Les consommateurs veulent, grâce à leur consommation, éliminer tout effet négatif et maximiser l'impact bénéfique à long terme sur la Société. Ce type de consommer est appelé la consommation socialement responsable. Des recherches sur ce concept ont été menées dans les pays occidentaux, mais relativement peu d'études ont porté sur les pays en Asie en général et au Vietnam en particulier. Notre volonté, dans ce travail doctoral, est de construire une échelle de mesure de la consommation socialement responsable dans le contexte du Vietnam et de modéliser la prise de décision du consommateur en matière de consommation socialement responsable dans lequel les orientations cultuelles, les valeurs personnelles, l'efficacité perçue et la valeur perçue influencent directement et indirectement sur le comportement du consommateur. Notre thèse met en évidence une structure de consommation socialement responsable en cinq facettes : orientation sociale, orientation éthique, sensibilité environnementale, consommation locale et souci d'économie avec 3 comportements vietnamiens typiques. La modélisation par les équations structurelles permet de valider partiellement le modèle proposé. En effet, le collectivisme vertical influence indirectement la consommation socialement responsable via les valeurs personnelles orientées vers les autres qui sont elles-mêmes influencent directement la consommation socialement responsable et indirectement celle-ci, via l'efficacité perçue et la valeur perçue. Cependant, le processus de décision du consommateur n'est pas identique entre les deux facettes de consommation socialement responsable étudiées / Consumer wants, through his or her consumption, to eliminate any negative effects and maximize the long-term beneficial impact on the society. This type of consume is known as socially responsible consumption. There exist a large body of literature on this concept in Western countries, but relatively few studies focused on countries in Asia in general and Vietnam in particular. This doctoral has two main aims. The first aim was to build a socially responsible consumption scale in the context of Vietnam. The second one was to propose and validate a consumer decision-making model regarding socially responsible consumption in a perspective of values in which cultural orientations, human values, perceived consumer effectiveness and perceived value directly and indirectly influence on consumer behavior. Our thesis highlights a socially responsible consumption structure in five facets: social orientation, ethical orientation, environmental awareness, local consumption and anxiety of economy with three Vietnamese typical behaviors. Modeling structural equations allows to partially validating the proposed model. Indeed, the vertical collectivism indirectly influences the socially responsible consumption via social-oriented values that are themselves directly influence the socially responsible consumption and indirectly influences the latter, via the perceived consumer effectiveness and perceived value. However, the consumer decision process is not the same between the two socially responsible consumer studied facets

A Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM, do inglês Structural Equation Modeling) é uma metodologia multivariada que permite estudar relações de causa/efeito e correlação entre um conjunto de variáveis (podendo ser elas observadas ou latentes), simultaneamente. A técnica vem se difundindo cada vez mais nos últimos anos, em diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Uma de suas principais aplicações é na conrmação de modelos teóricos propostos pelo pesquisador (Análise Fatorial Conrmatória). Existem diversas medidas sugeridas pela literatura que servem para avaliar o quão bom está o ajuste de um modelo de SEM. Entretanto, é escassa a quantidade de trabalhos na literatura que listem relações entre os valores de diferentes medidas com possíveis problemas na amostra e na especicação do modelo, isto é, informações a respeito de que possíveis problemas desta natureza impactam quais medidas (e quais não), e de que maneira. Tal informação é importante porque permite entender os motivos pelos quais um modelo pode estar sendo considerado mal-ajustado. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar como diferentes perturbações na amostragem, especicação e estimação de um modelo de SEM podem impactar as medidas de qualidade de ajuste; e, além disso, entender se o tamanho da amostra influencia esta resposta. Simultaneamente, também se avalia como tais perturbações afetam as estimativas, dado que há casos de perturbações em que os parâmetros continuam sendo bem ajustados, mesmo com algumas medidas indicando um mau ajuste; ao mesmo tempo, há ocasiões em que se indica um bom ajuste, enquanto que os parâmetros são estimados de forma distorcida. Tais investigações serão realizadas a partir de simulações de exemplos de amostras de diferentes tamanhos para cada tipo de perturbação. Então, diferentes especicações de modelos de SEM serão aplicados a estas amostras, e seus parâmetros serão