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Gegenstand der Dissertationsschrift ist eine Darstellung des gegebenen Wissensstandes zum Scherschneiden anhand der Literatur, mit einer Einordnung des Schrägschneidens. Auf dieser Grundlage erfolgt eine Verfahrens- und Prozeßbeschreibung des Schrägschneidens, als Variante des Scherschneidens, insbesondere eine Untersuchung des auftretenden Verschleisses. Es wird die Anwendung des Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen an Schneidwerkzeugen zur Verschleißminimierung erprobt und bewertet.

Space is a visual communicator. The act of perceiving space is a neurological soiree that projects and negotiates meaning in our constructed world. The poetry that we observe within space is tied directly to our emotions and to previous experience. Within ourselves, we each have particular feelings, unconscious or not, relating to height, length, and depth, as well as light and shadow. For example, a long, narrow hallway may elicit anxiety, while an open, sunlit nave in a cathedral may bring about feelings of serenity and joy. Our observations and interactions within the perceptual confines of space reveal clues to construction, movement, and play. Additionally, this participation unveils our awareness of space, and thus, reveals that our relationship with space exists in our acknowledgement of it—in our permitting of perception through conscious participation. To explore these ideas further, I will utilize typography to create immersive, sensory experiences that challenge interpretation through the application of human thought, or sensations, to non-living things and material states. This method will assist the observers to rationalize and create meaning within their own world through simplifying an experience in relation to self. Here, spatial language—like light, shadow, dimension, and proximity—will be exposed as a universal and innate part of our perception.

Объектом исследования является технология изготовления детали типа стакан из сплава АМг2М. Цель работы – анализ технологических процессов, применяемых при изготовлении детали типа стакан из сплава АМг2М. В процессе работы проведено экспериментальное исследование глубокой вытяжки детали типа стакан из сплава АМг2М, а также конечно-разностное моделирование процесса в 3D постановке. В результате исследования получены данные о распределении напряжений и деформаций детали типа стакан. Сделаны выводы о факторах, при которых возникает проблема образования гофр. / The object of research is the technology of manufacturing a detail of the type of a glass made of AMg2M alloy. The purpose of this work is to analyze the technological processes used in the manufacture of a component of the AMG2M alloy glass type. In the course of the work, an experimental study was carried out of the deep drawing of a detail of the type of a glass made of AMg2M alloy, as well as finite-difference modeling of the process in a 3D setting. As a result of the study, data were obtained on the distribution of stresses and deformations of a glass-like part. Conclusions are drawn about the factors that cause the problem of corrugation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Olah Neto.pdf: 11111826 bytes, checksum: 36a7c3a3c11e61f18d8a74f06d619cc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent decades the automobile industry has made a great effort to deal with ecological and security challenges. To do so, it was necessary to develop vehicles which are lighter, more economical and have a greater intrusion resistance when subjected to a crash. This was made possible, among other actions, by the development of advanced high strength steels, associated with the use of new manufacturing processes. Inside this approach the use of the hot stamping and the emergence of 22MnB5 boron-alloyed steel, with high hardenability, stand up. The hot stamping operation has gained great importance for enabling the manufacture of strategic components of high complexity and high mechanical resistance, associated with reasonable toughness. In order to ensure its technological evolution this process has been widely studied by numerous authors, so that the phenomenon was better understood, allowing better control as well as the quality and reliability requirements involved in the stamped components. This focus led to the development of this work, whose main objective was to study the hot stamping process, evaluating the mechanical and thermal effects. To achieve this aim an experimental apparatus was developed which allowed simulating the main thermomechanical aspects involved, such as the temperature, the conformation and the cooling. The purpose was to reproduce the conditions of the process and evaluate the influence of certain variables of the cooling speed on microstructure and on the final properties of the material, in order to study and understand some phenomena involved. This apparatus was composed of a heating furnace, an aluminum cooler, water cooled, operated at low pressure of closing and a control system, assembled on a mechanical testing 12 machine to promote the desired deformation. The experimental work was carried out in three stages. Initially, the hot plastic behavior of 22MnB5 steel was studied, evaluating the effect of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical characteristics, to determine the conditions for necking formation. In the second stage, the kinetics of phase transformation was studied, seeking to understand the effect of heating and cooling conditions on the cooling rate and on the final properties after quenching. In the last step, the plastic behavior on the kinetics of phase transformation, i.e., the effect of necking on cooling, was studied. The main objective was to show that the necking, depending on its intensity and geometry, generates the formation of a clearance between the cooler and the surface material, reducing the cooling rate to the point of affecting the mechanical properties in this region. Despite being localized, it can jeopardize the stamped component performance forming a fragile region of low mechanical strength and low toughness. It was concluded that hot plastic deformation undergone during the hot-stamping has a significant influence on the phase transformation, being necessary the proper control of process conditions so that the necking is also controlled, thus ensuring the