Le pouvoir que les groupes d'élite ont exercé au Pérou, s'est maintenu depuis l'époque de la colonisation en renforçant les inégalités économiques et raciales; soulignant ainsi une organisation sociale qui sert une minorité au détriment de la majorité. Cette domination de la minorité s'exerce fondamentalement à partir de Lima, ce qui explique le centralisme administratif, social et économique du pays. Dans cette problématique d'étude, nous voulons souligner essentiellement la façon dont le texte littéraire a réfléchi sur la relation entre le centralisme de la capitale, son organisation de l'espace et ses incidences sur l’inégalité sociale au Pérou. Plusieurs auteurs péruviens ont consacré de nombreux ouvrages à ce sujet. Dans notre projet, nous analyserons deux œuvres littéraires : Lima la horrible (1964) de Sebastián Salazar Bondy, et Yo amo a mi mami (1999) de Jaime Bayly; principalement en se concentrant dans l’œuvre de Bayly comment elle renvoie à travers une série de stratégies intertextuelles à celle de Salazar Bondy. Lima comme espace privilégié sert de substrat à la dialectique narrative. Cela implique tant le roman de Bayly que l’essai de Salazar Bondy, et opère comme motif et structure transtextuelle. Dans notre hypothèse de recherche, Lima la horrible est un palimpseste de Yo amo a mi mami et Bayly construit son discours comme une variante de Salazar Bondy. L’espace produit, dans l'essai comme dans le roman résulte d’une connaissance préalable de la capitale et vise à une critique sociale et culturelle du Pérou dans la représentation de la ville de Lima. / Since the colonial period, the elite groups have kept the authority of power in Peru by creating economic and racial differences. The social structure benefits a minority to the detriment of the majority. The minority dominance is carried out exclusively from Lima, and this supremacy causes the administrative, social and economic centralism of the capital. Our research problem reflects on how the literary text establishes the relationships between the centralism in Lima, the organization of the urban space, and the social inequalities in Peru. Many Peruvian authors have devoted their literary production to this topic. In our study, we analyze two literary works: Lima la horrible (1964) by Sebastián Salazar Bondy, and Yo amo a mi mami (1999) by Jaime Bayly, paying specific attention to how Bayly's work refers through a series of intertextual strategies to that of Salazar Bondy. The space of the city of Lima serves as the substrate for the dialectics of the storyline in both Bayly’s novel and Salazar Bondy’s essay. The space operates as leit motive and transtextual structure. It is our hypothesis that Lima la horrible is a palimpsest of Yo amo a mi mami, and that the discourse presented in Salazar Bondy's work is embedded in Bayly´s novel. In these works the representation of the urban space emerges from the lived experience of the authors, who question the sociocultural foundations of their country. / El poder que ejercen los grupos de élite en el Perú mantiene vigente desde la colonia las diferencias económicas y raciales. La estructura social favorece a una minoría en detrimento de la mayoría. Este dominio de la minoría se realiza fundamentalmente desde Lima debido al centralismo administrativo, social y económico del país. La problemática que esta memoria de investigación aborda es cómo se ha reflexionado en el texto literario sobre la relación entre el centralismo limeño, la organización del espacio y la desigualdad social en el Perú. Muchos autores peruanos han consagrado su producción literaria a esta temática. En nuestro estudio analizamos dos obras literarias: Lima la horrible (1964) de Sebastián Salazar Bondy, y Yo amo a mi mami (1999) de Jaime Bayly, atendiendo específicamente a cómo la obra de Bayly remite a través de una serie de estrategias intertextuales a la de Salazar Bondy. El espacio de la ciudad de Lima sirve de sustrato a la dialéctica narrativa tanto en la novela de Bayly como en el ensayo de Salazar Bondy, y opera como motivo y estructura transtextual. Nuestra hipótesis de investigación ha partido de que Lima la horrible es un palimpsesto de Yo amo a mi mami y de que Bayly estructura su discurso como una variante de la obra de Salazar Bondy. En ambas obras el espacio producido resulta de un conocimiento previo de la ciudad y aporta una crítica social y cultural del Perú a través de la representación de la ciudad de Lima.

This study deals with various aspects of the life of Henrique Galvão (1895-1970) but principally with the seizure of the liner Santa Maria (1961) in opposition to the regime of Dr Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970). It describes the ship’s hijacking and explores its ramifications within the context of the 1961 Angolan nationalist uprising, Portuguese internal politics and Luso-American relations. A brief discussion of Portuguese history from 1910 to 1933 provides the background to Galvão’s affiliation to Salazar’s regime and his subsequent apostasy. The most salient features of Galvão’s dissidence are discussed: his report on conditions in Portuguese Africa (1947-49); involvement in opposition politics (1951-59); the hijacking of an air liner for propaganda purposes (1961) and appearance before the United Nations (1963). These events are connected to the themes of colonial administration, anti-colonialism, African nationalism, anti-Salazarist politics and the African policy of the United States (1961-63).

This study deals with various aspects of the life of Henrique Galvão (1895-1970) but principally with the seizure of the liner Santa Maria (1961) in opposition to the regime of Dr Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970). It describes the ship’s hijacking and explores its ramifications within the context of the 1961 Angolan nationalist uprising, Portuguese internal politics and Luso-American relations. A brief discussion of Portuguese history from 1910 to 1933 provides the background to Galvão’s affiliation to Salazar’s regime and his subsequent apostasy. The most salient features of Galvão’s dissidence are discussed: his report on conditions in Portuguese Africa (1947-49); involvement in opposition politics (1951-59); the hijacking of an air liner for propaganda purposes (1961) and appearance before the United Nations (1963). These events are connected to the themes of colonial administration, anti-colonialism, African nationalism, anti-Salazarist politics and the African policy of the United States (1961-63).

The thesis deals with the authoritarian regime of the Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938-1939) in its Czech part, with the reasons of its origin, its description and its placement in the contemporary context. It shows the share of Catholic, politic and social elites in its creation as well as in efforts to enforce the Christian character of the new regime. It considers then critical stances against democracy of the Catholic Church, it compares authoritarian regime of the Second Republic with similiar regimes in then Europe and it tries to morally and ethically evaluate then stances of the Czech elites. The thesis also deals with anti-Jewish and anti-Gypsy measures of the Second Republic, and it tries to offer a valuable lesson from its development. Keywords Second Republic, authoritarian regime, Catholics, Catholic elites, party of national unity, estate state, antisemitism, Czechoslovak people's party, Stašek, Šrámek, Munich, Hácha