estimados por dois métodos diferentes: Mínimos Quadrados Generalizados e Máxima Verossimilhança. Conhecendo tais resultados, um pesquisador que queira aplicar a técnica de SEM poderá se precaver e, dentre as medidas de qualidade de ajuste disponíveis, optar pelas que mais se adequem às características de seu estudo. / The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a multivariate methodology that allows the study of cause-and-efect relationships and correlation of a set of variables (that may be observed or latent ones), simultaneously. The technique has become more diuse in the last years, in different fields of knowledge. One of its main applications is on the confirmation of theoretical models proposed by the researcher (Confirmatory Factorial Analysis). There are several measures suggested by literature to measure the goodness of t of a SEM model. However, there is a scarce number of texts that list relationships between the values of different of those measures with possible problems that may occur on the sample or the specication of the SEM model, like information concerning what problems of this nature impact which measures (and which not), and how does the impact occur. This information is important because it allows the understanding of the reasons why a model could be considered bad fitted. The objective of this work is to investigate how different disturbances of the sample, the model specification and the estimation of a SEM model are able to impact the measures of goodness of fit; additionally, to understand if the sample size has influence over this impact. It will also be investigated if those disturbances affect the estimates of the parameters, given the fact that there are disturbances for which occurrence some of the measures indicate badness of fit but the parameters are not affected; at the same time, that are occasions on which the measures indicate a good fit and there are disturbances on the estimates of the parameters. Those investigations will be made simulating examples of different size samples for which type of disturbance. Then, SEM models with different specifications will be fitted to each sample, and their parameters will be estimated by two dierent methods: Generalized Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood. Given those answers, a researcher that wants to apply the SEM methodology to his work will be able to be more careful and, among the available measures of goodness of fit, to chose those that are more adequate to the characteristics of his study.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Maria Fernandes Almeida de Valentin.pdf: 1279463 bytes, checksum: 2acac4579f264838444b083742b004f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / Organizational learning is an important domain in the management of organizations given the growing complexity, dynamism and competitiveness of the current global scenario. The creation of, access to, transfer and effective use of knowledge created inside and outside organizations through the relationships established by organizations with their environs are important in this context. Conditions are required to facilitate and encourage the use and exploration of knowledge that already exists or that is new in different sources of learning and to generate knowledge within organizations. The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of learning stocks and flows at the individual, group, organizational and interorganizational levels (or at the network level) and the influence of such flows and stocks on the performance of the Brazilian institutions which are the object of this study. These organizations are predominantly public non-profit organizations linked to national institutions for research, education and healthcare which are part of scientific knowledge networks. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data on the perception of professionals in the institutions surveyed. One hundred and ten valid questionnaires were returned. A quantitative method was used to analyze the data employing confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with the estimation of PLS-PM (Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling). Among the contributions of this work the following stand out: development and validation of a scale to measure the learning stock at the network level (inter-organizational), translation and validation of a scale to measure learning stocks and flows and modeling of inventories as a second-order latent variable to eliminate multicolinearity problems in the structural model. The five hypotheses were confirmed in that the misalignment between learning stocks and flows have a negative impact in the performance of institutions, whereas the learning stocks have a positive impact on performance which explains 78% of the variance of the perceived performance. These results confirm the results of the original research into the application of the 4I Learning model and the Strategic Learning Assessment Map (SLAM) and of the integrated approach to learning stocks and flows which occur