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Allocation to private infrastructure debt investments has increased in the recent years [15]. For managers of multi-asset portfolios, it is important to be able to assess the risk of the total portfolio and the contribution to risk of the various holdings in the portfolio. This includes being able to explain the risk of having private infrastructure debt investments in the portfolio. The modelling of private infrastructure debt face many challenges, such as the lack of private data and public indices for private infrastructure debt. In this thesis, two approaches for modelling private infrastructure debt in a parametric risk factor model are proposed. Both approaches aim to incorporate revenue risk, which is the risk occurring from the type of revenue model in the infrastructure project or company. Revenue risk is categorised into three revenue models; merchant, contracted and regulated, as spread level differences can be distinguished for private infrastructure debt investments using this categorisation. The difference in spread levels between the categories are used to estimate β coefficients for the two modelling approaches. The spread levels are obtained from a data set and from a previous study. In the first modelling approach, the systematic risk factor approach, three systematic risk factors are introduced where each factor represent infrastructure debt investments with a certain revenue model. The risk or the volatility for each of these factors is the volatility of a general infrastructure debt index adjusted with one of the β coefficients. In the second modelling approach, the idiosyncratic risk term approach, three constant risk terms for the revenue models are added in order to capture the revenue risk for private infrastructure debt investments. These constant risk terms are estimated with the β coefficients and the historical volatility of a infrastructure debt index. For each modelling approach, the commonly used risk measures standalone risk and risk contribution are presented for the entire block of the infrastructure debt specific factors and for each of the individual factors within this block. Both modelling approaches should enable for better explanation of risk in private infrastructure debt investments by introducing revenue risk. However, the modelling approaches have not been backtested and therefore no conclusion can be made in regards to whether one of the proposed modelling approaches actually is better than current modelling approaches for private infrastructure debt. / Investeringar i privat infrastrukturskuld har ökat de senaste åren [15]. För βägare av portföljer med investeringar i samtliga tillgångsslag är det viktigt att kunna urskilja risken från de olika innehaven i portföljen. Det finns många utmaningar vad gäller modellering av privat infrastrukturskuld, så som den begränsade mängden privat data och publika index för privat infrastrukturskuld. I denna uppsats föreslås två tillvägagångssätt för att modellera privat infrastrukturskuld i en parametrisk riskfaktormodell. Båda tillvägagångssätten eftersträvar att inkorporera intäktsrisk, vilket är risken som beror på den underliggande intäktsmodellen i ett infrastrukturprojekt eller företag. Intäksrisk delas in i intäksmodellerna "merchant", "contracted" och "regulated", då en skillnad i spreadnivå mellan privata infrastrukturskuldinvesteringar kan urskiljas med denna kategorisering. Skillnaden i spreadnivå mellan de olika kategorierna används för att estimera β -koefficienter som används i båda tillvägagångssätten. Spreadnivåerna erhålls från ett dataset och från en tidigare studie. I det första tillvägagångssättet, den systematiska riskfaktor-ansatsen, introduceras tre systematiska riskfaktorer som representerar infrastrukturskuldinvesteringar med en viss intäktsmodell. Risken eller volatiliten för dessa faktorer är densamma som volatiliteten för ett index för infrastrukturskuld justerat med en av β -koefficienterna. I det andra tillvägagångssättet, den idriosynktratiska riskterm-ansatsen, adderas tre konstanta risktermer för intäktsmodellerna för att fånga upp intäktsrisken i de privata infrastrukturinvesteringarna. De konstanta risktermerna är estimerade med β -koefficienterna och en historisk volatilitet för ett index för infrastrukturskuld. För båda tillvägagångssätten presenteras riskmåtten stand-alone risk1 och risk contribution2. Riskmåtten ges för ett block av samtliga faktorer för infrastrukturskuld och för varje enskild faktor inom detta block. Båda tillvägagångssätten borde möjliggöra bättre förklaring av risken för privata infrastrukturskuldinvesteringar i en större portfölj genom att ta hänsyn till intäktsrisken. De två tillvägagångssätten för modelleringen har dock ej testats. Därför kan ingen slutsats dras med hänsyn till huruvida ett av tillvägagångssätten är bättre än de som används för närvärande för modellering av privat infrastrukturskuld.

This study looks at how autism is represented by characters in popular film, by analyzing the protagonists of two films, I rymden finns inga känslor and Please Stand By, with narrative and character analysis and then interpreting the result against social constructionism and theories of normality. The analysis results in the emergence of stereotypical characters in both films, and a statement that this can help to form a kind of symbol for what autism means for non-autistic individuals. The discussion states that in order to combat stereotypical representation in popular media, a change is needed from a medical model to a social model together with a change in the discourse around what autism means for autistic individuals.

Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur agila team upplever digitala DSM samt kartlägga vilka tekniska ochsociala behov som uppfylls och/eller saknas. De teman som undersöktes var hur digitala DSMgenomfördes praktiskt, vilka tekniska verktyg som användes samt vilken social inverkan det hade påteamet. För att ge riktning åt studien skrevs tre forskningsfrågor med tillhörande tre hypoteser sombaseras på tidigare forskning. Hypoteserna som utformades löd; (H1) vid digitala DSM behöver fler än detre centrala frågorna diskuteras, (H2) funktioner som simulerar den fysiska arbetsplatsen är bärande för ettfungerande digitalt DSM och (H3) minskad informell kommunikation vid distansarbete kompenseras avatt digitala DSM utökas i tid. Studien har genomförts genom att samla in data från en webbaserad enkätsom skickades ut med hjälp av grindvaktare till flera agila team. Enkäten bestod av både kvalitativafritextfrågor och kvantitativa flervalsfrågor som baserades på Theory of distances (Bjarnason et al., 2016),en sammanställning av intergroup theory samt tidigare forskning. Resultatet visade att små skillnaderfanns mellan traditionella och digitala DSM. Hybrid-varianter, minskad informell kommunikation ochbrist på heltäckande funktioner ansågs vara den största utmaningen med digitala DSM. Fördelarnaupplevdes olika beroende på personliga förutsättningar hos respondenterna. Slutsatserna som kunde drasav studien var att det saknades funktioner för att stödja synlighet av emotioner och kroppsspråk men attfunktioner, som skärmdelning, gav en gemensam bild av projektet. Den informella kommunikationenbehöver aktivt inkluderas vid digitala DSM vilket gör att digitala DSM blir längre än traditionella. Vidareforskning hade kunnat fokusera på virtuella mötesrum som en del av lösningen på identifierade problem. / The purpose of the study is to describe how agile teams experience digital DSM and to elucidate whichtechnical and social needs that are met and/or missing. Following themes were examined: how digitalDSM was implemented in practice, what technical tools were used and what social impact digital DSMshad on the team. To give direction to the study, three research questions were formulated with threeassociated hypotheses based on previous research. The hypotheses that were formed were; (H1) in digitalDSM, more than the three central questions were discussed, (H2) functions that simulate the physicalworkplace are essential for a functioning digital DSM and (H3) reduced informal communication inremote work is compensated by time extended digital DSM. The study was conducted by collecting datafrom a web-based survey that was provided to several agile teams with the help of gatekeepers. Thequestionnaire consisted of both qualitative open questions and quantitative multiple-choice questionsbased on Theory of distances (Bjarnason et al., 2016), a compilation of intergroup theory and previousresearch. The results show that there are small differences between traditional and digital DSMs. Hybridvariants, reduced informal communication and lack of comprehensive features were considered to be thegreatest challenge with digital DSM. The benefits were experienced differently depending on the personalcharacteristics of the respondents. The conclusions of the study were that there were no technicalfunctions to back the visibility of emotions and body language, but that functions such as screen sharing,gave a common picture of the project. The informal communication needs to be actively included indigital DSMs which makes digital DSMs more protracted than traditional ones. Further research can focus on virtual meeting rooms as part of the solution to the identified problems

Background: Obesity-induced alterations in biomechanics and muscle recruitment during activities of daily living, such as sit-to-stand (STS) are often attributed to increases in adipose tissue (AT) mass. Central or peripheral distribution of AT may differently affect biomechanics and muscle recruitment. Methods: Fifteen healthy, normal weight (BMI 22.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 24.1 ± 4.2 years) subjects volunteered. External loads equivalent to a 5 kg/m2 BMI increase were applied in three conditions: unloaded (UN), centrally loaded (CL), and peripherally loaded (PL). Subjects completed three successful STS movements in a backless chair under each load condition in random order. Motion analysis and lower extremity surface electromyography (EMG) were measured. Results: Compared to UN and CL, PL significantly increased support width during STS. PL also significantly increased maximum trunk flexion compared to CL. Peak and total VM EMG activity were significantly increased during CL, compared to UN and PL. During CL, peak VL EMG activity was significantly greater than UN. Conclusions: Central and peripheral weight gain induce different biomechanical adaptations during STS. Central weight gain increases knee extensor muscle activity during STS independent of biomechanical changes. In contrast, peripheral weight gain increases support width and trunk flexion with minimal EMG changes during STS.

Šiame magistro darbe eksperimentiškai nustatomas biomechaniškai patikimesnis ir stipresnis raktikaulio ir mentės fiksavimas. Yra taikomi 3 skirtingi raktikaulio ir snapinės ataugos sujungimo būdai. Teorinėje dalyje išanalizuota petinio raktikaulio sąnario anatomija, traumos mechanizmas, traumų paplitimas. Apžvelgti raktikaulio ir mentės fiksavimo būdai, išanalizuoti labiausiai cituojami literatūroje biomechaniniai tyrimai, kuriuose tarpusavyje lyginami skirtingi gydymo būdai statinės ir dinaminės apkrovos aspektais. Eksperimentinėje dalyje suprojektuotas ir pagamintas stendas, kad būtų galima nustatyti biomechaniškai stipresnį ir patikimesnį raktikaulio ir snapinės ataugos sujungimą. Atlikti eksperimentiniai matavimai taikant 3 skirtingas fiksavimo metodikas. Atlikta rezultatų analizė ir apdorojimas, taikant statistikos metodus. Atlikus sistemos eksperimentinį tyrimą, pateiktos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbo apimtis – 74 p. teksto be priedų, 46 pav., 4 lent., 69 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / This Master degree thesis experimentally determined biomechanical more reliable and stronger clavicle and scapula fixation. There are 3 applicable different clavicle and coracoid process fixation techniques. Theoretical part is an analysis of acromioclavicular joint anatomy, injury mechanism, injury incidence. The clavicle and scapula fixation methods are reviewed, the analysis of the most cited literature in biomechanical studies is completed, in which different treatment methods are compared on the aspects of the static and dynamic load. On the experimental part the stand is designed and produced for the purpose of the establishment of a stronger and more reliable biomechanical clavicle and coracoid process fixation. Experimental measurements are performed using three different fixation techniques. The results are analyzed and treatment, using statistical methods. The conclusions and recommendations are given at the end of this work. The thesis consists of 74 p. text without appendixes, 46 pictures, 4 tables, 69 bibliographical entries.

