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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / Introduction: This study aimed to apply the methodology of group analysis, as proposed by Sankaran, to an under-represented and poorly-understood biological class. The intention of the study was to extend the group understanding of the biological class, with a view to more notable utilization of the individual members of the class as therapeutic substances. The Salicaceae Family was to the knowledge of the researcher, under-utilized in homoeopathy and was expected to have a much larger scope of use than is current. Methodology: The family, Salicaceae, was classified taxonomically. Secondly, an extraction of all rubrics pertaining to the Salicaceae family was done using the Radar® repertory program. Those rubrics that contained at least two remedies from the Salicaceae Family were retained and the rest were eliminated. A search of Encyclopaedia Homoeopathica® and other resources was utilized to derive common sensations, reactions to sensation, and to classify the remedies miasmatically. Results: The primary sensation was a burning sensation, with heat or a sensation of being burnt, which was confined primarily to the respiratory, genitourinary and gastrointestinal system. The next sensation, which was on the physical level, was of a stinging sensation, which may be interpreted as either a tingling or a prickling sensation. This sensation was found to be mostly confined to the skin. Another sensation was a feeling of being alone, in isolation, detached from surroundings, or being forsaken. Passive reactions included numbness, inflammation, tearfulness, trembling and crying. Active reactions were restlessness, irritation and wanting to sneeze. Miasmatically the task was a challenge, as the researcher found materia medica to be lacking in certain remedies. However many of the remedies were found to be Acute, Sycotic, Malarial or Leprous. v Conclusion: The Salicaceae Family had an affinity for all orifices, with many pathological tendencies occurring throughout the gastrointestinal, genitourinary and respiratory system. The researcher felt that the Group analysis of remedies was a powerful tool that can assist in a homoeopathic prescription. It gave great insight to the Salicaceae Family, and exposed the researcher to the lesser known remedies.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-08T18:05:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4386521 bytes, checksum: 95810ed79cb1aecc3b3e8eb50cba2fac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-08T18:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4386521 bytes, checksum: 95810ed79cb1aecc3b3e8eb50cba2fac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Casearia Jacq. é um dos maiores gêneros de Salicaceae com aproximadamente 180 espécies, das quais 50 ocorrem no Brasil, distribuídas em diferentes formações vegetacionais, sendo 21 endêmicas. Apesar das descrições taxonômicas relatarem a ocorrência de pontos e traços translúcidos nas lâminas foliares e glândulas nos ápices nos dentes marginais, estudos anatômicos caracterizando as estruturas secretoras são escassos. Os pontos e traços translúcidos foram descritos como cavidades e ductos em apenas seis espécies. O tipo de estrutura secretora tem sido utilizado, com sucesso, como marcador morfológico para estabelecimento de parentescos, bem como auxiliando o esclarecimento de problemas taxonômicos. Adicionalmente, a elucidação dos sítios de síntese/acúmulo de compostos, assim como a identificação da natureza química da secreção, podem corroborar os estudos fitoquímicos, indicando os locais responsáveis pela produção dos compostos secundários de interesse medicinal. Este trabalho teve os seguintes objetivos: (1) Identificar as estruturas secretoras que correspondem aos pontos e traços translúcidos das folhas das espécies de Casearia e verificar se presença, o tipo e a posição destas variam entre as espécies; (2) Caracterizar anatomicamente as glândulas dos ápices dos dentes marginais das espécies de Casearia; (3) Identificar os locais de síntese e/ou acúmulo de compostos secundários responsáveis pelas propriedades medicinais de C. sylvestris, espécie amplamente utilizada na medicina popular, e identificar a natureza química da secreção; (4) Elucidar os mecanismos de produção e eliminação das secreções produzidas nas diferentes estruturas secretoras de C. sylvestris. Em relação à descrição da presença de pontos e traços translúcidos na lâmina foliar, foi possível confirmar a correlação entre os mesmos com cavidades e ductos, respectivamente. Tais estruturas estavam presentes em 41 das 45 espécies analisadas. As três espécies da seção Piparea (C. commersoniana, C. javitensis e C. spruceana) estudadas, bem como C. eichleriana, não apresentam cavidades e ductos, o que sugere uma revisão do posicionamento destas espécies. Também foi possível estabelecer padrões de distribuição das cavidades/ductos no gênero. Os dados anatômicos possibilitaram identificar os sítios de síntese e/ou acúmulo dos compostos secundários de C. sylvestris. A localização, estrutura anatômica, atividade secretora precoce e a natureza polissacarídica/proteica da secreção, permitem reconhecer as glândulas associadas aos dentes marginais das folhas de Casearia como coléteres do tipo padrão. A secreção produzida pelos mesmos tem sido relacionada com a proteção de meristemas e órgãos em desenvolvimento, lubrificando e protegendo contra a dessecação e/ou contra o ataque de patógenos. Os dados ultraestruturais das