Syftet med denna studie varatt jämföraom manliga och kvinnliga studenters humorstilar skiljer sig åt efter livstillfredsställelsen kontrollerats för. Humorstilarna som jämfördes kommer från mätinstrumentet HSQ och är uppdelade i två positiva humorstilar som anses gynnsamma för välmåendet och två negativa humorstilar som anses skadliga för det. De positiva humorstilarna är ”Relationsförstärkande” och ”Självförstärkande” medan de negativa är ”Aggressiv” och ”Självdestruktiv”. För att undersöka detta användes ANCOVA som analysmetod, den relationsförstärkande humorstilen uppfyllde inte kraven och analyserades med hjälp av en ANOVA-analys. ANCOVA-analyserutfördes påhumorstilarna ”Aggressiv”, ”Självdestruktiv” och ”Självförstärkande”. Resultatet visade att männen använder sigsignifikantmer av den aggressiva humorstilen än kvinnor. Det fanns ingen skillnad mellan män och kvinnor gällandeanvändandet av självdestruktiv eller självförstärkande humorstil. ANOVA-analysenav den relationsförstärkande humorstilen visade inte på någon signifikant skillnad mellan könen. / The aim of this study was to compare if male and female students humor styles differ after controlling for life satisfaction. The humor styles that were compared comes from the Humor Styles Questionnaire and is split into two positive humor styles which are regarded as conducive to well-being and two negative humor styles that are considerate as deleterious to well-being. The two positive humor styles are ”Affiliative” and ”Self-enhancing” and the negative are ”Aggressive” and ”Self-defeating”. In order to analyse this an ANCOVA was used as statistical method, after the assumptions were tested the ”Affiliative” humor style didn’t meet the assumptions. Three ANCOVAs were done on the humor styles”Aggressive”, ”Self-defeating” and ”Self-enhancing. Main findings include more frequent use of aggressive humor style in men compared to women. But no significant difference between the genders regarding self-defeating or self-destructive humor style.The ANOVA analysis of the ”Affiliative” humor style showed no significant difference between the genders.

Perfektionism blir allt vanligare i västvärlden. Parallellt ökar psykisk ohälsa bland ungdomar. Därmed är det av intresse att undersöka huruvida de parallella ökningarna i perfektionism och psykisk ohälsa hänger ihop. Utbrändhet är en form av psykisk ohälsa som har visat sig vara förknippat med perfektionism. Statistik visar att psykologer rapporterar fler sjukskrivningar på grund av utbrändhet jämfört med andra yrkesgrupper. I denna studie undersöktes samband mellan perfektionism, psykisk hälsa och livskvalitet bland psykologstudenter i Sverige. Data samlades in genom en webbaserad enkätundersökning, (N = 270, M = 26.4, SD = 5.67). Enkäten bestod av tre skattningsformulär; Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) och Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Korrelationsanalyser gjordes för att undersöka samband mellan perfektionism, psykisk hälsa och livskvalitet. Variansanalyser gjordes för att undersöka huruvida dessa samband skiljer sig i styrka beroende på antalet rapporterade livsdomäner inom perfektionism. Resultatet visade att det finns ett signifikant positivt samband mellan perfektionism och psykisk ohälsa samt ett signifikant negativt samband mellan perfektionism och livskvalitet. Vidare framkom det att deltagare som rapporterade perfektionism inom flera livsdomäner skattade högre grad av psykisk ohälsa jämfört med deltagare som rapporterade inga eller en livsdomäner. Däremot fanns det ingen skillnad mellan grupperna i skattad livskvalitet. / Perfectionism is becoming more and more common in the Western world. Parallel to that, mental ill-health is increasing among young people. It is therefore of interest to investigate whether the parallel increases in perfectionism and mental ill-health are related. Burnout is a form of mental ill-health that has been found to be associated with perfectionism. Statistics show that psychologists report more sick leave due to burnout than other occupational groups. This study investigated the relationship between perfectionism, mental health and quality of life among psychology students in Sweden. Data was collected through an online survey, (N = 270, M = 26.4, SD = 5.67). The survey consisted of three questionnaires; Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Correlational analyzes were conducted to investigate the relationship between perfectionism, mental health and quality of life. Analysis of variance was conducted to investigate whether these relationships differ in strength depending on the number of reported life domains within perfectionism. The result showed that there is a significant positive relationship between perfectionism and mental ill-health as well as a significant negative relationship between perfectionism and quality of life. Furthermore, it was found that participants who reported perfectionism in multiple life domains estimated a higher degree of mental ill-health compared to participants who reported none or one life domain. However, there was no difference between the groups in estimated quality of life.