structural homogeneity of the component and its performance. / Nas últimas décadas a indústria automobilística tem realizado um grande esforço em atender os desafios ecológicos e de segurança e para isto foi necessário desenvolver veículos mais leves, econômicos e com maior resistência à intrusão quando submetidos a um acidente. Isto foi alcançado, entre outras ações, através do desenvolvimento de aços avançados de elevada resistência mecânica, associado à utilização de novos processos de fabricação. Dentro deste enfoque se destaca dois aspectos, a utilização do processo de estampagem a quente e o surgimento do aço 22MnB5 de elevada temperabilidade ligado ao boro. A operação de estampagem a quente tem ganhado uma forte importância por possibilitar a fabricação de componentes estratégicos de elevada complexidade e elevada resistência mecânica, associada à razoável resistência ao impacto. No sentido de garantir sua evolução tecnológica este processo tem sido amplamente estudado por inúmeros autores, para que os fenômenos envolvidos pudessem ser mais bem entendidos, permitindo um melhor controle bem como o atendimento dos requisitos de qualidade e a confiabilidade envolvida nos componentes estampados. Com este enfoque desenvolveu-se este trabalho, cujo principal objetivo foi estudar o processo de estampagem a quente, avaliando os efeitos mecânicos e térmicos. Para este fim foi desenvolvido um aparato experimental, que permitiu simular os principais aspectos termomecânicas envolvidos, como a temperatura, a conformação e o resfriamento. O propósito foi o de reproduzir as condições do processo e avaliar a influência de determinadas variáveis sobre a velocidade de resfriamento, sobre a microestrutura e sobre as propriedades finais do material, no sentido de estudar e entender 10 alguns fenômenos envolvidos. Este aparato foi dotado de um forno de aquecimento, de um resfriador de alumínio refrigerado a água, operado a baixa pressão de fechamento e de um sistema de controle, montados sobre uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos para promover a deformação desejada. O trabalho experimental foi realizado em três etapas. Inicialmente foi estudado o comportamento plástico a quente do aço 22MnB5, avaliando-se o efeito da temperatura e da velocidade de deformação sobre as características mecânicas, determinando-se as condições para formação da estricção. Na segunda etapa foi estudada a cinética de transformação de fase, procurando-se entender o efeito das condições de aquecimento e do resfriamento sobre a velocidade de resfriamento e sobre as propriedades finais deste aço após têmpera. Na última etapa se relacionou o comportamento plástico sobre a cinética de transformação de fase, ou seja, o efeito da estricção sobre o resfriamento. O objetivo principal foi mostrar que a estricção, dependendo de sua intensidade e geometria, gera a formação de uma folga localizada entre a superfície do resfriador e do material, reduzindo a velocidade de resfriamento a ponto de afetar as propriedades mecânicas nesta região. Apesar de localizada esta folga pode comprometer o desempenho do componente estampado formando uma região de pouca resistência mecânica. Concluiu-se que a deformação plástica a quente sofrida durante a estampagem a quente apresenta uma significativa influência sobre a transformação de fase, sendo necessário o controle adequado das condições do processo para que a estricção também seja controlada, garantindo assim a homogeneidade estrutural do componente e o seu desempenho.

Le procédé de thermo-estampage est une voie intéressante pour la production en grande série de pièces composites. Cependant ce procédé est complexe à maitriser et simuler, en raison des phénomènes multi-physiques mis en jeu (déformation textiles, choc thermique, frottements...) ce qui engendre des campagnes par essai-erreurs qui peuvent être très coûteuses. Cette étude s'intéresse à la mesure et à la caractérisation du procédé d'estampage et des matériaux utilisés afin de simuler le refroidissement de la matrice et la mise en forme du textile. Des défauts récurrents sont évoqués ainsi que des solutions industrielles afin de les résoudre. La simulation thermique permet de déterminer le temps de consolidation nécessaire afin d'optimiser les temps de production en fonction des matériaux et de leur épaisseur. La simulation de la mise en forme textile permet de prédire la faisabilité d'une pièce et l'orientation des fibres afin de définir au mieux les pièces suivant les cas de charges statiques et dynamiques. Les apports de ce travail sont les suivants : la réalisation de mesures thermiques du flan durant un estampage et du choc thermique en surface du stratifié, la réalisation d'une méthodologie efficiente pour analyser la faisabilité d'une pièce complexe dans un contexte industriel grâce à des simulations de mise en forme couplées à des essais expérimentaux. Enfin une méthode d'analyse du comportement en cisaillement plan, pour des renforts dont les fils de chaîne et de trames ne sont pas orthogonaux est proposée. / The thermo-stamping process is a promising way for the mass production of the composite parts. However this process is complex to master and simulate due to the multi-physics background (textile deformation, thermal shock, rubbing...) and trial and error tests campaigns can be expensive. This study focuses on the measurement and assessment of the process and materials behaviour, to simulate the cooling down of the matrix and the forming of the woven. Typical defects are mentioned as well as associated industrial solutions to solve them. The simulation makes it possible to determine the consolidation time necessary in order to optimize the manufacturing time as a function of the material used and of its thickness. Furthermore the forming simulation shows the feasibility of the part and the fibre orientation to design the product for the static and crash cases. The contributions of this work are the following: thermal measurements of the pre-consolidated plate during the stamping phase and the thermal chock at the surface of the composites, an efficient method to analyse the feasibility of a complex shape in an industrial context is proposed through forming simulations compared to the experiment. Finally, a methodology for the analysis of the in-plane shearing behaviour of a woven fabric with non-orthogonal warp and weft yarn is proposed.

