Yau Man Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-57). / Abstract in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Review on Stress and Coping --- p.1 / Coping --- p.2 / Research on Stress and Coping --- p.3 / Using SMIs to Study Stress and Coping --- p.5 / Occupational Stress --- p.6 / Table 1 --- p.9 / Reasons for Meta-Analysis --- p.10 / Content As a Moderator --- p.11 / Identification of Stressors as a Moderator --- p.12 / Massed Vs Distributed Session as a Moderator --- p.13 / Time Interval as Moderator --- p.15 / Outcomes --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- METHOD --- p.18 / Literature Search --- p.18 / Inclusion Criteria --- p.18 / Meta-Analysis Procedures --- p.19 / Coding --- p.21 / Publication Bias --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- RESULTS --- p.22 / Overall --- p.22 / Table 2 --- p.23 / Moderators --- p.24 / Table 3 --- p.24 / Table 4 --- p.26 / Table 5 --- p.26 / Table 6 --- p.27 / Table7 --- p.29 / Table 8 --- p.30 / Table 9 --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- DISCUSSION --- p.32 / Workshop Content --- p.34 / Identification of Stress --- p.35 / Massed and Distributed Practice --- p.36 / Time interval --- p.37 / Implications --- p.38 / Limitations and Future Directions --- p.40 / Concluding Remarks --- p.42 / REFERENCES --- p.44

Orientador: Roberto Calderon Gonçalves / Banca: Simone Biagio Chiacchio / Banca: Raimundo de Souza Lopes / Banca: Fernando José Benesi / Banca: Débora Cristina Damasceno / Resumo: Nas espécies domésticas as pneumonias cursam com intensa resposta inflamatória e acúmulo de células fagocíticas nos pulmões, levando a danos expressivos das estruturas do trato respiratório e à função pulmonar devido ao estresse oxidativo decorrente da liberação de grandes quantidades de Espécies Reativas do Oxigênio (ERO) durante a explosão respiratória. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o status oxidativo, a resposta inflamatória e a gasometria arterial, de ovinos sadios (n=20) e com diagnóstico clínico de pneumonia (n=20). Inicialmente os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e divididos em dois grupos: I) G1/controle, composto pelos animais clinicamente sadios e II) G2, composto pelos animais portadores de pneumonia. O status oxidativo foi avaliado por determinação indireta da atividade enzimática da Superóxido Dismutase (SOD) e Glutationa Peroxidase (GSH-Px) e das concentrações de Glutationa total (GSH-t) e Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) no sangue periférico por método colorimétrico. A resposta inflamatória foi avaliada pelo hemograma e proteína total e fibrinogênio plasmáticos e a função pulmonar pela determinação das variáveis hemogasométricas Pressão Arterial de Oxigênio (PaO2), Pressão Arterial de Gás Carbônico (PaCO2), Hidrogeniônico (pH), Saturação de Oxigênio (SO2), Bicarbonato (HCO3¯), Dióxido de Carbono Total (TCO2) e Excesso de Bases (EB), avaliados em sangue arterial. O leucograma revelou leucocitose com neutrofilia, eosinofilia, monocitose e linfopenia nos animais doentes (p<0,05). Com relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos, os ovinos portadores de pneumonia apresentaram aumento significativo (p>0,05) da concentração de fibrinogênio e proteína plasmática total. Os animais portadores de pneumonia apresentaram diminuição estatisticamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In domestic species, pneumonia is accompanied by intense inflammatory response and accumulation of phagocytic cells in the lungs, causing structural damage of the respiratory tract due to oxidative stress resulting from the release of large amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during the respiratory burst. The aim of this study was to analyze the oxidative status, inflammatory response and arterial blood gases values in healthy sheep (n=20) and animals with a clinically diagnosed pneumonia (n = 20). After physical examination the animals were divided into two groups: i) G1/control, composed of clinically healthy animals and ii) G2, composed of animals with pneumonia. The oxidative status was assessed by indirect determinations of enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and concentrations of total glutathione (GSH-t) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in peripheral blood by a colorimetric method. The inflammatory response was evaluated by complete blood count and total protein and plasma fibrinogen. The lung function was evaluated by determinations of blood gas parameters in arterial blood: Oxygen Pressure (PaO2) Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2), Pressure Hydrogen (pH), Oxygen Saturation (SO2), Bicarbonate (HCO3¯), Total Carbon Dioxide (TCO2) and Base Excess (EB). The leucogram results showed Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, eosinophilia, monocytosis and lymphopenia in sick animals (p<0,05). With regard to biochemical parameters, sheep with pneumonia showed a significant increase (p<0,05) of fibrinogen and total plasma protein concentrations. The animals from group G2 had a statistically significant reduction (p<0,05) in SOD and GSH-Px enzymatic activity and GSH-t concentration, while TBARS concentration was significantly higher (p<0,05). Arterial blood... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Stress can lead to poor health and loss of productivity among employees across occupations. Stress does not only affect individuals but also organizations by causing work absence and staff turnover. Academics in Malaysian public universities are no exception. Due to the rapid developments in tertiary education, academics in Malaysian public universities are believed to be experiencing increased job demands that potentially lead to increased stress. This study was carried out to examine: i) the direct effect of role stressors (i.e. role overload, role ambiguity and role conflict) on strain; ii) the direct effect of strain on the outcomes of strain (i.e. cynicism, professional efficacy, and organizational commitment); iii) the moderation effects of organizational support, peer support, and self-efficacy on the relationships between role stressors and strain; iv) the mediation effect of strain on the relationship between role stressors and strain; and v) the mediation effect of outcomes of strain (i.e. cynicism, professional efficacy, and organizational commitment) on the relationship between strain and intention to leave among those academics. This study used a non-experimental two-wave panel design. Eleven of the 12 study variables were measured using pre-existing scales except for self-efficacy, iii which was measured by items specially developed for this study. A longitudinal survey with a six-month time interval yielded 357 respondents (academics) at time 1 and 210 respondents at time 2. Data were analyzed using multiple regression, hierarchical regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test for direct effects, moderation effects and mediation effects respectively. The findings of this study indicate that academics who experienced increased levels of role stressors were more likely to have increased levels of strain. Subsequently, the strained academics were more likely to show higher levels of cynicism and lower levels of professional efficacy and organizational commitment. The predicted moderators (i.e organizational support, peer support, and self-efficacy) had no significant influence on the relationships between role stressors and strain. Mediation analyses consisted of two parts. In the first part, I found that strain strongly mediated the relationship between role ambiguity and outcomes of strain (i.e. cynicism, professional efficacy, and organizational commitment). In the subsequent mediation analysis, I found that cynicism and organizational commitment fully mediated the relationship between strain and intention to leave, but not professional efficacy.