The Wim Hof Method (WHM) is a contemporary combination of techniques including a breathing exercise, mindset and cold exposure. Interest in the method has blossomed in recent years as scientific studies has presented promising results on the methods impact on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) as well as the immune system. However, although biological factors have been demonstrated as a result of the method, psychological measures are lacking. In this study Subjective Well Being (SWB) was measured which refers to psychological attributes such as happiness, fulfilment and enrichment. As a biological marker Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was measured as it is theorised to be an indirect measure of the ANS which in turn often have been associated to reflect mental health. Measures of SWB and HRV were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Thirty-two participants met the inclusion criteria and were randomised into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group was asked to do 10 days of WHM home practice after an initial introductory training. Meanwhile the control group were asked to live life as usual. Twenty-six participants completed the post assessments, and the collected data were analysed across time. It was found that participants in the intervention group reported a significant decrease in negative affect from pre-intervention to post-intervention in comparison to those in the control group. The present study adds to the existing research on the WHM by assessing new measures that reflect psychological well-being, namely SWB and HRV.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka om studenters tro på en rättvis värld (BJW) kan predicera deras subjektiva tillfredställelse med livet. Två frågeställningar formulerades, ”Kan Generell BJW predicera tillfredställelse med livet?” samt ”Kan Personlig BJW predicera tillfredställelse med livet?”. Då Generell BJW inte uppnådde regressionskravet avseendekorrelation till tillfredställelse med livet, genomfördes en enkel regression med Personlig BJW som oberoende variabel och tillfredställelse med livet som beroende variabel. Data samlades in med en elektronisk enkät och genererade 83 deltagare. Rekrytering av deltagare gjordes företrädesvis genom Facebookgrupper för studenter, men enkäten publicerades också i andra grupper på Facebook, samt på en lärplattform för psykologi A-studenter. För att mäta deltagarnas Generella tro på en rättvis värld användes instrumentet General belief in a just world och för att mäta Personlig BJW användes den personliga delen av Just world scale.Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) användes för att mäta deltagarnas tillfredställelse med livet. Eftersom Generell BJW inte uppfyllde korrelationskravet för att göra en regression, visade sig Generell BJW därmed inte kunna predicera tillfredställelse med livet. En enkel regressionsanalys påvisade hur den Personliga delen av BJW kunde predicera tillfredställelse med livet hos deltagarna, med en förklarad varians på strax över en femtedel. Resultatet skiljer sig från tidigare forskning som gjorts i andra länder, där både Generell och Personlig BJW visats kunna predicera tillfredställelse med livet. Skillnader i kultur och sekularitet skulle kunna förklara varför resultaten länderna emellan skiljer sig. / The aim of the study was to examine whether students' belief in a just world (BJW) can predict their subjective satisfaction with life. Two questions were formulated, "Can General BJW predict satisfaction with life?" and "Can Personal BJW predict satisfaction with life?". As General BJW did not meet the requirements for regression regarding correlation to satisfaction with life, a simple regression was made with Personal BJW as the independent variable and satisfaction with life as the dependent variable. Data were collected using an electronic survey and generated 83 participants. Recruitment of participants was made preferably through Facebook groups for students, but the survey was also published in other groups on Facebook, as well as on a learning platform for psychology A students. To measure the participants' BJW the instrument General belief in a just world was used, and to measure Personal BJW, the personal part of the Just world scale was used. Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) was used to measure the participants' satisfaction with life. Since General BJW did not meet the correlation requirement, General BJW was found to be unable to predict satisfaction with life. A simple regression analysis demonstrated how the Personal part of BJW could predict satisfaction with life in the participants, with an explained variance of just over one fifth of the participants' satisfaction with life. The result differs from previous research conducted in other countries, where both General and Personal BJW have been shown to predict satisfaction with life. Differences in culture and secularity could possibly explain why the results differ amongst the countries.

Worldwide, 450 million people are estimated to have a mental health problem. Therefore this study set out with the aim to fill the gap in research on how to raise happiness and subjective well-being amongst adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 90 students ranging from 16 - 19 years of age. They were randomly assigned to one of two methods; BPS (Best Personal Self) or nostalgia. Each group was then given varying instructions on a task they would perform on a daily basis, with tests taken on the first and last day of the study. The tests consisted of questions from the PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) and the SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale), which would determine the different methods short- and long-term effect on the participants happiness and subjective well-being. A control group was used to compare the results of the test groups. The results indicated nostalgia as being the most effective way to raise short-term well-being amongst adolescents, which raised interesting questions for future studies.

