In this thesis, we consider a projection-based stabilization method for solving buoyancy driven flows (natural convection problems). The method consists of adding global stabilization for all scales and then anti-diffusing these effects on the large scales defined by projections into appropriate function spaces. In this way, stabilization acts only on the small scales. We consider two different variations of buoyancy driven flows based on the projection-based stabilization. First, we focus on the steady-state natural convection problem of heat transport through combined solid and fluid media in a classical enclosure. We present the mathematical analysis of the projection-based method and prove existence, uniqueness and convergence of the approximate solutions of the velocity, temperature and pressure. We also present some numerical tests to support theoretical findings. Second, we consider a system of combined heat and mass transfer in a porous medium due to the natural convection. For the semi-discrete problem, a stability analysis of the projectionbased method and a priori error estimate are given for the Darcy-Brinkman equations in double-diffusive convection. Then we provide numerical assessments and a comparison with some benchmark data for the Darcy-Brinkman equations. In the last part of the thesis, we present a fully discrete scheme with the linear extrapolation of convecting velocity terms for the Darcy-Brinkman equations.

No description available.

<p>Wind loads acting on wooden building structures need to be dealt with adequately in order to ensure that neither the serviceability limit state nor the ultimate limit state is exceeded. For the structural designer of tall buildings, avoiding the possibly serious consequences of heavy wind loading while taking account at the same time of the effects of gravitation can be a real challenge. Wind loads are usually no major problem for low buildings, such as one- to two-storey timber structures involving ordinary walls made by nailing or screwing sheets of various types to the frame, but when taller structures are designed and built, serious problems may arise.</p><p>Since wind speed and thus wind pressure increases with height above the ground and the shear forces transmitted by the walls increase accordingly, storey by storey, considerable efforts can be needed to handle the strong horizontal shear forces that are exerted on the bottom floor in particular. The strong uplift forces that can develop on the wind side of a structure are yet another matter that can be critical. Accordingly, a structure needs to be anchored to the substrate or to the ground by connections that are properly designed. Since the calculated uplift forces depend very much upon the models employed, the choice of models and simplifications in the analysis that are undertaken also need to be considered carefully.</p><p>The present licentiate thesis addresses questions of how wind loads acting on multi-storey timber buildings can be best dealt with and calculated for in the structural design of such buildings. The conventional use of sheathing either nailed or screwed to a timber framework is considered, together with other methods of stabilizing timber structures. Alternative ways of using solid timber elements for stabilization are also of special interest.</p><p>The finite element method was employed in simulating the structural behaviour of stabilizing units. A study was carried out of walls in which sheathing was nailed onto a timber frame. Different structural levels were involved, extending from modelling the performance of a single fastener and of the connection of the sheathing to frame, to the use of models of this sort for studying the overall structural behaviour of wall elements that possess a stabilizing function. The results of models used for simulating different load cases for walls agreed reasonably well with experimental test results. The structural properties of the fasteners binding the sheathing to the frame, as well as of the connections between the members of the frame were shown to have a strong effect on the simulated behaviour of shear wall units.</p><p>Regarding solid wall panels, it was concluded that walls with a high level of both stiffness and strength can be produced by use of such panels, and also that the connections between the solid wall panels can be designed in such a way that the shear forces involved are effectively transmitted from one panel to the next.</p>

