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[pt] Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o quanto o desempenho de inovação de uma empresa, influenciado por atividades tecnológicas, habilidade da mão de obra e ligações externas, afeta o seu desempenho financeiro, considerando os impactos da inovação sobre o custo e o mercado. Para isso, o estudo utilizou pesquisas com empresas colombianas de serviço, incluindo o comércio, realizadas pelo Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística (DANE) da Colômbia. Após o tratamento dos dados, restaram 238 empresas que responderam as pesquisas efetuadas no período entre 2012 e 2016. Para a utilização da base, um modelo de medidas foi desenvolvido, com o objetivo de validar as variáveis que representam cada construto. Em seguida, um modelo estrutural teórico e algumas hipóteses foram propostas e os testes foram realizados de forma quantitativa, utilizando a técnica multivariada conhecida como modelagem de equações estruturais (SEM). A pesquisa demonstrou que tanto atividades tecnológicas como habilidade da mão de obra e ligações externas possuem uma relação positiva com o desempenho da inovação. A inovação também impacta de maneira positiva aspectos relacionados ao mercado, porém, ao contrário do que era esperado, não influencia em questões que afetam o custo. Por fim, tantos os impactos no mercado como no custo se relacionam diretamente e de maneira positiva ao desempenho financeiro das empresas, como previsto no modelo. Assim, os resultados dessa pesquisa sugerem que, para empresas de serviço melhorarem financeiramente a partir de inovação, deve-se primeiramente investir em atividades tecnológicas, em habilidade da mão de obra e fortalecer laços com atores externos, impactando fatores relacionados ao mercado, através do melhor desempenho da inovação. / [en] This research aims to study how much a company s innovation performance, influenced by technological activities, skill of the workforce and external links, affects its financial performance, considering the impacts of innovation on cost and market. For this, the study used surveys with Colombian service companies, including commerce, carried out by the Colombia s National Administrative Department of Statistics. After the data treatment, there were 238 companies left that answered the surveys carried out in the period between 2012 and 2016. For the use of the database, a measurement model was developed with the purpose of validating the variables that represent each construct. Then, a theoretical structural model and some hypotheses were proposed and the tests were performed quantitatively using the multivariate technique known as Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Research has shown that technological activities, skill of the workforce and external links have a positive relationship with innovation performance. Innovation also has a positive impact on market-related issues, but, contrary to expectations, it does not influence issues that affect cost. Finally, both market and cost impacts are directly and positively related to the financial performance of companies, as predicted in the model. Thus, the results of this research suggest that, for service companies to improve financially from innovation, it is necessary to invest first in technological activities, skill of the workforce and strengthen ties with external actors, impacting market-related factors through improved innovation performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude on second language (L2) procedural knowledge. Three lines of inquiry were undertaken: (a) confirming the factorial structure of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude; (b) testing the relative effects of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude on L2 procedural knowledge; and (c) assessing the relative contributions of receptive and productive metalinguistic knowledge and components of language learning aptitude to L2 procedural knowledge. Two-hundred-forty-nine Japanese university students participated. One receptive and two productive tests of metalinguistic knowledge related to metalinguistic terminology and English grammatical rules were administered. Learners' language learning aptitude was measured using the Lunic Language Marathon, which consisted of four scales: number learning, sound-symbol association, vocabulary learning, and language analytical ability. Participants' L2 procedural knowledge was assessed through performance on a timed writing task. The writing samples were scored for overall quality, L2 complexity, accuracy, and fluency. The scores from each test were subjected to Rasch analyses to investigate the construct validity and unidimensionality of the instruments. The results of the Rasch analyses indicated that the test items fit the Rasch model, supporting the construct validity of the instruments. The unidimensionality of each instrument was established through Rasch principal component analyses. Interval-level Rasch measures were used for the subsequent analyses. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude were distinct constructs. A two-factor model showed good model fit and explained the relationship between the two constructs. Structural equation modeling revealed that metalinguistic knowledge significantly predicted L2 procedural knowledge, complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Language learning aptitude, however, was not a statistically significant predictor of the L2 procedural knowledge variables. The results of a path model analysis indicated that productive metalinguistic knowledge was the strongest predictor of L2 procedural knowledge, language analytical ability predicted receptive metalinguistic knowledge, and number learning was negatively associated with L2 procedural knowledge. The findings point to the facilitative role of metalinguistic knowledge in L2 learning and the viability of L2 declarative knowledge becoming proceduralized through practice. / Applied Linguistics