Esta tese tem como objetivos verificar as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de bem-estar: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) e Core Affects Scale (CAS); apresentar o bem-estar nos grupos de pais e filhos adolescentes; e verificar a relação entre o bem-estar subjetivo de pais e seus filhos adolescentes a partir de diferentes medidas de avaliação. Foram realizados três estudos, com 543 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 16 anos (68,3% meninas) e seus respectivos pais, com idade média aproximada de 44 anos. Os resultados apontam que o PWI e as escalas SWLS, BMSLSS e CAS apresentam, no geral, bons índices de ajuste quando da realização da análise fatorial (exploratória e confirmatória) para a amostra de adolescentes e para a de pais. Verificam-se diferenças significativas entre as médias de diferentes domínios de bem-estar, sendo as médias mais altas para os adolescentes do que para os pais. Com relação às diferenças por sexo, para as medidas de bem-estar globais observa-se que tanto as meninas como as mães apresentam médias mais baixas do que os meninos e os pais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas por idade para os adolescentes e para os pais, apesar de haver uma diminuição nas médias de diversas medidas para os adolescentes com o aumento dos 12 aos 16 anos. Houve diferenças para classe social, sendo as médias de bem-estar mais baixas para os participantes de classe média baixa. Especificamente, há diferenças entre a interação de classe social e sexo, e as participantes do sexo feminino de classe média baixa apresentam as menores médias de bem-estar. Finalmente, a relação entre o bem-estar de pais e filhos foi analisada, chegando-se a 5 itens que apresentam correlação de 0,41 entre pais e filhos: a satisfação com a família, com o lugar onde vive, com as condições onde vive, com o nível de vida e com a segurança, formando uma dimensão denominada de satisfação com o microssistema. Os resultados para os modelos de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) apresentam efeitos significativos entre a satisfação e a felicidade global com a vida dos pais e o bem-estar dos filhos adolescentes, apesar de pequenos. / This thesis aims to examine the psychometric properties of the well-being instruments: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) and Core Affects Scale (CAS); to present the well-being in the groups of parents and children, and to verify the relation of the subjective well-being of parents and their adolescent children using different assessment measures. Three studies were conducted with 543 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years (68.3% girls) and their respective parents with an average age of approximately 44 years. The main results show that the scales SWLS, PWI, BMSLSS and CAS have good overall fit indices when performing factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) for the sample of adolescents and parents. There are significant differences between the averages of different well-being domains and the averages are higher for teenagers than for parents mostly. With respect to gender differences, for some of the measures of well-being it is observed that girls as mothers present lower average than boys and parents. Considering age, in general there were no significant differences found for adolescents and parents, despite a decrease in the mean for several measures for adolescents when increasing age. There were differences in social class, and the means of well-being are lower for participants from lower middle class. Specifically, there are differences between the interaction of social class and gender, and female participants from lower middle class have lower average well-being. Finally, the relationship between the well-being of parents and children was analyzed, reaching up to 5 items that show a correlation of 0.41 between parents and children: satisfaction with family, where you live, with the conditions of where you live, with the standard of living and security, forming a dimension called satisfaction with the microsystem. The results for the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) show significant effects between the overall satisfaction and happiness with life of parents and the well-being of adolescent children, though small.

Esta tese tem como objetivos verificar as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de bem-estar: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) e Core Affects Scale (CAS); apresentar o bem-estar nos grupos de pais e filhos adolescentes; e verificar a relação entre o bem-estar subjetivo de pais e seus filhos adolescentes a partir de diferentes medidas de avaliação. Foram realizados três estudos, com 543 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 16 anos (68,3% meninas) e seus respectivos pais, com idade média aproximada de 44 anos. Os resultados apontam que o PWI e as escalas SWLS, BMSLSS e CAS apresentam, no geral, bons índices de ajuste quando da realização da análise fatorial (exploratória e confirmatória) para a amostra de adolescentes e para a de pais. Verificam-se diferenças significativas entre as médias de diferentes domínios de bem-estar, sendo as médias mais altas para os adolescentes do que para os pais. Com relação às diferenças por sexo, para as medidas de bem-estar globais observa-se que tanto as meninas como as mães apresentam médias mais baixas do que os meninos e os pais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas por idade para os adolescentes e para os pais, apesar de haver uma diminuição nas médias de diversas medidas para os adolescentes com o aumento dos 12 aos 16 anos. Houve diferenças para classe social, sendo as médias de bem-estar mais baixas para os participantes de classe média baixa. Especificamente, há diferenças entre a interação de classe social e sexo, e as participantes do sexo feminino de classe média baixa apresentam as menores médias de bem-estar. Finalmente, a relação entre o bem-estar de pais e filhos foi analisada, chegando-se a 5 itens que apresentam correlação de 0,41 entre pais e filhos: a satisfação com a família, com o lugar onde vive, com as condições onde vive, com o nível de vida e com a segurança, formando uma dimensão denominada de satisfação com o microssistema. Os resultados para os modelos de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) apresentam efeitos significativos entre a satisfação e a felicidade global com a vida dos pais e o bem-estar dos filhos adolescentes, apesar de pequenos. / This thesis aims to examine the psychometric properties of the well-being instruments: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) and Core Affects Scale (CAS); to present the well-being in the groups of parents and children, and to verify the relation of the subjective well-being of parents and their adolescent children using different assessment measures. Three studies were conducted with 543 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years (68.3% girls) and their respective parents with an average age of approximately 44 years. The main results show that the scales SWLS, PWI, BMSLSS and CAS have good overall fit indices when performing factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) for the sample of adolescents and parents. There are significant differences between the averages of different well-being domains and the averages are higher for teenagers than for parents mostly. With respect to gender differences, for some of the measures of well-being it is observed that girls as mothers present lower average than boys and parents. Considering age, in general there were no significant differences found for adolescents and parents, despite a decrease in the mean for several measures for adolescents when increasing age. There were differences in social class, and the means of well-being are lower for participants from lower middle class. Specifically, there are differences between the interaction of social class and gender, and female participants from lower middle class have lower average well-being. Finally, the relationship between the well-being of parents and children was analyzed, reaching up to 5 items that show a correlation of 0.41 between parents and children: satisfaction with family, where you live, with the conditions of where you live, with the standard of living and security, forming a dimension called satisfaction with the microsystem. The results for the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) show significant effects between the overall satisfaction and happiness with life of parents and the well-being of adolescent children, though small.

