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Cross-ply composite laminates can develop very high density of transverse cracks in the 90-layer under severe thermal and mechanical loading conditions. At such high crack densities, two adjacent cracks start to interact, and a stress gradient is created in the region between these cracks. Due to the presence of high stress gradients, thickness averaging of longitudinal stress becomes obsolete. Thus, a detailed analysis of stress state along the thickness direction becomes necessary to study growth conditions of fiber sized microcracks initiated at the interface between 0-layer and 90-layer. Stress analysis at various crack densities is carried out in this project using finite element analysis or FEM as the main tool. This analysis is coupled with strain energy release rate (ERR) studies for a microcrack which grows in transverse direction from one interface to the other. The growth of this microcrack is found to be strongly influenced by the stress gradients and a presence of compressive stresses along midplane under tensile loading conditions at high crack densities.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Objectives: A new technology has been introduced into the field of dental resin composites that professes to enhance light-curing efficiency. Rapid amplified photopolymerization (RAP) initiator technology has not yet been fully compared with resin composites with conventional initiators such as camphorquinone (CQ). The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the effects of this novel technology (RAP) on properties of two light-cured resin composites. Flowable (EFQ) and microfilled (ESQ) experimental composites were fabricated and supplied from Tokuyama Dental with (w/RAP) and without RAP (w/o RAP). The flexural strength (MPa) and flexural modulus (MPa) were obtained using a three-point bending apparatus (Sintech Renew 1123, Instron Engineering Corp., Canton, MA). Polymerization stress curves were created using a tensometer (American Dental Association Health Foundation, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD) which were then used to calculate the maximum stress rate. Finally, the degree of conversion was measured using infrared spectroscopy (Jassco FT-IR spectrometer, Model: 4100, Jasco Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). When evaluating the flexural strength, the peak stress for EFQ w/RAP was significantly higher than EFQ w/o RAP (p = 0.0001). This was statistically not significant for the ESQ group, even though ESQ w/RAP did have a higher peak stress then ESQ w/o RAP (p = 0.28). The interaction between resin type and RAP was not significant when evaluating the flexural modulus (p = 0.21). Formulations with RAP had a significantly higher flexural modulus then w/o RAP (p = 0.0001). Experimental resins with RAP had significantly higher maximum stress rates than those w/o RAP when evaluating polymerization stress (p = 0.0001). Finally, groups w/ RAP appeared to have a higher degree of conversion than groups without (p = 0.0057). This study showed that the experimental composites with RAP had greater mechanical properties than those without. Unfortunately, the increase in polymerization stress causes concern clinically due to the chance of leakage at the restoration/tooth interface. One of the main potential disadvantages of this new RAP technology is an increase in the polymerization stress. Deciding if this amount of polymerization stress is clinically acceptable is yet to be accomplished.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A provisional restoration must fulfill biologic, mechanical, and esthetic requirements. These prostheses should provide comfort, pulp protection, positional stability, occlusal function, hygiene access, esthetics, strength and retention. Methyl-methacrylate acrylic has assumed many appli¬cations in the field of restorative dentistry. However, the material still has deficiencies, such as polymerization shrinkage, pulpal damage associated with exothermic polymerization and susceptibility to fracture. Bis-GMA composites, Bis-acryl composites and visible light-cured urethane dimethacrylate resins have been developed to address these issues. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of provisional restorations made from composite resins (Protemp Plus, Luxatemp Solar, Radica, Protemp Crown) to those made of the traditional methacrylate resins (Jet, Snap, High Impact). Six groups of samples, two groups from methacrylate and four groups from composite based materials, were fabricated. Samples from each group were evaluated for microhardness (n=10), flexural strength and flexural modulus (n=20) according to ISO 4049, and fracture toughness (n=20) according to ISO 13586. From each of the six groups, ten samples were tested for flexural strength, flexural modulus and fracture toughness and 5 samples were tested for microhardness. These tests were done after storing at 37°C in a distilled water solution for 7 days followed by thermal cycling (2500 cycles, 5-55°C, 45 s. dwell). Identical sets of samples from each group were used as controls; these were tested after storing for 24 hours in dry conditions. The results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with material type and aging conditions as the two main variables. Significance level was set at p=0.05. For flexural strength and flexural modules, the higher values were obtained for Radica. Protemp plus (7 days) and Radica (24h) had the highest fracture toughness value. Protemp crown showed the highest surface hardness. The mechanical properties of composite resin were superior.