The maladaptive effects of work-related strain constitute an ongoing and growing problem for many workers in the modern workplace. Contemporary understanding of the physiology of brain arousal processes suggests a consistent balance between brain arousal and recovery over the 24-hour work/rest cycle is crucial for maintaining an adaptative response to work strain. Broadly, intense brain arousal tends to occur at work, whilst its recovery occurs in non-work time, usually at home. This thesis describes the development and validation of a new self-report measure of work-related strain, which incorporates a new and unique measurement of recovery from work strain between successive work periods. This instrument has facilitated several studies of recovery from work-related stress/fatigue, which are reported in the form of papers published, in press or in review with peer-reviewed journals. In particular, it is evident that the type and frequency of non-work time behaviour may be significant in determining the level of recovery from acute work strain. This, in turn, mediates the quality of sleep subsequently achieved, and these combine synergistically to determine overall level of recovery that is achieved between work periods. Consistent with the known physiology of brain arousal and recovery, which is described, non-work time behaviours, which mediate adequate recovery from work strain consistently, may represent the difference between long-term adaptative and maladaptive outcomes of work strain exposure. This suggests an area for work-stress intervention hitherto underestimated in fatigue/stress research. It is argued to be of significance for workers in high stress occupations, since non-work time behaviour is potentially more completely within their discretionary power, than the stress/fatigue levels to which they may be regularly exposed through the inherent nature of their work.

Thesis (M.A.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-65).