Esta tese tem como objetivos verificar as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de bem-estar: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) e Core Affects Scale (CAS); apresentar o bem-estar nos grupos de pais e filhos adolescentes; e verificar a relação entre o bem-estar subjetivo de pais e seus filhos adolescentes a partir de diferentes medidas de avaliação. Foram realizados três estudos, com 543 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 16 anos (68,3% meninas) e seus respectivos pais, com idade média aproximada de 44 anos. Os resultados apontam que o PWI e as escalas SWLS, BMSLSS e CAS apresentam, no geral, bons índices de ajuste quando da realização da análise fatorial (exploratória e confirmatória) para a amostra de adolescentes e para a de pais. Verificam-se diferenças significativas entre as médias de diferentes domínios de bem-estar, sendo as médias mais altas para os adolescentes do que para os pais. Com relação às diferenças por sexo, para as medidas de bem-estar globais observa-se que tanto as meninas como as mães apresentam médias mais baixas do que os meninos e os pais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas por idade para os adolescentes e para os pais, apesar de haver uma diminuição nas médias de diversas medidas para os adolescentes com o aumento dos 12 aos 16 anos. Houve diferenças para classe social, sendo as médias de bem-estar mais baixas para os participantes de classe média baixa. Especificamente, há diferenças entre a interação de classe social e sexo, e as participantes do sexo feminino de classe média baixa apresentam as menores médias de bem-estar. Finalmente, a relação entre o bem-estar de pais e filhos foi analisada, chegando-se a 5 itens que apresentam correlação de 0,41 entre pais e filhos: a satisfação com a família, com o lugar onde vive, com as condições onde vive, com o nível de vida e com a segurança, formando uma dimensão denominada de satisfação com o microssistema. Os resultados para os modelos de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) apresentam efeitos significativos entre a satisfação e a felicidade global com a vida dos pais e o bem-estar dos filhos adolescentes, apesar de pequenos. / This thesis aims to examine the psychometric properties of the well-being instruments: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) and Core Affects Scale (CAS); to present the well-being in the groups of parents and children, and to verify the relation of the subjective well-being of parents and their adolescent children using different assessment measures. Three studies were conducted with 543 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years (68.3% girls) and their respective parents with an average age of approximately 44 years. The main results show that the scales SWLS, PWI, BMSLSS and CAS have good overall fit indices when performing factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) for the sample of adolescents and parents. There are significant differences between the averages of different well-being domains and the averages are higher for teenagers than for parents mostly. With respect to gender differences, for some of the measures of well-being it is observed that girls as mothers present lower average than boys and parents. Considering age, in general there were no significant differences found for adolescents and parents, despite a decrease in the mean for several measures for adolescents when increasing age. There were differences in social class, and the means of well-being are lower for participants from lower middle class. Specifically, there are differences between the interaction of social class and gender, and female participants from lower middle class have lower average well-being. Finally, the relationship between the well-being of parents and children was analyzed, reaching up to 5 items that show a correlation of 0.41 between parents and children: satisfaction with family, where you live, with the conditions of where you live, with the standard of living and security, forming a dimension called satisfaction with the microsystem. The results for the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) show significant effects between the overall satisfaction and happiness with life of parents and the well-being of adolescent children, though small.

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