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AbstraktSyfte:Studiens syfte var att utreda maxlasttoleransen mellan yttria-stabiliserad zirkoniumdioxid- (Y-TZP) och metallkeramiska- (MC) molarkronor med en ny design på in vitro belastningsformen. En stålkula användes för att utöva last på kusparna istället för i fissuren för att framställa en sprickbildning liknande den som ses kliniskt. Materialochmetod:26 kronor tillverkades, varav 13 högädla MC och 13presintrade Y-TZP. 7 av MC göts av 50% tidigare icke-gjuten och 50% omgjuten legering medan de kvarvarande 6 göts av 100% tidigare icke gjuten legering. Kronorna täcktes av ett fasadporslinoch cementerades på stansar av ett resinmaterial. Av de 26 kronorna genomgick 24 förbelastingstester och belastades slutligen till fraktur. Resultat: MC klarade signifikant högre belastningar än Y-TZP, P>0,001. Frakturerna skiljde sig också grupperna emellan där MC-gruppen uppvisade enbart adhesiva frakturer av fasadporslinet under det att Y-TZP-gruppen uppvisade kohesiva brott i ytporslinet undantaget en Y-TZP-krona som uppvisade total fraktur. Ingen signifikant skillnad kunde ses mellan MC-kronor bestående av enbart tidigare icke gjuten legering och MC-kronor med 50% omgjuten legering, P=0,370. Konklusion: MC-kronor klararsignifikant högre belastningar än Y-TZP-kronor och testet genererar kliniskt relevanta frakturer av ytporslinet snarare än totala frakturer. Frakturbeteendet skiljer sig mellan MC och Y-TZP där MC uppvisar endast adhesiva fraktureroch Y-TZP främst kohesiva brott av ytporslinet.

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[pt] Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a resistência à falha da infraestrutura de uma prótese parcial fixa em zircônia de três elementos e aparafusada sobre implantes, através de análise de tensões por elementos finitos e determinação da resistência à fadiga da estrutura. Como objetivo secundário, foram avaliadas as distribuições das tensões nos demais componentes da prótese. Na análise de tensões, dois modelos distintos foram gerados, sendo o primeiro com prótese, implantes e parafusos similares àqueles adotados na clínica odontológica. Um segundo modelo, usado como controle, adotou uma geometria simplificada. As cargas mastigatórias foram aquelas usuais da literatura especializada e a análise por elementos finitos foi realizada através do programa Ansys Workbench 14.5. Os resultados das distribuições de tensões mostraram semelhanças entre os dois modelos, com pequenas variações relacionadas às geometrias empregadas. As tensões calculadas ficaram abaixo dos limites de resistência mecânica da zircônia e das ligas de titânio. No cálculo da vida em fadiga da prótese de zircônia um modelo analítico foi adotado prevendo uma vida infinita para o componente. / [en] The main goal of this work was to evaluate the failure resistance of a zirconia fixed partial denture of three elements screwed on implants by means of a finite element stress analysis and the determination of the fatigue strength of the structure. As a secondary objective, the stress distributions in the other components of the prosthesis were evaluated. In order to promote the stress analysis, two different models were generated, the first making use of prosthesis, implants and screws similar to those adopted in the dental clinic. A second model, used as control, adopted a simplified geometry. The masticatory loads were those presented usually in the literature and finite element analysis was performed making use of Ansys Workbench 14.5 program. The stress distribution results showed similarity in both models, with small variations related to the adopted geometries. The calculated stresses were smaller than the ultimate strength of the zirconia and titanium alloys. Concerning the fatigue life of the zirconia prosthesis an analytical model was adopted and estimated an infinite life for the component.