Le présent travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet industriel proposé par une entreprise luxembourgeoise et en collaboration avec le Centre de Recherche Public Henry Tudor du Luxembourg (Laboratoire des Technologies Industriels (LTI)). L’objectif consiste à mettre au point une méthode numérique de détermination de la forme des outils d’emboutissage et du flan de pièces de précision en tôlerie fine pour que ce dernier, une fois déformé en une ou plusieurs opérations, correspond à la définition tridimensionnelle du cahier des charges. La méthode a pour objectif de remplacer une démarche expérimentale coûteuse par essais–erreur. Deux démarches numériques sont proposées, la première est relative à la détermination de la forme du flan. Elle consiste à estimer la forme du flan par Approche Inverse en partant de la forme 3D demandée. Puis, un logiciel de simulation incrémental par éléments finis en 3D est utilisé dans une procédure d’optimisation heuristique pour déterminer la forme du flan. Dans la deuxième démarche, il s’agit de déterminer la forme des outils d’emboutissage en utilisant le logiciel de simulation incrémental couplé avec une méthode de compensation du retour élastique en 2D. La démarche numérique est validée expérimentalement dans le cas d’un emboutissage réalisé en une ou plusieurs passes, à l’aide d’une presse manuelle, sans serre flan et avec des outils de forme très complexe. / The present study deals with an industrial project proposed by a luxembourgian enterprise and in collaboration with the luxembourgian research centre Henry Tudor (Laboratory of Industrial Technologies (LTI)). The main objective is to build a numerical approaches for the determination of the initial blank shape contour and tools shape for 3D thin metallic precision parts obtained by stamping, knowing the 3D CAD geometry of the final part. The purpose of the present procedure is to replace the expensive and time consuming experimental trial and error optimization method. Two numerical approaches have been proposed, the first is regarding the determination of the blank shape. An estimation of the blank shape can be given using the Inverse Approach. Update of the blank shape will then be continued by iterations combining heuristic optimization algorithms and incremental stamping codes. The second approach is based on precise finite element models and on spring-back compensation algorithm. The numerical approaches are tested in the case of a special stamping process where the parts are pressed in one or more steps using a manual press, without blank holder and by the mean of complex shape tools.