<p>Arbetsrelaterad stress som leder till psykisk ohälsa och utmattningssyndrom är</p><p>ett samhällsproblem i dag. Syftet med studien var att finna faktorer som har</p><p>bidragit till återgången i arbete för fem kvinnor som drabbats av</p><p>utmattningssymtom. Kriterierna för urvalet var att kvinnorna hade haft</p><p>självskattade utmattningssymtom, var anställda inom Vilhelmina Kommun,</p><p>och hade kommit tillbaka till arbetet. Kvinnorna intervjuades med</p><p>utgångspunkt från områdena sociala-, privata- och organisatoriska</p><p>framgångsfaktorer. Det framgick att inom området för sociala faktorer var det</p><p>olika former av samtal som hade haft stor betydelse för tillbakagången. Inom</p><p>området för privata faktorer gällde det hjälpen till beteende- och</p><p>livsstilsförändringar, och i området för organisatoriska faktorer framgick att det</p><p>var betydelsefullt med en god kontakt med arbetsledare och arbetskamrater</p><p>samt möjlighet till arbete utifrån de egna förutsättningarna. Slutsatsen är att</p><p>satsningar inom dessa områden kan hjälpa individer med utmattningssymtom</p><p>tillbaka till arbete samt förebygga att friska anställda drabbas av tillståndet.</p>

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hälso-, psykologiska och sociala förändringar i samband med bankrån och om det fanns kvarstående stressymtom efter rånet. Vidare undersöktes vilket krisstöd som erbjöds samt vad som hade betydelse för återhämtningen efter rånet. Fyra kvinnor intervjuades och materialet analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att sju temaområden kunde urskiljas i den akuta stressfasen, där fem av dessa temaområden helt kunde kategoriseras som psykologiska förändringar. I ett tema kunde svaga hälsoförändringar skönjas och vissa sociala effekter framkom i ett tema. Under kvarstående besvär kunde fyra teman urskiljas och alla dessa kunde kategoriseras in under psykologiska förändringar. Här framkom inga kvarstående hälsoförändringar eller sociala effekter. Två teman kunde urskiljas i krisstöd och återhämtning. Ett tema beskrev omhändertagandet vid rånet och ett tema beskrev samtalets och stödets betydelse för återhämtning.</p>

<p>I studien undersöks hur kvinnor som varit sjukskrivna för utmattningssyndrom upplevt den behandling de fått. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning som har baserats på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer. Dessa är gjorda i en mellanstor svensk kommun där undersökningsgruppen bestod av fyra kvinnor. Kvinnorna valdes ut med hjälp av kontakter. Intervjufrågorna har inte använts tidigare utan har konstruerats utifrån studiens syfte. Till hjälp med dokumentationen användes en bandspelare. Tryckt litteratur, internetsidor, vetenskapliga studier samt de intervjuade kvinnorna har använts som källor. Utifrån intervjuerna har kategorier bildats som sedan redovisats i resultatet. Resultatet visade vilken form av behandling dessa kvinnor blivit erbjudna och upplevelsen av behandlingsformen. Vidare visar resultatet vad informanterna saknat i behandlingen och vilka önskemål om förbättring som fanns för att minska risken för återfall. Majoriteten av kvinnorna blev erbjudna behandling i form av samtal med kurator eller psykolog. Kvinnorna var nöjda med samtalsterapi som behandlingsform. Samtliga blev erbjudna mediciner och flertalet upplevde en positiv effekt av dessa. Kvinnorna talade om ett behov av att träffa andra individer i liknande situation för att finna stöd och ha möjlighet att byta erfarenheter. Resultatet visade att samtliga kvinnor hade önskemål om gruppträffar med aktiviteter som en del av behandlingen. Vidare påpekades avsaknaden av uppföljning efter avslutad behandling. Slutsatsen är att det finns behov av alternativ till den som behandling som sjukvården erbjuder, där en hälsopedagog kan fylla en viktig roll.</p> / <p>The study examines how women who were on sick leave for experience of burnout and the treatment they received. The study was based on four semi-structured interviews. These are made of a medium-sized Swedish municipality in which the study group consisted of four women. The women were selected through contacts. Interview questions were not used in the past, they have been constructed out of the study purpose. To help with the documentation tape recorder has been used. Printed books, Internet sites, scientific studies and the interviewed women were used as sources. The interviews showed categories which have been retorted in the result. The results showed what kind of treatment these women have been offered and how they experienced the treatment. Furthermore, the results show what the informants lacked in the treatment and desire for improvement, which was to reduce the risk of relapse. The majority of the women were offered treatment in the form of conversations with a counselor or psychologist and those women were satisfied with counseling as therapy. All were offered drugs and the majority experienced a positive effect of these. The women spoke of a need to meet other individuals in similar situations to find support and have the opportunity to share experiences. The results showed that all women had requests for meetings with group activities as a part of the treatment. It was further stated the lack of follow-up after completion of treatment. The conclusion is that there is a need for alternatives to the offered treatment service, where a health educator can play an important role.</p>

