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Analise do ciclo de vida da soja / Life cycle assesment of soybeanCavalett, Otavio 10 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Enrique Ortega Rodriguez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T19:25:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é avaliar o ciclo de vida da soja para quantificar as contribuições ambientais e econômicas necessárias em cada etapa de produção, transporte e processamento de soja e seus principais produtos. Para tanto, foram utilizadas a análise de energia incorporada, a análise de intensidade de materiais e a análise emergética, além de indicadores econômicos e sociais. Os resultados mostram que produção agrícola da soja é a etapa que utiliza maior quantidade de recursos no ciclo de vida dos produtos considerados: farelo de soja exportado para a Europa, biodiesel e óleo de soja refinado. Por isso, esta é a etapa agrícola é aquela que requer mais atenção dos tomadores de decisões em políticas publicas para um ciclo de vida da soja mais sustentável. Os resultados mostram que a produção de biodiesel de soja convencional não é uma alternativa sustentável (renovabilidade = 31%) para fornecimento de energia para a sociedade e também que os fluxos de farelo de soja exportados para a Europa são responsáveis por grandes impactos ambientais (índice de carga ambiental = 2,83). Entretanto, os resultados obtidos mostram que a soja pode ser produzida em sistemas alternativos mais sustentáveis de forma a reduzir estes impactos negativos / Abstract: The objective of this study is to assess the soybean life cycle to quantify the environmental and economic contributions at each stage of soybean and soybean products production, transport and processing phases. In order of that, it were used the Embodied Energy Analysis, the Material Intensity Analysis and the Emergy Synthesis as well other economic and social indicators. The results showed that agricultural production stage is the phase that uses larger amount of resources in the life cycle of soybean products considered: soy meal exported to Europe, biodiesel and refined soy oil. Therefore, the agricultural phase requires more attention of decision-makers for public policies toward a more sustainable soybean chain. Quantitative indicators showed that biodiesel production from conventional soybean is not a sustainable (renewability = 31%) alternative for energy supply to the society. Also, the soy meal flows exported to Europe are responsible for high environmental damages (environmental loading ratio = 2.83). However, the results showed that soybean can be produced in more sustainable alternative systems in order to reduce these negative impacts / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
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Por uma agricultura mais sustentável: práticas de produção responsável em propriedades rurais privadas / Towards a mores sustainable agriculture: responsible production practices in rural private propertiesPacífico, Eduardo dos Santos 24 February 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Agriculture is the dominant use on Earth’s surface and rural producers are the principal managers of useable lands, but promoting a sustainable agriculture still a challenge. Despite better agriculture practices is an urgent need, there are many barriers and no consensus in the responsible factors to its adoption among farmers. We evaluated hundreds of Brazilian medium to large private industrial rural properties - farms that produces commodities aiming primarily to sell and supported by paid labor. All farms evaluated are supported by NGO Aliança da Terra in the Producing Right platform, a voluntary and non-punitive program to promote better agriculture practices. We evaluated how (1) the characteristics of the Responsible Production practices, (2) the characteristics of the farmer, and (3) the characteristics of the private property affect agriculture responsible production practices adoption. We used primary data. Farmers committed to mandatory Responsible Production practices, even if these practices have high innovation degree and low relationship with productivity, but they executed practices based on finances and shorter planning horizon. Higher market pressure resulted in better environmental practices. Older farmers performed better in social and responsible production practices. Producers with higher schooling executed better social practices. Farmers with larger rural properties and crop producers performed better for sustainable agricultural practices than smaller and livestock producers. Instead of only command and control strategy, we need to create positive incentives to eliminate financial constraints for sustainability, support farmers to be innovators, reduce their uncertainty (political and financial), and eliminate information gap to spread successfully Responsible Production practices. / A agricultura é o uso dominante na superfície terrestre e os produtores rurais são os principais administradores do solo, entretanto enfrentamos o desafio de promover uma agricultura sustentável. Existem diversas barreiras e nenhum consenso sobre os fatores responsáveis pela adoção de melhores práticas agrícolas. Nós avaliamos centenas de médias e grandes propriedades rurais privadas industriais – fazendas produtoras de commodities que visam a comercialização e utilizam mão de obra assalariada. Todos as propriedades avaliadas são apoiadas pela ONG Aliança da Terra e fazem parte da plataforma Produzindo Certo, um programa voluntário e não punitivo que promove melhores práticas agropecuárias. Utilizando dados primários, nós avaliamos como (1) as características das práticas de produção responsável, (2) as características dos produtores rurais e (3) as características da propriedade rural afetam a adoção de melhores práticas agropecuárias. Encontramos que os produtores rurais se comprometem com práticas obrigatórias por lei, mas executam as práticas mais baratas e com visão de curto prazo. Eles reagem a pressão de sindicatos e associações com melhores práticas ambientais. Produtores mais velhos executam melhores práticas sociais e de produção responsável, enquanto que produtores com maior escolaridade executam melhores práticas sociais. Propriedades maiores e produtores agrícolas têm melhores práticas do que produtores médios e pecuaristas. Concluimos que não devemos utilizar apenas a estratégia de comando e controle, mas também criar incentivos positivos para eliminar as restrições financeiras, apoiar a inovação, reduzir a incerteza (política e financeira) e eliminar a lacuna de informação para se difundir com sucesso uma agricultura mais sustentável.