within the organizations and in their relationships with their environs. It is also a contribution to the research on, study and practice of organizational learning in Brazil. The results also indicate that there should be an alignment between learning flows and existing learning stocks in the pursuit of continuous and organized renewal. / A aprendizagem organizacional constitui um importante domínio na gestão das organizações a considerar a complexidade, dinamismo e competitividade crescente que caracteriza o cenário global contemporâneo. A criação, acesso, transferência e uso efetivo dos conhecimentos gerados em ambiente interno e externamente, por meio da relação das organizações com o seu entorno são importantes neste contexto. Para tanto se requer condições que facilitam e estimulam a utilização e exploração dos novos e já existentes conhecimentos nas diferentes fontes de aprendizagem e geração de conhecimentos na organização. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência dos estoques e fluxos de aprendizagem nos níveis do indivíduo, grupo, organização e interorganização (ou de redes) no desempenho das instituições brasileiras objeto deste estudo, que são predominantemente de caráter público, sem fins lucrativos, vinculadas aos sistemas nacionais de pesquisa, educação e atenção à saúde e que integram redes de conhecimento científico. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário estruturado, buscando levantar a percepção dos profissionais nas instituições pesquisadas, sendo obtidos 110 questionários válidos. Por meio de método quantitativo, para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a análise fatorial confirmatória e a modelagem em equações estruturais com estimação PLS-PM (Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling). Destacam-se as seguintes contribuições da presente pesquisa: desenvolvimento e validação de uma escala para a mensuração do estoque de aprendizagem no nível de redes (interorganizacional), tradução e validação de escala para a mensuração dos estoques e fluxos de aprendizagem e modelagem dos estoques como uma variável latente de segunda ordem para eliminar problemas de multicolinearidade no modelo estrutural. As cinco hipóteses foram confirmadas sendo que o desalinhamento entre os estoques e os fluxos de aprendizagem prejudicam o desempenho das instituições e os estoques de aprendizagem impactam positivamente o desempenho, explicando 78% da variância do desempenho percebido. Estes resultados confirmam os resultados da pesquisa de referência na aplicação do modelo de Aprendizagem 4I e a matriz SLAM e a abordagem integrada de estoques e fluxos de conhecimento que ocorrem no interior das organizações e na relação com o seu entorno, e representa também uma contribuição à pesquisa, estudo e prática da aprendizagem organizacional no Brasil. Ainda apontam os resultados, que os fluxos de aprendizagem deveriam ocorrer de forma alinhada aos estoques de conhecimento existentes, buscando a renovação constante e organizada.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela de Lima Conte.pdf: 1229537 bytes, checksum: 12c2e22d3019f728244e9c7a47483c5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-15 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Organizations strive to plan formal learning processes and increasingly recognize the importance of informal learning, although it is difficult to explain quantitatively their contribution to organizational performance. From Pantoja (2004), several researchers have studied informal learning strategies (ILS) and its antecedents. The main contribution of this work is to use the ILS as predictors of individual learning of nursing professionals. In other words, a professional context not yet researched and the possibility of evaluating the predictive validity of the ILS: reproduction, intrinsic reflection, extrinsic reflection, seeking help with written material interpersonal help and practical application. These strategies were measured by an instrument containing thirty-three statements. The following ILS were used as predictors of individual learning, measured by 18 items, and it was considered as second-order latent variables with the following dimensions: the frequency, the importance of individual learning and the stock of individual learning. The data was collected in four hospitals and analyzed in a dichotomic way (public vs. private). In this study, 486 respondents participated (nurses and technical nursing). The data analysis was performed by means of structural equation modeling with partial least squares estimation, allowing the evaluation of the measurement model (convergent validity, discriminant and reliability) and the structural model (significance of the structural coefficients and effect size - R2). In public environment, the latent variables had average variance extracted between 0,47 and 0,76 (convergent validity), the square root of the average variance extracted was greater than the correlations between the latent variables (discriminant validity) and composite reliability was above 0,71. In