A novel probabilistic method has been developed for modelling the operation of energy storage in electricity systems with significant amounts of wind and solar powered generation. This method is based on a spectral analysis of the variations of wind speed and solar irradiance together with profiles of electrical demand. The method has been embodied in two Matlab computer programs: Wind power only: This program models wind power on any time scale from seconds to years, with limited modelling of demand profiles. This program is only capable of modelling stand-alone systems, or systems in which the electrical demand is replaced by a weak grid connection with limited export capacity. 24-hours: This program models wind power, solar PV power and electrical demand, including seasonal and diurnal effects of each. However, this program only models store cycle times (variations within a time scale) of 24 hours. This program is capable of modelling local electrical demand at the same time as a grid connection with import or export capacity and a backup generator. Each of these programs has been validated by comparing its results with those from a time step program, making four Matlab programs in total. All four programs calculate the power flows to and from the store, satisfied demand, unsatisfied demand and curtailed power. The programs also predict the fractions of time that the store spends full, empty, filling or emptying. The results obtained are promising. Probabilistic program results agree well with time step results over a wide range of input data and time scales. The probabilistic method needs further refinement, but can be used to perform initial modelling and feasibility studies for renewable energy systems. The probabilistic method has the advantage that the required input data is less, and the computer run time is reduced, compared to the time step method.

The increase in soybean production in Manitoba has raised many questions about phosphorus management for achieving high yields of modern varieties. Soybean’s tolerance to seed-placed fertilizer and response to added fertilizer P were evaluated in a 28 site-year study, and the yield response to soil test P concentrations was evaluated in seven site-years, in a second study. Plant stand reduction caused by fertilizer toxicity when applied with the seed was rare, but was most likely in soils with medium to coarse texture or when seeding equipment lightly disturbed the soil, or provided little seed bed utilization. Severe plant stand reduction decreased seed yield in two site-years. Seed yield increase to P fertilization was rarely observed, regardless of fertilizer P rate, P placement or soil test P. In only one site-year there was a significant effect of fertilizer rate, where 45 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased yield by approximately 15%, compared to the control. Regardless of soil test P, seed yield response to soil P fertility was never observed. / October 2016

Phyllis Diller, Joan Rivers, and Lisa Lampanelli as performers demonstrate an arc of evolving female empowerment in the world of stand-up comedy. In this thesis I shall study the development of each woman’s career by examining her material, progression of her comic persona, and relationship to women’s gender roles, both personally and professionally. While there are many other female comics who contribute to the story of women’s stand-up comedy in the contemporary period (in particular, Moms Mabley and Elayne Boosler), Diller, Rivers and Lampanelli each represent a distinct shift in how their persona combined with subject matter, allowing women to break new barriers in terms of comic performance. Diller’s comedy carved a space for Rivers’, and Rivers’ comedy carved a space for the likes of Lampanelli. In viewing the trajectory of their effect on comedy as a whole, we can see how each woman asserted herself in stand-up performance, and forever changed the nature of who was allowed to get up on stage, and also, what they were allowed to say by their audiences. To quote Joan Rivers, “First there was a gasp…and then there was a laugh” (Rivers “Piece of Work”).

Vid avverkning av virke vid gallring börjat handla om två maskintyper stickvägs- och beståndsgående skördare för att utföra gallring. Studiens syfte var att se om det fanns någon skillnad i antalet kvarvarande stammar efter gallring mellan de olika maskintyperna. För att komma fram till om det fanns någon skillnad mellan maskintyperna användes cirkelprovytor 5,64 m för att räkna stammar. Resultatet visade på skillnader i antal stammar per ha och också på en skillnad i grundyta. Beståndsgående skördare skapar förutsättningar för stabilare bestånd då inte breda stickvägar tas upp. / In thinnings two types of machines, strip road and stand-thinning machines are used. The study's purpose was to see if there was any difference in the number of stems per ha after thinning with the various machine types. To find out whether there was any difference between the types of machines circular plots were used, 5,64 m, to count the stem number and basal area. The results showed differences in the number of stems per ha and also showed a difference in basal area. Stand-thinning machines creates conditions for stable stands since wide strip roads doesn`t occur.