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Planos de manejo integrado de microbacias hidrográficas com uso agrícola: uma abordagem hidrológica na busca da sustentabilidade. / Integrated watershed management plans: a hydrological approach for sustainability.Cláudia Mira Attanasio 18 October 2004 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os cenários de inclusão e de não inclusão da delimitação da zona ripária da microbacia na determinação dos riscos ambientais, na adequação do uso do solo e conseqüentemente no planejamento sócio-ambiental, contribuindo com a elaboração e implementação dos planos de manejo integrado de microbacias com uso agrícola diversificado, considerando como premissas a busca da agricultura sustentável, a restauração do ecossistema ripário e o envolvimento social e econômico do produtor rural. Através de estudo de caso realizado na microbacia do Ribeirão São João (3.656 ha) no município de Mineiros do Tietê (SP), que faz parte do Programa Estadual de Microbacias Hidrográficas do Estado de São Paulo, foram feitas análises das suas condições sócio-ambientais que constaram de: a-) preparação de base cartográfica; b-) diagnóstico e planejamento participativos; c-) descrição de cenários convencionais e de cenários com inclusão da zona ripária para a adequação do uso do solo e caracterização dos riscos ambientais; d-) discussão sobre as relações entre o cenário que inclui a zona ripária e a legislação ambiental, a distribuição da estrutura fundiária, o uso e manejo agrícola e as estradas rurais e e-) proposta de um programa de monitoramento sócio-ambiental. O cenário com inclusão da zona ripária revelou que a microbacia possui 49,5 % de sua área com uso adequado, 20,4 % com sub utilização do solo e 1,9 % com sobre utilização. Quanto aos riscos de erosão, 60,2 % de sua área é considerada de baixo risco, 6,2 % possui moderado risco e 5,4 % compreende alto risco. Já o cenário convencional indicou que 59,0 % da área estão ocupados com uso adequado, 28,2 % com sub utilização, 2,6 % com sobre utilização, 76, 9 % da microbacia possui baixo risco de erosão, 11,0 % moderado e 12,1 % alto risco. Esta alteração induz o planejador a tomar medidas incompletas para a proteção das áreas que representam maiores riscos para a saúde da microbacia. Na microbacia estudada, 27,6 % da zona ripária está inserida em Área de Preservação Permanente, portanto protegida pelas leis ambientais, e 72,2 % estão sendo utilizados para agricultura, correndo risco de degradação. Em média, 26,1 % das áreas das propriedades rurais da microbacia se encontram em zona ripária. Parte destas poderia ser protegida pela Área de Preservação Permanente e pelo estabelecimento das reservas legais. A porção da zona ripária que não estiver protegida pela legislação ambiental deveria ter um manejo diferenciado de acordo com seu uso. Em vários pontos as estradas rurais atravessam os rios e a zona ripária podendo ocorrer danos ambientais se medidas corretas de adequação de estradas não forem tomadas. O cenário alternativo proposto corresponde também aos principais anseios da comunidade da microbacia, isto é, a preservação dos recursos hídricos, detectados através do diagnóstico e planejamento participativos. Levando em conta as condições da microbacia, assim como evidências baseadas na revisão de literatura, a proposta inclui o monitoramento sócio-ambiental, compreendendo o monitoramento da água, do solo, da integridade da paisagem, da biodiversidade agroambiental e dos aspectos socioeconômicos. / This work aims to compare the sceneries of including and not including the watershed riparian zone delimitation during the evaluation of the environmental risks in the land use planning, thus contributing for the implementation of integrated watershed management plans in the search of sustainable agriculture, based on the premises of riparian ecosystem restoration, as well as the direct participation of the land owners in the decision support process. A case study was developed in the São João creek Watershed, in the Municipality of Mineiros do Tiete, State of Sao Paulo. The case study included the preparation of the cartographic basis, diagnostic analysis and participative planning, description of conventional land use sceneries and alternative land use sceneries which include the delimitation of the watershed riparian zone, the comparison of the alternative sceneries in relation to the requirements of the Brazilian Forest Code in terms of stream buffer zone protection, as well as in relation to the watershed landownership structure , prevailing land use practices and rural roads design, and a proposition of an environmental monitoring program for the study watershed. The scenery that includes the riparian zone showed that 49,5% of the