private environment, the latent variables had average variance extracted between 0,56 and 0,76 (convergent validity), the square root of the average variance extracted was greater than the correlations between the latent variables (convergent validity) and composite reliability was above 0 , 83. As for the structural model, the public hospital showed that, in the perception of these professionals, there is some possibility of individual learning (mean = 7,41 and SD = 2,17 on a scale of 1 to 10). But only the strategy interpersonal help had significant influence on individual learning. In private hospitals, it was observed that there is also this perception of individual learning (mean = 8,83 and SD = 1.08 on a scale of 1 to 10). Furthermore, all strategies have a significant relationship with the individual learning, except reproduction, which showed negative relationship with individual learning (structural coefficient = - 0,358, p <0.01). These results can be explained from the practical point of view of the organizations current situation. The public hospital had recently changed its management, for a new management model is being implemented, especially in the nursing staff, which has affected the work processes of professionals and, consequently, their learning processes. Private hospitals already have a well established management model for the nursing staff. Seals in quality and accreditation processes of learning of nursing professionals were present in this process, and are also strongly encouraged by the organization / As organizações se esforçam em planejar processos de aprendizagem formais e cada vez mais reconhecem a importância da aprendizagem informal, apesar da dificuldade de explicitar de forma quantitativa sua contribuição ao desempenho organizacional. A partir de Pantoja (2004), vários pesquisadores têm estudado estratégias de aprendizagem informal (EAI) e seus antecedentes. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é utilizar as EAI como preditoras da aprendizagem individual dos profissionais de enfermagem, ou seja, um contexto profissional ainda não pesquisado, e a possibilidade de avaliar a validade preditiva das EAI, que são: reprodução, reflexão intrínseca, reflexão extrínseca, busca de ajuda em material escrito, busca de ajuda interpessoal e aplicação prática. As estratégias foram mensuradas por um instrumento com trinta e três afirmativas. As EAI foram utilizadas como preditoras da aprendizagem individual, mensuradas por 18 itens, sendo consideradas variáveis latentes de segunda ordem, com as seguintes dimensões: frequência, importância da aprendizagem individual e estoque de aprendizagem individual. Os dados foram coletados em quatro hospitais e analisados de forma dicotômica (público x privados), e participaram dessa pesquisa 486 respondentes (enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem). A análise dos dados foi realizada pela modelagem em equações estruturais com estimação por mínimos quadrados parciais, permitindo a avaliação do modelo de mensuração (validade convergente, discriminante e confiabilidade) e do modelo estrutural (significância dos coeficientes estruturais e tamanho do efeito R2). No ambiente público, as variáveis latentes apresentaram variância média extraída entre 0,47 e 0,76 (validade convergente), a raiz quadrada da variância média extraída foi superior às correlações entre as variáveis latentes (validade discriminante) e a confiabilidade composta superior a 0,71. No ambiente privado, as variáveis latentes apresentaram variância média extraída entre 0,56 e 0,76 (validade convergente), a raiz quadrada da variância média extraída foi superior às correlações entre as variáveis latentes (validade convergente) e a confiabilidade composta superior a 0,83. Quanto ao modelo estrutural, no hospital público, foi observado que, na percepção desses profissionais, há alguma possibilidade de aprendizagem individual (média = 7,41 e desvio padrão = 2,17, numa escala de 1 a 10). Mas apenas a estratégia ajuda interpessoal apresentou influência significativa com a aprendizagem individual. Nos hospitais privados, foi observado que também existe essa percepção da aprendizagem individual (média = 8,83 e desvio padrão = 1,08, numa escala de 1 a 10). E todas as estratégias apresentaram relação significante com a aprendizagem individual, exceto a reprodução, que apresentou relação negativa com a aprendizagem individual (coeficiente estrutural = - 0,358, p < 0,01). Esses resultados podem ser explicados do ponto de vista prático pela situação atual das organizações: o hospital público teve recentemente sua administração trocada, um novo modelo de gestão está sendo implantado, principalmente no corpo de enfermagem, que vem afetando os seus processos de trabalho e, consequentemente, seus processos de aprendizagem. Os hospitais privados apresentam um modelo de gestão do corpo de enfermagem bem consolidado. Estão presentes nesse ambiente selos de acreditação em qualidade e os processos de aprendizagem dos profissionais de enfermagem também são fortemente estimulados pela organização.