Zielstellung: Gegenwärtig wird nach Ruptur des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) beim Hund häufig eine laterale Fadenzügelungen (LFZ) vorgenommen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden folgende Ziele verfolgt: (1) Bestimmung der kranio-kaudalen Kniegelenkstabilität nach LFZ und passiver Kniegelenksbewegung. (2) Bestimmung der Schlaufenspannung nach Knotung mit der Hand. (3) Einfluss von vier häufig verwendeten Verankerungsformen auf die LFZ und von drei Kniegelenkwinkeln zum Zeitpunkt der Knotung des Fadenzügels auf den Spannungsverlauf innerhalb des Fadens. Material und Methode: Die kranio-kaudale Kniegelenkstabilität (KKStab) wurde anhand von latero-medialen Röntgenaufnahmen an 10 rechten Kniegelenken orthopädisch gesunder Hunde (>20 kg KM) ex-vivo bestimmt. Die Messung der KKStab erfolgte am intakten Gelenk, nach Durchtrennung des VKB und nach lateraler Ethibondfadenzügelung. Anschließend wurden die Gelenke 350 mal passiv gebeugt und gestreckt und die KKStab nach 50, 100, 250 und 350 Bewegungszyklen erneut bestimmt. Des Weiteren wurde die Spannung in 7 Ethibondfadenschlaufen an einer Materialprüfmaschine bestimmt. Die Spannung in der Schlaufe wurde nach dem ersten (FMax) und nach dem letzten Knoten (FEnd) gemessen. Mit Hilfe eines speziell konstruierten Kraftaufnehmers wurde die Spannung in der lateralen Fadenzügelung über den passiven Bewegungsradius des Kniegelenks in weiteren 9 Kniegelenken in-vitro gemessen. Dabei wurde nach Durchtrennung des VKB jedes Kniegelenk mit 4 Formen der LFZ bei 3 unterschiedlichen Kniegelenkswinkeln zur Zeit der Fixierung der Fadenschlaufe stabilisiert. Ergebnisse: KKStab nach Stabilisierung des Gelenkes betrug im Mittel 3,7 mm und war im Mittel um 2,7 mm größer als bei intaktem Kreuzband. Bereits 250 passive Bewegungszyklen bewirkten eine signifikante Destabilisierung um weitere 1,5 mm. FMax beim Knüpfen von sieben Fadenschlaufen betrug im Mittel 133 N und fiel auf 6 N (FEnd) im Mittel nach dem fünften Knoten ab. Alle 4 untersuchten LFZ-Formen zeigten eine Zunahme der Fadenspannung bei Beugung des Kniegelenkes. Die LFZ, bei der die Zügelung um die laterale Fabella geführt und in 2 parallelen Bohrungen in der proximalen Tibia fixiert wurde, zeigte die geringsten Spannungsänderungen über einen kompletten Bewegungsradius des Kniegelenks. Die Fixation der LFZ in einen Gelenkwinkel von 70° ergab einen signifikanten Abfall der Fadenspannung in Extension des Gelenkes. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine LFZ aus Ethibondfäden mit fünffacher Knotung erlaubt es nicht, die physiologische Gelenkstabilität nach Durchtrennung des VKB herzustellen. Bereits wenige passive Bewegungszyklen bewirken eine signifikante weitere Destabilisierung. Die in diesem Teil der Studie angewendete Knotentechnik erlaubte es nicht, die manuell in der Fadenzügelung aufgebaute Spannung dauerhaft zu konservieren und sollte deshalb keine Klinische Verwendung haben. Keine der getesteten LFZ-Formen zeigte einen gleichmäßigen Spannungsverlauf bei Bewegung des Kniegelenks. Aus diesem Grund sollten die aktuellen Empfehlungen hinsichtlich „isometrischer“ Verankerungspunkte kritisch betrachtet werden. Die Fixierung der LFZ bei gebeugtem Kniegelenk ist nicht zu empfehlen, da es in Extension zur Destabilisierung kommt.