watershed total area has inadequate soil use, whereas 20,4% of the area with sub-utilization and 1,9% of the area with over-utilization. In terms of erosion risks, 60,2% of the watershed area can be considered with low erosion risk , 6,2% has moderate risk and 5,4% with high risk of soil erosion. The conventional scenery indicated that 59% of the watershed area has inadequate land use, 28,2% of the area is sub used, 2,6 % of the land is over used, 76,9% of the land has low risk of erosion, 11% has moderated soil erosion risk and 12,1% of the total area has high risk of soil erosion. Around 27,6% of the riparian zone are located in the Forest Code stream protection area, and 72,2 % of the area is prone to hydrological degradation due to inadequate land use practices. An average of 26,1% of the area of the watershed rural properties are located in the riparian zone. Part of this area should be protected according to the environmental law, or alternatively by the establishment of Legal Reserves. The portion of the riparian zone that is being used against the environmental law requirements should at least have a more conservative management approach. Rural roads cross the riparian zone in several locations and many of them cross the streams, which can pose hydrological risks. The proposed alternative scenery is in accordance with the main interests of the land owners, as detected in the participative planning, during which they raised concern about water resources conservation strategies. Considering the prevailing watershed conditions and also the information acquired in the literature survey, the study includes the monitoring of some water, soil, landscape integrity, biodiversity and socio-economic indicators.
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Análise do crédito do Programa para Redução da Emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa na Agricultura para o setor pecuário / Credit analyze of the Program for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Agriculture for livestock sectorMaluf, Cintia, 1980- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Mara de Andrade Marinho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esse trabalho aborda o tema da política de crédito rural no Brasil, tratando particularmente do Programa para Redução da Emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa na Agricultura (Programa ABC), instituído pelo Governo Federal em 2010. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi analisar as condições gerais de financiamento do Programa ABC. Os objetivos específicos foram analisar a oferta e contratação de crédito no período de 2010/2011 a 2012/2013, e realizar uma análise setorial sobre a bovinocultura de corte, uma das principais cadeias produtivas da agropecuária brasileira e maior emissor de gases de efeito estufa. Com relação ao objetivo geral, verificou-se o protagonismo da ação e a característica inovadora do Programa ABC, como uma política de crédito rural na qual o consentimento do recurso é condicionado à adoção de boas práticas de manejo. Variações anuais nas condições de financiamento do Programa ABC, a saber a taxa de juros e prazos de carência e pagamento, tornaram-no mais atrativo ao longo do tempo. A respeito da contratação do crédito, os dados de execução do Programa ABC evidenciaram uma crescente demanda. Do montante ofertado no período entre as safras 2010/2011 a 2012/2013, de R$13,05 bilhões, foram executados 37% distribuídos em 16.445 contratos. No entanto, foram identificados como fatores limitantes ao seu desenvolvimento, a escassez de informações acerca do retorno financeiro de práticas preconizadas como ILP e ILPF, as especificidades da elaboração e análise dos projetos, bem como os entraves decorrentes da regularização ambiental e fundiária das propriedades contratantes. Os resultados obtidos da análise setorial da bovinocultura de corte no âmbito do Programa ABC, permitiram concluir que os prazos estabelecidos ao crédito são adequados aos ciclos de produção; e que suas linhas apresentaram características competitivas em relação aos demais programas de crédito rural para investimentos na bovinocultura de corte. Foi verificado ainda que os estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo podem vir a apresentar maior demanda para a contratação de recursos financeiros com vistas à implantação de sistemas integrados como ILP e ILPF. Contudo, a relação histórica entre a oferta de crédito oficial e o desenvolvimento da bovinocultura de corte brasileira sugere a necessidade de desenvolvimento de formas alternativas ao estímulo da mitigação da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, que não exclusivamente a oferta de financiamento. Neste contexto, ressalta-se a importância das pesquisas acerca