O presente trabalho pretende entender a dinâmica do gerenciamento de projetos no IPEN. Para tal, decidiu-se pela pesquisa junto a literatura acadêmica de modelos que pudessem servir de base e que após modificações e ajustes pudessem refletir a realidade dos projetos de Institutos Públicos Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento. Após tratamento estatístico dos dados algumas hipóteses foram validadas e demonstraram sua influência positiva no desempenho do gerenciamento do projeto, tais como a influência das pessoas que compõem as equipes, o efeito da liderança, dentre outras. O modelo, inclusive mostrou-se válido para explicar quais fatores são relevantes para o sucesso dos projetos. Um das principais objetivos, foi exatamente o uso de modelo de avaliação de gestão projetos, que fossem passíveis de validação estatística, e não utilizar um dos disponíveis no mercado, tais como P3M3 e OPM3, para que houvesse um controle e confirmação estatística dos resultados. Outro objetivo foi utilizar um modelo cujas assertivas refletissem a natureza dos projetos de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento gerenciados pelos pesquisadores do IPEN. Aliás, as referidas assertivas foram formuladas, e enviadas via pesquisa web, e respondidas por praticamente uma centena de profissionais do IPEN, envolvidos com projetos de P&D. A presente dissertação, acrescida das recomendações, ao final, tem como proposta servir de contribuição para os trabalhos desenvolvidos pelo Escritório de Projetos do IPEN. O modelo de avaliação, contido neste trabalho, pode ser aplicado em outras Instituições de P&D brasileiras, para que avaliem a forma e a maneira como gerenciam os seus respectivos projetos. / This paper aims to understand the dynamics involved in the project management at IPEN. To reach this goal, the method chosen was research along with academic literature of models that could serve as a base that after modifications and adjustments could reflect the reality of projects from the Public Institute of Research & Development. After undergoing statistical treatment of the data, some hypotheses were validated and showed positive influence on the project management performance, such as the influence of people who make up the teams, the leadership effect, among others. In fact, the model was found to be valid in explaining which factors are relevant for the success of the projects. One of the main goals was exactly the use of the project management evaluation model, submitted to statistical validation and not to use one available on the market, such as the P3M3 and OPM3, in order to assure the statistical control and confirmation of the results. Another goal was to use a model whose statements reflected the nature of the Research & Development project managed by researchers at IPEN. In fact, the aforementioned statements were formulated and sent via a web survey and answered by almost one hundred IPEN professionals who work on R&D projects. The following dissertation, along with the recommendations at the end, was included to serve as contribution to work developed by the IPEN Project Offices. The evaluation model included in this paper can be applied in other R&D organizations in Brazil, to evaluate the way their projects are managed.

A Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM, do inglês Structural Equation Modeling) é uma metodologia multivariada que permite estudar relações de causa/efeito e correlação entre um conjunto de variáveis (podendo ser elas observadas ou latentes), simultaneamente. A técnica vem se difundindo cada vez mais nos últimos anos, em diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Uma de suas principais aplicações é na conrmação de modelos teóricos propostos pelo pesquisador (Análise Fatorial Conrmatória). Existem diversas medidas sugeridas pela literatura que servem para avaliar o quão bom está o ajuste de um modelo de SEM. Entretanto, é escassa a quantidade de trabalhos na literatura que listem relações entre os valores de diferentes medidas com possíveis problemas na amostra e na especicação do modelo, isto é, informações a respeito de que possíveis problemas desta natureza impactam quais medidas (e quais não), e de que maneira. Tal informação é importante porque permite entender os motivos pelos quais um modelo pode estar sendo considerado mal-ajustado. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar como diferentes perturbações na amostragem, especicação e estimação de um modelo de SEM podem impactar as medidas de qualidade de ajuste; e, além disso, entender se o tamanho da amostra influencia esta resposta. Simultaneamente, também se avalia como tais perturbações afetam as estimativas, dado que há casos de perturbações em que os parâmetros continuam sendo bem ajustados, mesmo com algumas medidas indicando um mau ajuste; ao mesmo tempo, há ocasiões em que se indica um bom ajuste, enquanto que os parâmetros são estimados de forma distorcida. Tais investigações serão realizadas a partir de simulações de exemplos de amostras de diferentes tamanhos para cada tipo de perturbação. Então, diferentes especicações de modelos de SEM serão aplicados a estas amostras, e seus parâmetros serão estimados por dois métodos diferentes: Mínimos Quadrados Generalizados e Máxima Verossimilhança. Conhecendo tais resultados, um pesquisador que queira aplicar a técnica de SEM poderá se precaver e, dentre as medidas de qualidade de ajuste disponíveis, optar pelas que mais se adequem às características de seu estudo. / The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a multivariate methodology that allows the study of cause-and-efect relationships and correlation of a set of variables (that may be observed or latent ones), simultaneously. The technique has become more diuse in the last years, in different fields of knowledge. One of its main applications is on the confirmation