Despite the globally growing interest in corporate responsibility (CR), there is little practical as wellas academic knowledge of CR practises in the media sector. The aim of this study is to make acontribution to the evolving understanding of what CR implies in the media sector by applying astakeholder approach to a case study, which is Alma Media, a Finnish media corporation. Firstly,from the corporate perspective, the objective of this study is to provide Alma Media with a CRagenda, based on the CR priorities defined in stakeholder interviews. Secondly, from a moretheoretical point of view, this study aims to evaluate the stakeholder theory as a means of definingthe CR characteristics of the media sector in Finland.The main body of the primary data is collected by 44 stakeholder interviews, supportedby participant observation at the case company. The data is structured with content analysis andanalysed according to the stakeholder categorisation of Mitchell, Agle and Wood (1997) in order toprioritise between the different stakeholders and their CR interests.The findings indicate Alma Media’s CR priorities are a mix of media ethics (reliability,responsible journalism, journalistic integrity), traditional CR issues (environment, personnel) andcultural responsibility (locality, citizenship). Most stakeholder demands concerns environmentalresponsibility. To understand media CR on a general, global level, further research is needed toconfirm the findings of this study and, particularly, to highlight the international differences andsimilarities in media CR.Concerning the theoretical objective of the study, the study concludes that the Mitchell,Agle and Wood model helps to identify the priority stakeholders and CR issues but fails to capturethe multi-dimensional nature of the power attribute and the role of stakeholder networks in themanagement of CR. Thus, stakeholder theory provides valuable insight into CR management butfurther research on stakeholder network models is needed.

This thesis aims to determine what CSR issues stakeholders in the wind power industry careabout and how stakeholders want to be involved in these issues. The objective is furthermoreto test and improve the theory of stakeholder involvement – the normative idea thatstakeholder management should strive for maximum stakeholder involvement.The study is carried out using a case study, o2, an important actor in the wind power industryin Sweden. Five stakeholder groups are included in the study, customers, capital providers, inthe form of a major bank and a private equity company, NGO’s and lastly regulators.The study contributes directly to the stakeholder management practices in the wind powerindustry by giving guidance on how to prioritize among different stakeholder groups as wellas to the untested theory of stakeholder involvement by applying the theory to a real casestudy.The result of the study suggests that stakeholders value environmentally related CSR issuesmore than socially related CSR issues. In particular the issues of emissions and flora & faunaare classified as the most important CSR issues for the wind power industry to manage.Furthermore, the theory of stakeholder involvement is shown to be misleading for thestakeholders closest to the company, the once with a direct contractual stake (customers andcapital providers). However, it is shown to be directly applicable, and useful, to thestakeholders more external to the company (NGO’s and regulators).

Supportrar är en viktig intressent för fotbollsföreningar. Fotbollssupportrar är konsument av samma produkt som de är medproducent av då de betalar för att gå på fotbollsmatcher samtidigt som de är med och skapar stämningen kring matchen. Svensk fotboll är reglerad av 51%-regeln vilket innebär att föreningens medlemmar också är ägare av föreningen. Denna tredelade roll som supportrarna besitter är en del av komplexiteten i relationen mellan en fotbollsförening och dess supportrar. Med bakgrund av tidigare forskning gjord kring Stakeholder Theory har fokus till störst del har varit att identifiera fotbollsföreningars olika intressenter och hur viktiga de är för organisationen. Denna studie kommer endast att fokusera på en intressent i en förening i Sverige med ambitionen att utifrån Stakeholder Theory beskriva relationen mellan en fotbollsförening och dess supportrar, ur båda parters perspektiv, vilket även efterfrågats av tidigare studier inom ämnet. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts där empiriskt material samlats in genom semi- strukturerade intervjuer med valda representanter från Djurgården Fotboll samt föreningens supportrar. Det empiriska materialet analyserades utifrån Stakeholder Theory för att sedermera besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning. Resultatet visar att supportrar är den viktigaste intressenten för Djurgården Fotboll och att Stakeholder Theory grundläggande kan ge en förklaring till supportrarnas betydelse som intressentgrupp.