das ações de coordenação da cadeia produtiva, a fim de sensibilizar consumidores quanto às externalidades positivas das atividades de baixo impacto, permitindo a precificação diferenciada dos produtos e consequente agregação de valor ao pecuarista / Abstract: This paper addresses the impact of rural credit policy in Brazil, in the area of Planning and Sustainable Rural Development, particularly in relation to the Federal-sponsored Program for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Agriculture (so-called ABC Program). Established in 2010, the Program aims to set nation-wide targets for reducing greenhouse gases emissions. This research was based on the overall objective to analyze the general conditions of financing the ABC Program. The specific objectives were based on the analyzes of the supply financial credit and contracting credit in the period 2010/2011 a 2012/2013, and a sectoral analysis of beef cattle breeding ¿ the sector is a major emitter of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated). With respect to the results, there was the role of action and innovative feature of the ABC Program as a rural credit policy in which the resource is conditional upon adoption of good management practices. Changes on the financing conditions offered by the ABC Program (i.e. interest rates and payback schedule) made it more attractive over time. Performance data of the ABC Program showed increased supply and borrowing of credit. The amount offered by the ABC Program between the 2010/2011 and 2012/2013 crops was U.S. $ 13.05 billion, of which 37 % were non-perfoming loans, distributed in 16,445 contracts. The main barriers for hiring ABC Program credit are the lack of knowledge about the Program, difficulties for developing and analyzing the projects, and barriers related to environmental and land regularization. In the time frame of the study, the hiring of credit increased, and the conditions for concession were adequate to finance production cycles from breeding to the complete cycle. The ABC Program showed competitive characteristics comparing with the other rural credit lines offered for beef cattle production. It was found that the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, and São Paulo may present increased demand financing integrated systems such as Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems and Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems, as advocated by the Program. However, the historical relationship between the supply of rural credit and development of beef cattle in Brazil suggests the need to develop alternative forms of stimulus for mitigating the effects of greenhouse gases emissions. In this context, it emphasizes the importance of researching supply chain coordination; alerting consumers about the positive externalities of low-impact activities and allowing for differentiated product pricing and, ultimately, adding value to the farmer / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola
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Evaluation of plant extracts used in ethno-veterinary control of gastro-intestinal parasites in village chickens in the Eastern Cape Province of South AfricaMwale, Marizvikuru January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Hållbart jordbruk inom vattenskyddsområde : En studie om Sverige, Danmark, Frankrike och TysklandAndersson, Ramon January 2015 (has links)
To guarantee protection of our drinking water, water catchment protections are established. These are divided into three different zones and in the first zone it is most likely that an activity, such as agriculture, will contaminate the water resource. Hence the activities are strongly regulated or banned. The EU communion is working towards a sustained water quality through several directives; Nitrate Directive, Waterframwork directives and Sustainable use of pesticide directive. The main purpose is to regulate the diffuse pollution from agriculture.This thesis is about how Denmark, Germany and France are working towards a sustainable agriculture within water protection areas. Sweden is also discussed but mainly about two different methods applied in Linköpings and Ljungbys municipalties.How the different countries work is mainly the same due to the directives. However, there are some interesting water management methods to observe such as voluntary agreements between water companies and farmers. Moreover, the sustainability perspective is approached in a larger scale where you and I as consumers also contribute via consumer-pays-principle. Therefore, we are, by our demand for water, the problem but also the solution and together we can contribute with good social, economic and ecological conditions for ourselves and the farmer.