of theoretical models proposed by the researcher (Confirmatory Factorial Analysis). There are several measures suggested by literature to measure the goodness of t of a SEM model. However, there is a scarce number of texts that list relationships between the values of different of those measures with possible problems that may occur on the sample or the specication of the SEM model, like information concerning what problems of this nature impact which measures (and which not), and how does the impact occur. This information is important because it allows the understanding of the reasons why a model could be considered bad fitted. The objective of this work is to investigate how different disturbances of the sample, the model specification and the estimation of a SEM model are able to impact the measures of goodness of fit; additionally, to understand if the sample size has influence over this impact. It will also be investigated if those disturbances affect the estimates of the parameters, given the fact that there are disturbances for which occurrence some of the measures indicate badness of fit but the parameters are not affected; at the same time, that are occasions on which the measures indicate a good fit and there are disturbances on the estimates of the parameters. Those investigations will be made simulating examples of different size samples for which type of disturbance. Then, SEM models with different specifications will be fitted to each sample, and their parameters will be estimated by two dierent methods: Generalized Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood. Given those answers, a researcher that wants to apply the SEM methodology to his work will be able to be more careful and, among the available measures of goodness of fit, to chose those that are more adequate to the characteristics of his study.

D'après le magazine Terra eco (2014),48% des français pratiquent régulièrement la consommation collaborative et 32% ont l'intention de le faire. Malgré l'engouement des consommateurs pour ces alternatives d'échanges, nous constatons comparativement assez peu d'études sur ce sujet en marketing. Cette recherche se propose donc d'analyser les motivations des membres des réseaux physiques de consommation collaborative, à travers l'étude du Système d'échange local (SEL). Le chapitre I propose un état des lieux du SEL, à travers son histoire, son étendue, son objet et son fonctionnement. Le chapitre 2 présente le SEL sous son approche académique. Par une revue de la littérature, il montre comment les différentes disciplines expliquent cette réalité. Il se penche plus précisément sur les déterminants au sélisme, et se termine par la proposition d'un modèle d'influence des motivations au sélisme et de leurs antécédents sur la pratique séliste. Le chapitre 3, par une analyse de l6 entretiens semi-directifs de sélistes, complète et enrichi le modèle. Le chapitre 4traite de la méthodologie employée pour le tester, Le chapitre 5 s'attèle à la création d'une échelle des motivations au sélisme, ainsi qu'à la validation des échelles de mesure du modèle. Le chapitre 6 se consacre enfin au test du modèle et à I'approfondissement des résultats. Cette étude quantitative se base sur un échantillon de 957 sélistes. Les principaux apports de notre thèse consistent : en une modélisation du comportement du séliste ; en la découverte de deux nouvelles motivations à faire partie d'un SEL : se distraire et s'enrichir intellectuellement; en la création d'une échelle de mesure des motivations au sélisme; en l'analyse de leur influence sur la pratique séliste ; et en la création d'une typologie de sélistes. Pour finir et sur la base de ces résultats, des préconisations managériales sont proposées aux SEL, aux entrepreneurs sociaux ou privés de réseau de consommation collaborative, ainsi qu'à l'État et aux collectivités territoriales. / According to the magazine Terra Eco (20 I 4), 48%o of French people are regular users of collaborative consumption, and 32%o of them are considering doing it. Despite the consumer craze for those alternative exchanges, comparatively, only a few marketing studies on the topic are currently made, This research's aim is therefore to analyse the various motivations of members from a physical network of collaborative consumption through the study of the local exchange trading system (LETS). The first chapter is focused on a state of play of the LETS, through its history, its geographical extent, its aims and uses. The second chapter will observe the LETS under an academic point of view. Through a litterature review, it will show how the differents disciplines are explaining this reality. It will also highlight in details what is determining LETS practices, and will end up suggesting an influence model on motivations behind becoming a LETS member, and their antecedents to the LETS practice. The third chapter will strenghten the model by a deep analysis of l6 semi-directives interviews of LETS users. The fourth chapter will put a light on the methodology used to test it. The fifth chapter will define a motivation scale on why becoming a LETS member, and to validate the measuring scales of the model. The sixth chapter will finally test the model and dig the results deeper. This quantitative study is based on a sample of 957 LETS users. Our thesis main assets are: a modelisation of the LETS member behavior, the discovery of two new motivations to join a LETS-distraction and intellectual enrichment, the creation of a motivation scale behind the decision of joining a LETS, analysis of their influences on the LETS practice, and the creation of a LETS member typology. To conclude, and based on those results, we'll come up with managing advices to give to LETS, to social or private workers from collaborative consumption networks, and also to the State and to territorial collectivities.