This study explores the necessity of stakeholder inclusivity, particularly the inclusivity of teachers, in the development of the national policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12 in the Department of Basic Education. Through the qualitative exploration of data drawn from in-depth interviews, the study found that bureaucracy and a top-down approach drives policy development in the basic education system of South Africa. While most of the stakeholders indicated that they are only consulted at a public comment phase of the policy development, they viewed this as asking for their endorsement as opposed to genuine and constructive inputs. As such, educational policy developer’s end up missing an opportunity to engage and learn from stakeholders and ultimately the policy reaches the implementation phase with loopholes. Therefore, adopting a consultative approach throughout the life cycle of the policy development with not only the body of stakeholders who have a say by virtue of their power, but also with those whose say was initially restricted as a result of having less influential power in the formulation of educational objectives, might be the breakthrough being strived for in developing policies that will lead to the achievement of quality learner outcomes. / Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Communication Management / MPhil / Unrestricted

Please read abstract in page X-XI of the document / Dissertation (MAdmin)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / tm2015 / School of Public Management and Administration / MAdmin / Unrestricted

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-07-16T15:55:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Pajanian.pdf: 1295357 bytes, checksum: b2a4aab69efb42b3f60eaca652e82051 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-16T15:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Pajanian.pdf: 1295357 bytes, checksum: b2a4aab69efb42b3f60eaca652e82051 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / This research aimed to investigate how leaders of Brazilian professional football clubs identify and classify its stakeholders, according to the attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency. The theoretical framework was based on the stakeholder theory, developed by Freeman (1984) and other researchers. For this objective to be achieved, a model for the identification and classification of stakeholders proposed by Mitchell et al. (1997) and operated by Almeida et al. (2000), based on the attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency, was applied. An exploratory and descriptive investigation of mixed method was performed, with leaders of two professional football clubs and operated at two different times, using a pre-established script and a questionnaire. The results obtained from this investigation confirm the two prepared propositions, that the urgency perceived by leaders in meeting the demands of a stakeholder is high when its legitimacy is high and that the most salient stakeholders for the leaders will be those with high legitimacy. It is expected that the obtained results can be used as a reference for leaders of these and other similar entities with respect to its relations with its stakeholders, and also as a starting point for future studies in sport management. / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar como dirigentes de clubes de futebol profissional brasileiros identificam e classificam seus stakeholders, segundo os atributos de poder, legitimidade e urgência. O referencial teórico teve como base a Teoria dos Stakeholders, desenvolvida por Freeman (1984) e outros pesquisadores. Para que tal objetivo fosse atingido foi utilizado o modelo de identificação e classificação de stakeholders proposto por Mitchell et al. (1997) e operacionalizado por Almeida et al. (2000), a partir dos atributos de poder, legitimidade e urgência. Foi realizada uma pesquisa com método misto, de natureza exploratória e descritiva, com dirigentes de dois clubes de futebol profissional e operacionalizada em dois momentos distintos, utilizando um roteiro preestabelecido e um questionário. Os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa confirmam as duas proposições elaboradas, de que a urgência percebida pelos dirigentes no atendimento às reivindicações de um stakeholder será alta quando sua legitimidade for alta e que os stakeholders mais salientes para os dirigentes serão aqueles com legitimidade alta. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos possam ser utilizados como referência para dirigentes desses e de outras entidades semelhantes no que tange às suas relações com seus stakeholders, e ainda, como ponto de partida para estudos futuros na gestão do esporte.

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The intersection of the environment, the economy and society create a wicked problem in salmon aquaculture in Canada. To provide a unique insight into the challenges of the salmon aquaculture industry amongst key stakeholders, this thesis investigates the sentiment of several important stakeholder groups in the salmon aquaculture industry: academics, industry, ENGOs, Government, Indigenous peoples, and the media. By scraping data from Twitter from the years 2006 to 2021, it examines aquaculture sentiment from a global English-speaking view, as well as a subset of Canadian data. This thesis addresses the following questions: How does public sentiment towards salmon aquaculture differ over time? How does public sentiment towards salmon aquaculture differ among stakeholder groups? Data is analyzed through a stakeholder management theory framework using sentiment analysis. Data is collected from Twitter because users prefer it to other social media sites to share their unprompted thoughts, ideas, and opinions. The data is scrapable using the open-source Twitter scraper Twint. The data is processed using Google Colab notebooks: raw data is preprocessed into 273,319 tweets (rows) of clean data, which are analyzed using VADER’s natural language processing tool, yielding a sentiment score between -1 and +1 for each tweet. This thesis explores the dependent variable of sentiment and the independent variable of time. Findings are examined through the lens of overall sentiment, sentiment from year to year (2006-2021), sentiment per stakeholder category, and sentiment per stakeholder category per year. Sentiment from 2007 to 2021 is expected to be increasingly negative because of significant negative events in the salmon aquaculture industry from 2006 to 2021. There have been many policy changes, lawsuits, fish escapes and concerns from ENGOs, Indigenous groups, and researchers about salmon aquaculture during this time. However, the data contradicts this hypothesis by trending positively over time. The overall dataset is consistent and clusters around a mean of 0.3 (slightly positive), a median of 0.4 and a standard deviation of 0.4. The skewness of the general data is -0.994, meaning that the distribution has a moderate negative skew (most tweets have positive sentiment). The dataset has an R-squared value of 0.64, meaning that the data represents a moderate model, and an R-squared value of 0.79 (when removing outliers) shows an absolute strong model. All eight stakeholder group categories display a moderately negative skewness value and a positive mean sentiment. The Academic / Researcher Group and the Industry / Worker stakeholder groups show strong models, and the other stakeholder categories with lower R-squared values show weaker models. This thesis provides new insight into the growing and expanding salmon aquaculture industry. Further, understanding stakeholder sentiment can allow a government, individual, or group to be more proactive in its decision-making rather than reactive. The data allows for open dialogue with all stakeholders and promotes future research, analysis, and collaboration within the salmon aquaculture industry.