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Rural women, food insecurity and survival strategies : the Babina-Chuene Women's Multi-purpose Project in Bochum (Northern province)Mahapa, Sekei Frederica 24 February 2006 (has links)
Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Anthropology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted
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Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of in-field rainwater harvesting technololgy for enhancing household food security by small holder farmers in the Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape ProvinceShange, Nomfundo Sinethemba Queen January 2015 (has links)
Infield rainwater harvesting (IRWH) technology has been used in arid and semi-arid parts of the world and promising results have been achieved in terms of increasing yield. The main aim of this study was to identify socio-economic factors determining the adoption of IRWH technology for enhancing household food security by smallholder farmers. The specific objectives were to assess the level of adoption of IRWH technology using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentages). To determine socio-economic factors influencing adoption of IRWH technology, the binary logistic regression mode l was used. To determine whether adopters of IRWH technology are more food secure than non-adopters, the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) was used as a measure for household food security. For the same objective, to determine socio-economic factors that influence household food security, the binary logistic regression model was also used and adoption of IRWH technology became an independent variable. The study was conducted in Khayalethu, Guquka and Krwakrwa villages in Nkonkobe Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province (EC). The unit of analysis was the individual smallholder farmers practicing agriculture. The availability (accidental) and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 34, 23, 63 respondents from Khayalethu, Guquka and Krwakrwa villages respectively. Since they are non-random, these sampling methods are problematic because of sampling errors. Overall, a sample size of 120 smallholder farmers was targeted for the interviews. Primary and secondary data collected was coded and analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results were presented using graphs, pie charts and tables (including cross-tables). The descriptive results showed that adoption status of IRWH technology was low in these areas, with 79% not adopting the technology. Food insecurity was high amongst the non-adopters with 86%. On the basis of descriptive analysis it can be concluded that any change in each one of the significant variables can significantly influence the probability of adopting IRWH technology and household food security. The results from the logistic regression model for the incidence of adoption revealed that 6 out of 16 variables were significant, three at 1% (access to extension services, access to information and farmers’ perception towards the IRWH technology); one at 5% (access to market) and two at 10% (access to hired labour and farm income). For the incidence of household food security, out of 17 variables, 6 were significant, three at 1% (adoption of the IRWH technology, access to extension services and farmers’ perception towards the IRWH technology); two at 5% (access to hired labour and household income) and one at 10% (household size). The empirical findings of this study indicate that there are socio-economic factors influencing adoption of IRWH technology and household food security amongst smallholder farmers. This study recommends that the government should provide extension officers and research stations with the capacity, support and physical means to expose smallholder farmers to the IRWH technology through demonstrations and trainings. The government can also introduce agricultural finance institutions in rural areas to assist the rural smallholder farmers to increase their access to credit. Further, it is recommended that smallholder farmers can expand to the communal croplands in order to gain more land size and work as a co-operative or as an association to ease labour constraints.
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Economics of wetland cultivation in Zimbabwe: case study of Mashonaland East ProvinceTaruvinga, Amon January 2009 (has links)
Wetlands are stocks of natural resources limited in supply, in the middle of unlimited human wants with multiple uses to society, presenting an economic problem in as far as their rational and sustainable use is concerned. To that end, conflicting recommendations have been forwarded regarding wetland cultivation as a possible land use across the globe and from within the same regions. On one extreme, wetland cultivation has been linked to degradation of wetlands with pure wetland conservation as the prescribed viable and sustainable land use option to society. Closer to reality, partial wetland conversion to crop land has been found compatible with wetland bio-diversity; implying that partial wetland cultivation is the prescribed wetland use option viable and sustainable to societies, a dictum mainly claimed by rural communities. With that conflicting background and based on the “Safe Minimum Standard” approach, a ban on wetland cultivation was maintained in several early environmental policies in Zimbabwe as a basis for legislative protection of wetlands, a position that is still legally binding in current statutes. Contrary to that, rural communities have responded by invading wetlands as a coping strategy in pursuit of the claimed values of wetland cultivation, further conflicting with standing policies. This scenario has managed to “lock” and is currently locking the claimed 1,28 million hectares of wetlands in Zimbabwe in a “legal-operational impasse”, at a cost to the entire nation since no meaningful investment is possible in wetlands when there is a legal conflict.