為有效減少因不可預期的極端氣候災害所產生的傷亡，可透過提升災害預警機制與災害認知使民眾具備更佳的災害應變決策能力。本研究選擇以台灣地區仍不常見的堰塞湖災害為研究對象以呼應極端氣候不可預期的特性，首先整理出居民在進行災害應變決策時的思考模式與程序，並釐清影響最後決策的各項因素，作為本研究主要研究架構的初擬參考；在分析工具方面則選用結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)，以同時解決將心理層面認知量化與各變項間直線迴歸關係的問題。 為將以上構想付諸實行，本研究先經由文獻回顧提出居民的災害應變決策概念架構，以此概念架構為基礎進行問卷設計，並在台東縣嘉蘭村與高雄市瑪雅里進行問卷調查作業，取得資料後再透過結構方程模式建立適合台灣地區民眾的堰塞湖災害決策模型；最後則針對本研究所建立的模型與分析，對現況風險溝通與預警機制提出相關政策建議。 在試圖達成前述目的的研究過程中，本研究發現台灣民眾在面對不熟悉的堰塞湖災害時，外在的預警訊息、過去的受災經驗，以及家戶狀況等三項因素對決策影響最大；另外雖然本研究所提出的決策架構在台東與高雄兩處受測範圍內均可適用，但仍會因聚落的受災經驗、居民屬性，以及交通區位等特性上的不同而在變項重要性上有所差異。最後，本研究提出相關風險溝通的策略建議，作為未來在面臨堰塞湖災害或其他極端氣候時的政策參考。 / In order to reduce the unpredictable and extreme weather disasters’ casualties effectively, we can improve disaster warning mechanisms and disaster awareness so that people have decision-making capacity for better disaster response. This study selects the Landslide dam’s disaster, which is not common in Taiwan, as the research object. First sorted out the residents’ disaster response policy and procedures of thinking, and clarified the factors affect the final decision as the beginning research framework of this study. Analysis tools are used in structural equation model (SEM), to address both the psychological aspects of cognitive variables to quantify and the question of the relationship between the linear regressions. On the research process, first put forward the residents’ conceptual framework for disaster response decision-making through the literature review, and using this conceptual framework as the basis for questionnaire design. Taitung County and Kaohsiung City are the questionnaire surveys in this study. After the data obtained, we established a suitable decision model for Taiwan’s Landslide dam disaster through the SEM tool. Finally, we can make recommendations on risk communication policy and early warning mechanism through this model. In the research results, this study found that the external warning message, past disaster experience, and household conditions are three of the most important decision factors when Taiwan public is facing the Landslide dam disaster. In addition, although this framework can be applied in Taitung and Kaohsiung areas, but there will still be differences because of the differences in some characteristics such as the affected experience, residents’ properties, and location of traffic. Last, this study proposes some strategies of risk communication as the policy reference when facing the Landslide dam’s disaster or other extreme weather disasters in the future.