With increasing population growth, changed consumption patterns and the resulting need for resources, the management and use of cultural landscapes has intensified during the last century. Due to this intensification, cultural landscapes in Europe and other human-dominated regions around the world have transformed from multifunctional landscapes (i.e. providing a diverse set of ecosystem services) to more specialized and uniform landscapes (i.e. providing fewer ecosystem services). Since the widespread loss of ecosystem services can seriously affect human well-being, scientists and intergovernmental organizations have increasingly called for the restoration of multifunctionality at the landscape scale. This again resulted in a growing body of literature on the topic and an uncertainty about what multifunctionality actually is about and how to assess multifunctionality. In this dissertation, the focus is on ecosystem service-based multifunctionality (i.e. the quantification of multifunctionality through ecosystem services). Studies of this field generally examine how different ecosystem services interact, where their overall supply is highest and which factors influence the capacity of a landscape to provide multiple ecosystem services. The consideration of multiple ecosystem services at the landscapes scale specifically enables landscapes and the complex interactions within landscapes to be viewed and studied as socio-ecological systems. The assessment of ecosystem service-based multifunctionality is therefore regarded as an important tool for finding sustainable solutions in landscape management. The overall aim of this dissertation was to enhance and strengthen the concept of multifunctionality from a scientific point of view, and to provide novel conceptual and empirical insights on landscape multifunctionality that are relevant for environmental planning and management. In this dissertation, I have specifically focused on three topics that present challenges for the assessments of ecosystem service-based multifunctionality: 1) overcoming the conceptual and methodological uncertainties related to quantitative multifunctionality assessments, 2) accounting for spatial variability of ecosystem service supplies and 3) differentiating between stakeholders’ perspectives on multifunctionality. Each article of this cumulative dissertation focuses on one of the three challenges: The first article (Chapter 2) presents a quantitative literature review of 101 multifunctionality assessments. Conceptual and methodological differences between ecosystem function- and ecosystem service-based multifunctionality assessments were identified, as well as the most commonly used multifunctionality metrics: threshold approaches, average or sum approaches and diversity indices. The second article (Chapter 3) uses 18 ecosystem service indicators to quantify multifunctionality at the municipality scale (alpha-multifunctionality) and further introduces a new multifunctionality indicator (beta-multifunctionality) that accounts for the unique ecosystem service contributions of municipalities to regional multifunctionality. The results of this article show how multifunctionality at the municipality scale, as well as the unique contributions of municipalities to regional multifunctionality vary across Europe and across different land system archetypes. Finally, the third article (Chapter 4) of this dissertation uses eleven ecosystem service indicators to quantify multifunctionality in two peri-urban landscapes in Europe: the Vereinigte Mulde in Germany and the Kromme Rijn in the Netherlands. By weighting the ecosystem service indicators with stakeholder-derived valuations of the ecosystem services, a differentiation between multifunctionality beneficiaries was achieved. The main contributions of this thesis therefore include an overview of the most recent multifunctionality assessments and the testing of two alternative approaches to assess ecosystem service multifunctionality. By compiling previously used methods and linking them with the most recent conceptual advancements in scope of the literature review, I showed that a clear distinction between studies with an exclusively ecological focus and studies with a more integrated socio-ecological perspective is needed to strengthen the application of the multifunctionality concept. As a follow up on this review, I was able to derive common steps in multifunctionality assessments, as well as recommendations for future studies. In scope of the second and third article, I was able to highlight some specific challenges in current multifunctionality assessments and to test methods that go beyond the common quantification of multifunctionality at single spatial scales or for society as a whole. First of all, my work shows that, due to spatial variability of ecosystem service supplies, the diversity of ecosystem services (alpha-multifunctionality) cannot be maximized in all areas. Accounting for unique ecosystem service supplies (beta-multifunctionality) could thus be more relevant for finding viable land management solutions than assessing ecosystem service hotspots only. This approach is especially applicable, if maximizing (alpha-) multifunctionality is not possible or wanted. Second, maintaining a high diversity of ecosystem services is only meaningful, if the ecosystem services are demanded by society and if no land use conflicts evolve through increased multifunctionality. In my last research paper, I therefore show that accounting for different perspectives of stakeholders on landscape multifunctionality is another crucial aspect for finding viable and sustainable land management solutions. All in all, I conclude that maintaining a high diversity of ecosystem services that relevant to various stakeholders and at spatial scales that allow an implementation of multifunctionality, is important for preventing environmental degradation and for ensuring that society as a whole can benefit from landscape multifunctionality. Quantitative multifunctionality assessments can be used in various ways to answer current research questions in landscape ecology and thus to support the maintenance of ecosystem services in cultural landscapes. However, further development, improvement and applications are needed for multifunctionality assessments to work as strong tools for management and decision-making.