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The perceived impact of soil erosion on food security in the upper and lower areas of Didimana in the Eastern Cape of South AfricaIghodaro, Ikponmwosa David January 2012 (has links)
Due to the particular nature of accelerated soil erosion, its impact on food security is usually very intense. The impact starts first on the farmer, and then to his/ her environment. This is why soil erosion, when unchecked, is very devastating. Therefore this study was set to evaluate the perceived impact of soil erosion on food security in the Upper and Lower Areas of Didimana, Eastern Cape of South Africa, and the role farmers’ adoption behaviours play in the interaction. Three specific objectives were put forward by the study, vis-à-vis: (1) to establish farmers’ perceptions on the impact of soil erosion on food security of the study area; (2) to establish farmers’ innovation adoption behaviour with respect to soil erosion control in the study area; and (3) to establish farmers’ perceptions on the impact of extension activities with respect to soil erosion-control in the study area. The central argument of discussion is that soil erosion like every other agricultural problem, is the result of farmers’ non-adoption or inappropriate adoption of improved and recommended soil management technologies in the study area. The survey method of research was adopted for the study, where data were collected, using a well structured questionnaire, from a total of 60 farmers in the study area, through a simple random sampling process. Farmers’ perception suggested that the impact of soil erosion in their area is severe. This severity is demonstrated firstly in the form of climate change, as the time of rain in their area is gradually changing, and thus changing their time of cropping. Similarly the livelihoods of farmers are being negatively affected, as farmers’ crops, livestock, and even household feeding are being affected. More so, findings indicate that most farmers now plant fewer crops and there is an estimation of crop loss by most farmers of well between 21-60 percent of crops every year. Farmers’ perception further revealed that due to soil erosion, over 50 percent of farmers are unsustainable and a total of 71.7 percent of farmers’ population admitted that the amount of food available for their households is being severely affected. In virtually every sphere of human endeavours improved technologies have been developed to solve human problems, but the main reason problems like soil erosion is still very evident is the fact of farmers’ non-adoption or inappropriate adoption of specific recommended technologies. In the study area, the role of farmers’ adoption behaviour in the interaction of the impact of soil erosion on food security was very prominent. Findings indicate that despite the presence of certain recommended soil management technologies in the study area, majority of farmers do not use them neither extension advices. Moreover their satisfaction with those technologies was found to be low, which could be an explanation why they do not use them. For innovation to be adopted, rejected or utilized inappropriately, the effectiveness and performance of agricultural extension, as well as farmers’ perception play a great role. Thus in the study area, farmers’ perception on extension effectiveness indicates that extension hardly talk about soil erosion and its control during times of their visit. Similarly, farmers’ rating for extension services and advices was as well very low (23.4 percent). In fact, a comparison of farmers’ traditional methods of soil erosion control with extension recommendations (53.4 percent) indicated that farmers perceive their local methods of more importance than extension methods. In the same vein, majority of farmers in the area indicated that extension officers are inadequate in their jobs. Reasons offered range from issues of unreliability, lack of regular visits, communication problems, less attention for crop farming, and other reasons such as extension being unconcerned for subsistence farmers, as well as the fact that they focus more on cooperatives. In all, the findings of the descriptive statistics reveal that the impact of soil erosion on food security in the study area is very significant, and the results of the linear regression model of relationships in the study reveal that soil erosion relates positively with age of farmers, their product quality, and their sustainability. In a similar note, the innovation adoption behaviours of farmers was also found to be positively related to farm yield and food accessibility. Thus showing that innovation adoption behaviour of farmers in the interaction of soil erosion and food security in the study area is significant. Therefore, efforts should be geared toward improving factors that increases yield and accessibility of farmers to serve as boosters of farmers’ motivation towards the adoption of appropriate soil management technologies in their area.
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