Le projet de thèse se focalise sur la synthèse de biomolécules et se subdivise en deux parties. La première partie concerne la conception et la synthèse de dérivés de produits naturels d'intérêt thérapeutique nommés aurones en vue de mettre au point de nouvelles molécules à activité antivirale. Récemment, les aurones ont été identifiées comme étant des inhibiteurs de l'ARN-polymérase ARN-dépendante (NS5B) du virus de l'hépatite C (VHC). Cette enzyme, présente chez le virus mais absente chez l'homme, joue un rôle central dans la réplication virale. Suite à ces résultats antérieurs, les efforts ont été poursuivis et, dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons entrepris,d'une part, la synthèse d'analogues originaux dont le cycle B des aurones a été remplacé par des hétérocycles et, d'autre part, la synthèse depseudodimères d'aurones dans le but d'affiner les exigences structurales pour améliorer l'effet inhibiteur.L'activité a été évaluée selon des tests enzymatiques et cellulaires et a permis d'identifier quelques candidats doués d'une bonne activité inhibitrice et d'une faible toxicité. La deuxième partie du projet de thèse, sans lien avec la première partie,concerne des aspects plus fondamentaux et porte sur la synthèse de nouveaux surfactants agissant comme agents stabilisants lors des procédures d'extraction et de cristallisation des protéines membranaires. Les surfactants sont des composants clés dans le domaine de la biologie structurale et de la biochimie des protéines membranaire. Ils sont nécessaires pour maintenir les protéines membranaires dans leur état fonctionnel après extraction. La grande majorité des protéines membranaires est riche en résidus basiques à l'interface. Sur la base de cette caractéristique, une nouvelle famille de surfactants est développée et testée sur des protéines membranaires appartenant aux pompes d'efflux ABC multi-résistantes. / The PhD project focuses on biomolecules and is divided into two parts. The first part concerns the design and synthesis of natural product derivatives with therapeutic interest in order to develop new molecules with antiviral activity. Recently, aurones were identified as new inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase. Following these results, efforts were continuedand we undertook, on the one hand,the synthesis of original analogues in which the aurone B-ring was replaced by a heterocyclic rings and, on the other hand, the synthesis of aurone pseudodimers in order to refine the structural requirements to improve the inhibitory effect. The potent NS5B inhibitory activity combined with their low toxicity make aurones attractive drug candidates against HCV infection. The second part of the PhD thesis is unrelated to the first part and concerns more fundamental aspects. It focused on the synthesis of new surfactants acting as stabilizing agents during extraction of membrane proteins (PM). Surfactants are required for maintaining PM in their functional state after extraction from membrane lipid matrix. The vast majority of PM shares a net enrichment in basic residues at the interface between membrane and cytoplasm, a property known as the positive inside rule. Based on this feature, a new family of surfactants is developed and tested on membrane proteins belonging to the multidrug ABC efflux pumps family.

In 2008 the Federal government enacted a Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) to address the neighborhood effects of the late-2000s foreclosure crisis. Congress subsequently funded a second and third NSP. This research employs mixed methods to examine the effectiveness of the first round of the NSP in three Florida jurisdictions. The results are analyzed within the larger context of substantive housing theory and federal housing policy. The success of the program is evaluated using a mixed-scanning procedural planning theoretical framework.

abstract / Civil Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

This paper investigates the automatic stabilizer and the underlying factors behind its function. The paper includes both a literature review and an empirical analysis. The literature review discusses the IS-LM and Mundell-Fleming models and different ways to quantify the automatic stabilizer. Based on the theory, the relationship between volatility in GDP and the size of the automatic stabilizers is then analyzed with the help of regressions. Our main result shows a negative relation between these two variables. This effect seems to be decreasing over time, which may be explained by an increased openness. However, it is hard to tell if the decreasing effect is a long-term development or just a result of the most recent financial crisis.

The efficient production of hydrogen hydrates is a major goal in the attempt to exploit those materials as an alternative means for storing hydrogen. Up to now, a few processes have been reported in the literature which yield less than 1 wt% of hydrogen stored into clathrate hydrate or semi-clathrate forms. One main obstacle to the entrapment of sensible amounts of hydrogen (i.e., up to 4 wt% ) into a clathrate matrix appears to be of a kinetic origin, in that the mass transfer of hydrogen gas into clathrate structures is drastically limited by the (relatively) macroscopic scale of the gas-liquid or gas-ice interfaces involved. In this communication, we present a novel process for an enhanced production of binary hydrates of hydrogen and other hydrate-forming gases, which is characterized by the use of nanotechnology for reducing the size of hydrate particles down to a few nanometers. This drastic reduction of particle size, down to three orders of magnitude smaller than that obtainable by macroscopic methods, allows to reduce the kinetic hindrance to hydrate formation. This process has a huge potential for increasing the amount of hydrogen stored, as it has provided ca. 1 wt% of hydrogen, with THF as a co-former. The present process also allows to use several non-water soluble coformers; first reports of hydrogen/cyclopentane and hydrogen/tetrahydrothiophene hydrates are presented.