本研究目的探討：（一）家庭社經地位、父親參與、母親參與對學習成就結構的關係模式；（二）運用多群組樣本測量模式，比較不同家庭社經地位（高、中、低三群組）學生其父親、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式。 本研究採用「結構方程模式」建立上述模式，並採用TEPS 2001「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」中9,141位國一學生（只以親生父母親同住子女）及其父親、母親為研究樣本。 本研究歸納出以下結論茲分述如下： 一、 結構方程模式考驗結果顯示「家庭社經地位、父親、母親參與和學習成就模式」與TEPS次級資料達到良好適配，表示家庭社經地位對學習成就具有正相關直接影響效果，同時父親間接參與對學習成就無顯著影響，而母親間接參與則有達到正向顯著影響。 二、 不同社經地位學生，其父親參與對子女學習成就無顯著影響，但母親參與對子女學習成就則呈正相關顯著差異。 三、 「高家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」為良好適配指標，但是父親參與未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關顯著水準。 四、 「中家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」亦為良好適配指標，其中父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關且顯著水準。 五、 「低家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」適配度指標最佳，但是父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與則依然呈正相關顯著。 最後，依據上述研究發現，就研究結果與研究方法兩方面，將提出相關研究建議以供教育實務上及未來研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to explore the effects of mother and father involvement between socioeconomic status（SES）and their children academic achievement. The data of the public released core panel data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey（TEPS）in 2001 was used. The sample was drawn from TEPS and was constituted by 9,141 adolescents who were seventh graders and lived with their birth parents in 2001. This study explores that what role parental involvement plays between SES and academic achievement, and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to create a mother and father involvement model that affects academic achievement. In addition, the multi-groups model was used to analyze how the SES affects mother and father involvement and children academic achievement. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The test result of SEM suggested that the proposed “Model of effects of SES/parental involvement on children academic achievement” fit the core panel data well. This showed SES had direct effect on academic achievement and had indirect effect through mother and father involvement. 2. Among all the SES groups, father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly. Mother involvement showed positive correlation and significantly. 3. The model of effect of parental involvement in higher SES family fits the data well, but father involvements positively correlated with children academic achievement and not significantly. Mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 4. The model of effect of parental involvement in middle SES family fits the data well. Father involvement still positively but not significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement; mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 5. The model of effect of parental involvement in low SES family fits the data best. Father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly; mother involvement also positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. Finally, the study discusses the implications of parental involvement and suggests directions for future research.

Background Health education programs that are aimed at improving individuals' skills to self-manage are increasingly recognised as a critical component of chronic disease management. Despite the apparent need for such interventions, current studies show inconsistent results regarding program effectiveness, with meta-analyses indicating only marginal effects for some disease groups. A closer examination of these studies however suggests that the magnitude and inconsistency of the findings may be related to the types of outcomes that were assessed rather than specific disease groups. Where self-report measures were used, results tended to be smaller and inconsistent. It is therefore possible that current studies do not adequately reflect program effects because self-report outcomes have a high risk to be confounded by a range of potential biases. Objective The aim of this thesis was to identify and quantify the potential influence of biases in the measurement of change in chronic disease self-management interventions using self-report. Methods The research design targeted the processes that individuals undergo when filling out questionnaires and whether this has an influence on their self-report outcomes. This was achieved by developing a three-group research design. The Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) was used to collect outcomes data. While pretest questionnaires were identical across groups, three questionnaire versions were randomly distributed at posttest. One of the groups filled out traditional posttest questions (n=331), whereas the other two groups were asked to provide data in addition to posttest questions, with one group providing transition questions (n=304) and one providing retrospective pretest data (n=314). Resulting datasets were further examined for possible confounding effects through response shift and social desirability bias. Through the random allocation of the heiQs it was ensured that data were not influenced by potential intra-group effects. Results The thesis revealed that the design of the posttest questionnaire significantly influenced people's ratings of their posttest levels. In particular, when participants were asked to provide ratings of their retrospective pretest levels in addition to their posttest levels, the latter scores were significantly higher than those of participants who did not perform this additional task. Subsequent analyses however suggested that these differences could neither be explained by response shift nor by social desirability bias. Conclusions This research has provided important insight into the measurement of outcomes of chronic disease self-management interventions. While the threat to the validity of traditional pretest-posttest data due to confounding effects through response shift and social desirability biases could not be supported, the thesis has highlighted that the cognitive task that subjects are asked to perform when providing data at posttest significantly influenced their self-reported outcomes. Given that previous research has predominantly focused on other aspects of validity - such as applying control group designs to circumvent common threats to internal and external validity - this study suggests that more attention must be paid to the design of questionnaires. The thesis concludes that further research, in particular into the influence of cognitive tasks on obtained scores, is important to improve the interpretation of self-report outcomes data derived from participants of self-management interventions.