According to the Government of Sweden, limited companies are the most advantageous form of company. A limited company must by Swedish law have a start-up capital that is not allowed to be taken out of the company. In 2010, the limit for share capital in private limited companies was lowered from SEK 100 000 to SEK 50 000. In 2019 the Government presented the memorandum Ds 2019:6, which discusses the proposal to reduce the share capital further to SEK 25 000. This proposal passed and took effect on January 1, 2020.  The purpose of this study is to examine the stakeholders' attitudes to the share capital in private limited companies being reduced from SEK 50 000 to SEK 25 000. This involves identifying the risks and consequences of the change in share capital for stakeholders and for the company based on consultation responses. The study examines whether the proposal regarding reduced share capital can be affected by the power of individual stakeholders. An abductive research approach has been used in the study because the purpose is to create increased understanding, which is done through interpretation to create meaning in collected data based on theory. The study analyzes documents to examine stakeholders' attitudes to the proposal. This with the help of collected consultation responses collected by the Ministry of Justice. A total survey is carried out where 32 consultation responses are compiled and analyzed. A qualitative content analysis is therefore used in the study to make interpretations and find patterns in the stakeholders' attitudes. The results of the study show that the majority of stakeholders have a negative attitude to the proposal of a reduced share capital. The combined effects and consequences that the stakeholders believe may come from the change in the law are predominantly negative. The stakeholders' negative attitude to the proposal is because they believe that there may be an increase in financial crime in limited companies. The positive attitudes that the stakeholders present regarding the proposal contributing to increased entrepreneurship are in contrast to the fact that a lack of competence can increase in step with an increased number of limited companies. Stakeholders show a negative attitude because they believe that it leads to more cases where liability according to Swedish ABL and liability breakthroughs occurs. Based on these conclusions, the stakeholders consider that regardless of their attitude towards the proposal, they are considered to have no significant impact on the proposal of a reduced share capital. / Enligt Sveriges riksdag är aktiebolag den mest fördelaktiga bolagsformen. Ett aktiebolag måste enligt svensk lag ha ett startkapital som inte får lov att tas ut ur bolaget. År 2010 sänktes gränsen för aktiekapitalet i privata aktiebolag från 100 000 kronor till 50 000 kronor. Regeringen presenterade vidare promemorian Ds 2019:6 som diskuterar förslaget om att sänka aktiekapitalet ytterligare till 25 000 kronor. Detta lagförslag gick igenom och trädde i kraft 1 januari 2020.  Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka intressenternas attityder till att aktiekapitalet i privata aktiebolag sänks från 50 000 kronor till 25 000 kronor. Syftet med studien är även att kartlägga de risker och konsekvenser som förändringen av aktiekapitalet innebär för intressenter och för företaget utifrån remissvar. I studien undersöks även om förslaget gällande sänkt aktiekapital kan påverkas av enskilda intressenters makt. En abduktiv forskningsansats tillämpas i studien eftersom syftet är att skapa ökad förståelse vilket görs genom tolkning för att skapa mening i insamlade data med grund i teori. Avsikten med studien är att analysera dokument för att undersöka intressenternas attityder till lagförslaget. Detta görs med hjälp av insamlade remissvar som Justitiedepartementet samlat in. En totalundersökning utförs där 32 stycken remissvar sammanställs och analyseras. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys används därför i studien för att göra tolkningar och finna mönster i intressenternas attityder. Resultatet av genomförd undersökning visar att majoriteten av intressenterna har en negativ attityd till lagförslaget om ett sänkt aktiekapital. De sammanställda effekterna och konsekvenserna som intressenterna anser kan komma från lagförändringen är övervägande negativa. Intressenternas negativa attityd till förslaget är ett resultat av att de anser att det kan ske en ökning av ekonomisk brottslighet i aktiebolag. De positiva attityder som intressenterna presenterar angående att lagförslaget bidrar till ökat företagande, ställer sig i kontrast till att bristande kompetens kan öka i takt med ökade antal aktiebolag. Intressenterna visar negativ attityd eftersom de anser att det leder till fler fall där ansvar enligt ABL och ansvarsgenombrott förekommer. Utifrån dessa slutsatser anser intressenterna att oberoende deras attityd så har de inte någon väsentlig påverkan gällande lagförslaget om sänkt aktiekapital.