Dans ce projet, le matériau est l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O en tôle. L'épaisseur de tôles est de 1,2 mm. Les essais de traction à chaud sont réalisés afin d'étudier la ductilité de l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O, la température et l'influence la vitesse de déformation sont incluses dans tous les tests. Le résultat d'analyse montre que la ductilité est renforcée avec une température croissante et une vitesse de déformation décroissante, le phénomène d'adoucissement est évident à la température élevée. La propriété anisotrope n'est pas considérée dans ce projet. Les essais Nakazima à chaud avec le poinçon d'hémisphère sont réalisés pour étudier la formabilité de l'alliage de magnésium AZ31-O. Enfin, la FLD (Forming Limit Diagram) est identifiée et les comparaisons montrent que la formabilité est préférable à une température plus élevée. En outre, les prédictions des limites de formage sont effectuées dans le modèle M-K. La comparaison montre clairement avec la prédiction théorique ne convient pas avec l'expérience. Les simulations des éléments finis sont effectuées pour un emboutissage par poinçon hémisphérique et un emboutissage en croix. Tout d'abord, les simulations d'emboutissage de poinçon hémisphérique sont réalisés sur FORGE® et sur ABAQUS®. Les résultats des simulations de FORGE et de ABAQUS sont comparés afin d'étudier la différence de divers codes de simulation des éléments finis. Deuxièmement, le comportement de d'endommagent est étudié dans FORGE par modèle d'endommagement Lemaitre. Enfin, la simulation d'emboutissage en croix qui est un benchmark de la conférence 2011 NUMISHEET est réalisée avec FORGE. La charge de poinçon, l'épaisseur et la distribution de température sont obtenues et comparées pour chaque simulation. En outre, ces résultats de la simulation de benchmark (FORGE) sont également comparés à d'autres logiciels de simulation en conférence. Les résultats des analyses détaillées sont présentés dans cette thèse. / In this project, the material is AZ31-O magnesium alloy sheet. The sheet thickness is 1.2mm. Warm tensile tests are performed to study ductility of AZ31-O magnesium alloy, the temperature and strain rate influence are included in all tests. The analysis result shows the ductility is enhanced with temperature increasing and strain rate decreasing, and the softening phenomenon is obvious at high temperature. The anisotropic property is not considered in this project. Warm Nakazima tests with hemisphere punch are performed to study formability of AZ31-O magnesium alloy. Finally, the FLD (Forming Limit Diagram) is identified and the comparisons distinctly show that the formability is better at higher temperature. Moreover, the forming limits predictions are performed in M-K model. The comparison clearly shows the theoretical prediction do not fit well with experiment. Finite element simulations are performed for a hemisphere punch deep drawing and a cross-shaped deep drawing. Firstly, the hemisphere punch deep drawing simulations are performed in FORGE® and ABAQUS®. The simulation result from FORGE and ABAQUS are compared in order to study the difference of various finite element simulation codes. Secondly, the damage behavior is studied in FORGE by Lemaitre damage model. Finally, the cross-shaped deep drawing simulation which is a benchmark of NUMISHEET 2011 conference is performed with FORGE. The punch load, thickness and temperature distribution are obtained and compared for each simulation. Furthermore, this benchmark simulation results (FORGE) are also compared with other various simulation software in conference. The detailed analysis results are presented in this thesis.

Face aux exigences concurrentielles et économiques actuelles dans le secteur automobile, l'emboutissage a l'avantage, comme étant un procédé de mise en forme par grande déformation, de produire, en grandes cadences, des pièces de meilleure qualité géométrique par rapport aux autres procédés de fabrication mécanique. Cependant, il présente des difficultés de mise en œuvre, cette dernière s'effectue généralement dans les entreprises par la méthode classique d'essai-erreur, une méthode longue et très coûteuse. Dans la recherche, le recours à la simulation du procédé par la méthode des éléments finis est une alternative. Elle est actuellement une des innovations technologiques qui cherche à réduire le coût de production et de réalisation des outillages et facilite l'analyse et la résolution des problèmes liés au procédé. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, l'objectif est de prédire et de prévenir, particulièrement, le retour élastique et la rupture. Ces deux problèmes sont les plus répandus en emboutissage et présentent une difficulté en optimisation puisqu'ils sont antagonistes. Une pièce mise en forme par emboutissage à l'aide d'un poinçon sous forme de croix a fait l'objet de l'étude. Nous avons envisagé, d'abord, d'analyser la sensibilité des deux phénomènes concernés par rapport à deux paramètres caractéristiques du procédé d'emboutissage (l'épaisseur du flan initial et de la vitesse du poinçon), puis par rapport à quatre (l'épaisseur du flan initial, de la vitesse du poinçon, l'effort du serre flan et le coefficient du frottement) et finalement par rapport à la forme du contour du flan. Le recours à des méta-modèles pour optimiser les deux critères était nécessaire. / The processing of sheet metal forming is of vital importance to a large range of industries as production of car bodies, cans, appliances, etc. It generates complex and precise parts. Although, it is an involved technology combining elastic-plastic bending and stretch deformation of the workpiece. These deformations can lead to undesirable problems in the desired shape and performance of the stamped. To perform a successful stamping process and avoid shape deviations such as springback and failure defects, process variables should be optimized.In the present work, the objective is the prediction and the prevention of, especially, springback and failure. These two phenomena are the most common problems in stamping process that present much difficulties in optimization since they are two conflicting objectives. The forming test studied in this thesis concern the stamping of an industrial workpiece stamped with a cross punch. To solve this optimization problem, the approach chosen was based on the hybridization of an heuristic and a direct descent method. This hybridization is designed to take advantage from both disciplines, stochastic and deterministic, in order to improve the robustness and the efficiency of the hybrid algorithm. For the multi-objective problem, we adopt methods based on the identification of Pareto front. To have a compromise between the convergence towards the front and the manner in which the solutions are distributed, we choose two appropriate methods. This methods have the capability to capture the Pareto front and have the advantage of generating a set of Pareto-optimal solutions uniformly spaced. The last property can be of important and practical.