Most plant toxicology tests developed in support of environmental laws use a single stress applied to an individual plant. While tests using individual species or stresses require fewer resources and are easier to interpret, they are under increasing criticism for being unrealistic and missing important ecological interactions. The objective of this research was to increase our understanding of how plants and plant communities respond to a variety of stressors. Model plant communities of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild oats (Avena fatua) were planted at three densities and five proportions in the field. Puccinia recondita, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust, was inoculated on half of the plots. Disease severity was estimated as percent of wheat flag leaves covered by rust lesions. Plants were harvested at maturity and measured. Seeding density rarely had a significant influence on rust severity, probably because tiller density differed little as a result of compensation due to increased tillering at low seeding densities. In contrast, increasing the proportion of wheat in mixtures with wild oats consistently increased wheat leaf rust severity. There was no evidence to suggest that wild oats acted as a barrier to inoculum movement. Wild oats' effect on wheat leaf rust was probably through its competitive reduction of wheat tiller density. Both wheat and wild oats seed weight decreased as the proportion of wild oats increased in mixtures. This indicates that intraspecific competition was stronger in wild oats than was intraspecific competition with wheat in these mixtures. Wild oats generally did not respond to the presence of leaf rust on wheat, while wheat was negatively impacted. Thus, there was little competitive advantage to wild oats when its competitor (wheat) was diseased. A small subset of the field treatments was treated with ozone, because of the limited space available in the open-top ozone exposure chambers. Wheat height and aboveground biomass generally decreased with ozone exposure and with increasing disease severity in both years, while total grain weight decreased significantly only with disease and only in one year. There was no interaction between ozone and disease, regardless of cultivar, density, or plant response variable measured. There was little evidence that ozone exposure affected the severity of wheat leaf rust. In general, there seemed to be a lack of interactions among the different stressors and the results varied considerably depending on year and wheat cultivar. / Graduation date: 1998

In the wild, when an animal is exposed to predators or harsh conditions, the stress response is often associated with fleeing behaviors, which are seen as increased locomotor behavior. Handling-stress procedures and intracerebroventricular (icy) injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) have both been shown to cause an increase in locomotor activity in roughskin newts (Taricha granulosa). The present experiments were designed to determine if icv administration of corticosterone (CORT) prevents stress-induced locomotor increases in activity, if it prevents CRF-induced increases in locomotor activity, and if the time-course and pharmacological specificity of the CORT effects on locomotor activity fit the model for intracellular or membrane receptors. In experiment 1, newts which had been injected with CORT or dexamethasone (DEX) received a standardized handling-stress procedure. Corticosterone administration was able to suppress the increase in locomotor activity in newts exposed to handling-stress at 20 minutes after administration. This effect was transient (no longer present at 2 hours after the injection) and not mimicked by DEX, a synthetic glucocorticoid that binds to intracellular and not membrane receptors. In experiments 2 and 3, either CORT or DEX was administered in the same icy injection with CRF. CORT suppressed CRF-induced locomotor activity in some cases, but this action of CORT seems to be context dependent. Results for DEX-injected newts were confounded the failure of CRF to induced significant increases in locomotor activity. There was variability in the effect of CRF on locomotor activity across seasons. Based on time-course and specificity, it appears that CORT can modulate locomotor activity in newts through mechanisms involving the membrane receptor. Variability in the effects of CRF on locomotor activity in newts suggests there may be seasonal differences in responses to stress. / Graduation date: 1998