and efficient penetration mechanisms. However, it remains difficult to obtain high-resolution visualization in 3D together with chemical selectivity and quantification in skin research. Nonlinear spectroscopy and microscopy, including two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), spontaneous Raman scattering, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), are introduced in this work for unambiguous skin morphological identification and topical applied molecules detection. Sev- eral quantitative methods based on nonlinear spectroscopy and microscopy are designed for 3D chemical analysis in reconstructed skin, ex vivo and in vivo on human skin. Furthermore, to adapt to forthcoming clinical applications, an endoscopic design is investigated to bring nonlin- ear imaging in flexible endoscopes.

Kuriant informacines sistemas ir siekiant jas geriau pritaikyti verslui, pastaraisiais metais vis daugiau dėmesio yra skiriama vartotojų reikalavimų specifikacijai. Vartotojų reikalavimus galima specifikuoti pasinaudojus sistemos reikalavimų specifikacijos (SRS) šablonu, tačiau bet kurį SRS šabloną vis tiek reikia pritaikyti kiekvienam individualiam projektui. Šioje reikalavimų inžinerijos stadijoje susiduriama su problema, nes dar nežinant kokie bus vartotojų reikalavimai reikia pasirinkti tinkamą SRS šabloną bei programinę įrangą. Ne visi šablonai yra suderinami su individualiomis programomis ir ne visos programos pasižymi tomis pačiomis savybėmis. Kadangi šiuo metu nėra būdų, kurie padėtų išsirinkti tinkamą projektui vartotojų reikalavimų specifikacijos įrankį, šiame darbe toks būdas bus kuriamas ir aprašomas. Problemos ištyrimo lygis. Šiuo metu visos sukurtos informacinės sistemos (t.y. vartotojų reikalavimų specifikavimo (VRS) įrankiai) yra skirtos reikalavimams specifikuoti žinant specifinio projekto reikalavimus. Įrankio, kuris leistų pasirinkti tinkamą VRS įrankį, nėra. Darbo objektas: vartotojų reikalavimų specifikavimas. Darbo tikslas: sukurti būdą, kuris leistų pasirinkti tinkamą vartotojų reikalavimų specifikavimo įrankį. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo, yra sprendžiami tokie uždaviniai: • išnagrinėti sistemos reikalavimų specifikavimo (SRS) šablonų sudėtį; • atlikti SRS šablonų analizę, nustatyti jų savybes, privalumus bei trūkumus; • išnagrinėti vartotojų reikalavimų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / VISOCKAS, Paulius (2011) Requirement Specification Tool Selection Method. MBA Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Vilnius University, Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Department of Informatics. 59 p. S U M M A R Y MBA graduation paper goal is to create a method that would allow consumers to choose the right tool for specifying requirements before knowing them. In order to achieve the goal, following tasks are solved: perform analysis of system requirements specification templates, user requirements specification tools and their compatibility with each other; develop SRS and user requirements specification tools criteria; and investigate a proposed tool with experimental data. Scientific literature, SRS templates and user requirements specification tools summary are used during analysis. The main result of this work is the proposed iVRS tool that solves the problem under investigation, since it allows choosing the exact and correct SRS template and software. This solution differs from existing solutions because it allows users to select the requirements specification tool in the pre-specification stage, where the error price is lowest. This paper also sets out SRS and user requirements specification tool criteria. Paper consists of 59 pages, 14 tables and 19 pictures.

[pt] Este trabalho visa estabelecer na prática a estatística do ganho dependente da polarização (PDG-Polarization Dependent Gain) em sistemas ópticos com amplificação Raman. A amplificação Raman depende fortemente da polarização relativa entre os fótons de bombeio e de sinal, que tem que ser paralelas para máximo ganho [1]. Portanto, a birrefringência é um importante limitador de desempenho de sistemas de longa distância amplificados por esta técnica visto que modifica os estados de polarização de forma diferente para cada comprimento de onda. A birrefringência varia aleatoriamente de acordo com as flutuações do ambiente onde está a fibra óptica, dando origem à dispersão dos modos de polarização, efeito este conhecido pela sigla PMD. Alguns experimentos recentes mostraram que o amplificador Raman não só depende do estado de polarização do sinal de entrada, mas também que o valor da dependência do ganho com a polarização (PDG- Polarization Dependent Gain) flutua devido a natureza aleatória da PMD [4,5]. É importante conhecer a estatística da PDG, sua relação com a PMD e como a PDG pode ser reduzida a níveis aceitáveis. Nesse trabalho será medida experimentalmente a distribuição estatística da PDG em fibras de dispersão deslocada e os resultados comparados com as previsões teóricas dadas por [2]. / [en] Raman amplifiers are very attractive because they provide a large and relatively flat gain over a wide bandwidth while maintaining a small noise figure, and they can be made using regular silica fiber. However, the Raman Gain coefficient is polarization sensitive and can be up to ten times higher when the signal and pump polarization states are parallel rather than perpendicular [1]. Usually fibers present some degree of residual asymmetry - because the fiber core is slightly out-of-round, or because of mechanical stress on the deployed fiber - and this causes polarization mode dispersion. The light traveling along one polarization axis moves slower or faster than the light polarized along the other axis. This effect distorts the signal and causes polarization fluctuations along the fiber. As the Raman gain is higher when the signal and pump polarization states are parallel these fluctuations of the relative polarization between signal and pump vary the instantaneous value of the Raman gain. So the Polarization Dependence Gain (PMG) is directly related to the PMD. Several experimental studies have shown not only that the gain of raman amplifiers depends on the state of polarization of the input signal but also that this polarization-dependent gain (PDG) fluctuates over a wide range because of the random nature of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) [4,5]. It is important to know the statistics of PDG, its relationship to the PMD, and how the PDG can be reduced to acceptable low levels. In this letter we will demonstrate experimentally the statistical distribution of the PDG given by [2]. This In this work the polarization dependent gain (PDG) fluctuations due to PMD in Raman amplified optical transmissions is experimentally demonstrated.

<p>Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att undersöka om det kommer att ske en förskjutning mellan redovisningskonsulternas och revisorernas arbetsuppgifter i och med avskaffandet av revisionsplikten.</p><p>Vi har valt en kvalitativ ansats till vår studie, där utgångspunkten främst har varit djupgående intervjuer med revisorer och redovisningskonsulter på Grant Thornton, Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers, mindre revisionsbyrå, mindre redovisningsbyrå samt branschorganisation Svenska redovisningskonsulternas förbund (SRF). </p><p>Det kommer att ske en förskjutning av båda yrkesrollerna men det är ännu ovisst i vilken grad det kommer att ske.</p><p>Det är i dagsläget oklart vilka alternativ till revision som kommer att komma och en intressant studie skulle vara att göra en liknande undersökning när man vet alternativen till revisionen.</p><p>Denna uppsats bidrar till en ökad förståelse för yrkeskategorierna revisor/redovisningskonsult och deras nuvarande och framtida yrkesroller. Uppsatsen bidrar även till att ge en bild av den framtida konkurrensen och hur byråerna och SRF förbereder sig inför avskaffandet av revisionsplikten.</p>