diferentes estruturas permitiram compreender o papel das organelas nos processos de síntese, possibilitando correlacionar a ultraestrutura com a natureza química dos produtos secretados. / Casearia Jacq. is one of the largest genera in Salicaceae, with ca. 180 species, among them 50 occur in Brazil in some vegetation types, 21 of them are endemic. Despite that taxonomic descriptions have reported the occurrence of pellucid–punctuations or –lines on the leaf blade and the glands at the apex of marginal leaf teeth, anatomical studies characterizing secretory structures, are scarce. Only for six species the pellucid– punctuations and pellucid–lines have been anatomically reported as cavities and ducts, respectivelly. The type of secretory structure has been successfully used as a morphological characters to establish relationships as well as to clarify taxonomic problems. In additional, elucidating the sites of synthesis/accumulation of compounds, as well as identifying the chemical nature of the secretion, may aid phytochemical studies by indicating the specific sites responsible for the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. This work aimed to: (1) Identify the secretory structures that correspond to the pellucid–punctuations and –lines on leaves of Casearia species and verify whether the presence, type and position of these structures vary among species; (2) Anatomically characterize the glands at the apex of the marginal leaf teeth in Casearia species; (3) Identify the sites of synthesis and/or accumulation of the secondary metabolites responsible for the medicinal properties of C. sylvestris, a widely used species in folk medicine, as well as identify the chemical nature of the secretion; and (4) Elucidate the mechanisms of production and exudation of the secretions produced by the different secretory structures in leaves of C. sylvestris. The correlation of pellucid–punctuations and –lines on the leaf blade with cavities and ducts, respectively, was confirmed. These structures were present in 41 of the 45 analyzed species. C. commersoniana, C. javitensis, C. spruceana (the three studied species from section Piparea) and C. eichleriana do not have cavities or ducts, which suggests the need for a revision of the taxonomical positioning of these species. Distribution patterns of cavities and ducts in the genera were also established. The anatomical data allowed the identification of the sites of synthesis and/or accumulation of the secondary metabolites in C. sylvestris. The placement, anatomical structure, precocious secretory activity and the polysaccharide/protein prodution allow recognize the glands associated with the marginal leaf teeth in Casearia as standard-type colleters. Colleter secretion has been suggested to be related with the protection of apical meristems and developing organs, by lubricating them and thus protecting them against desiccation, and/or also protecting them against pathogen. The ultrastructural data on the different secretory structures allowed the comprehension of the role played by organelles on the synthesis processes, thus it was possible to stablish correlation between the ultrastructure with the chemical nature of the secreted products.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:38:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Comandolli.pdf: 4289017 bytes, checksum: 2bef35ae167e04ceccfedeedc54fbb31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials of extracts of leaves and branches of Casearia javitensis, and to purify and identify their secondary metabolites. Leaves and branches were collected in Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, AM. The plant material was dried, grinded and the extracts were prepared with DCM, MeOH and water using ultrasound for 20 minutes each. The extracts were concentrated and tested for antibacterial, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity assays were done using the agar diffusion method by well technique, against Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were measured for the most active extracts. The cytotoxicity assay employed brine shrimp Artemia salina and the evaluation of antioxidant activity used a method with DPPH and ascorbic acid. DCM branches extract was fractioned in chromatographic column (CC), and recrystallization. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses afforded steroids, as β-sitosterol. DCM extracts of leaves and branches were analyzed by GC-MS in appropriated conditions to steroids and triterpenes analyses, and triterpene friedelin was detected in branches extracts. Antimicrobial assay showed high activity for branches MeOH extract and leaves MeOH extract against A. hydrophila, MIC value < 2 mg/mL and showed no cytotoxicity in Artemia salina. These MeOH extracts were dissolved in water and partitioned between dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (AcOEt) and n-buthanol (n-BuOH), and these phases were tested for antibacterial activity. The AcOEt phases were the most active, and showed high antimicrobial activity. The DCM phase from branches MeOH extract was fractioned by CC and afforded β-friedelanol. The AcOEt fraction of branches MeOH extract was fractioned by CC and some fractions were purified by HPLC, and afforded five phenolic glycosides, which structures are not yet determined. 1D and 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry analyses are still on progress. The n BuOH phase from branches MeOH extract was fractioned by exclusion chromatography (Sephadex LH-20) and subjected to CC over a Poliamide-6 column, and NMR analyses of one fraction suggest the presence of a phenolic glycoside. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo isolar e identificar os metabólitos secundários presentes nos extratos de Casearia javitensis, assim como avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano, citotóxico e antioxidante destes extratos. Para o trabalho, foram realizadas quatro coletas na Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Manaus-AM. Os materiais coletados foram secos, moídos e extraídos em ultrassom com diclorometano (DCM), metanol (MeOH) e H2O. Para os testes antimicrobianos, utilizou-se o método de difusão em ágar, pela técnica de poço, contra Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Mínima Bactericida (CMB) foram determinadas para os extratos mais ativos. O ensaio citotóxico utilizou Artemia salina como organismo-teste e o ensaio de atividade antioxidante empregou o método quantitativo utilizando o radical DPPH e equivalência com o ácido ascórbico. O extrato DCM dos galhos foi fracionado por coluna cromatográfica (CC) e uma fração foi purificada através de recristalização. Frações analisadas por Cromatográfo à Gas acoplado à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) mostraram presença de esteroides, possuindo o β-sitosterol como majoritário nas frações. Os demais extratos DCM foram analisados por CG-EM em uma condição para análise de esteroides e triterpenos, e o triterpeno friedelina foi detectado nos extratos dos galhos. O extrato metanólico dos galhos da primeira coleta e o extrato metanólico das folhas da terceira coleta apresentaram halos de inibição superiores a 10 mm no teste contra Aeromonas hydrophila, CIM abaixo de 2 mg/mL e ausência de atividade citotóxica em Artemia salina. Estes extratos foram submetido à partição com diclorometano (DCM), acetato de etila (AcOEt) e n-butanol (n-BuOH), e as fases obtidas foram avaliadas para atividade antimicrobiana. As fases AcOEt destes extratos mostraram-se como as mais ativas, concentrando a atividade antimicrobiana. A fase DCM do extrato MeOH dos galhos foi fracionada por sucessivas CCs e uma fração mostrou a presença de β-friedelanol por análise em CG-EM. A fase AcOEt foi fracionada por CC e algumas frações foram purificadas por CLAE, fornecendo cinco fenólicos glicosilados, os quais a determinação estrutural ainda não está concluída, pois espectros de RMN mono e bidimensionais são necessários para a conclusão desta etapa. A fase n -BuOH foi fracionada em CC utilizando Sephadex LH-20 e CC de Poliamida-6, e o espectro de RMN de uma fração semipurificada sugere a presença também de fenólicos glicosilados.

Darbo tikslas ‒ ištirti drėgnio įtaką susmulkinto gluosninio žilvičio savaiminiam kaitimui ir šilumos sklaidai pjaustinio sampile. Atlikti tyrimai ir literatūros analizė leidžia teigti, kad didelis drėgmės kiekis lemia pjaustinio biologinį aktyvumą, taip pat jo tankį, poringumą ir kitas savybes. Susidaro palankios sąlygos pjaustinio savaiminio kaitimo procesui, kuris siejamas su medienos audinių kvėpavimu, grybų ir bakterijų veikla, biodegradacijos proceso intensyvumu bei medienos pjaustinio savaiminio užsiliepsnojimo rizika. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, jog didžiausiu biologiniu aktyvumu (800 ÷ 340 W/(t•h)) pasižymi nuo 50 % iki 33 % drėgnio gluosninio žilvičio pjaustinys. Jam džiūstant toliau, išskiriamas šilumos srautas intensyviai mažėja ir išdžiūvus iki 12 % drėgnio, tampa visiškai biologiškai neaktyvus. Nustatyta, jog medienos pjaustinio temperatūrinis laidis nevienodas įvairuojant jo drėgniui. Temperatūrinio laidžio maksimali vertė 21,6 m2/s fiksuota, kai gluosnių pjaustinio drėgnis siekė 30 %. / The aim of this paper is to explore the influence of humidity to self‒heating and thermal dissipation pile chaff to cut Salicaceae osier. Performed research and analysis of literature suggests that high moisture content determines the biological activity of carving its density, porosity and other properties. It creates favourable conditions for self‒heating process of carving, which is associated with the wood tissue of breath, fungi and bacteria activity, biodegradation process, the intensity of wood carving and the risk of spontaneous ignition. The investigation revealed that the highest biological activity (800 ÷ 340 W/(t•h)) have between 50 % and 33 % of humidity Oyster osier chops. Further drying, heat flow decreases intensively and drying up to 12 % humidity, it is completely becoming biological inactive. It was found that the conductivity of wood carving temperature difference of unequal moisture. Thermal conductivity maximum value of 21,6 m2/s fixed, the willow carving moisture content was 30 %.

La culture de saules (Salix sp.) est une pratique courante en Europe et en Amérique du Nord pour produire de la biomasse végétale. Cependant, le développement d’outils moléculaires est très récent. De plus, la phylogénie des saules est incomplète. Il y a un manque d’information pour les programmes de sélection d'espèces indigènes et pour la compréhension de l’évolution du genre. Le genre Salix inclut 500 espèces réparties principalement dans les régions tempérées et boréo-arctique de l’hémisphère nord. Nous avons obtenu l’ensemble des espèces retrouvées naturellement en Amérique (121 indigènes et introduites). Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé de nouveaux outils moléculaires et méthodes : extraction d’ADN, marqueurs microsatellites et gènes nucléaires. Puis, nous avons séquencé deux gènes chloroplastiques (matK et rbcL) et la région ITS. Les analyses phylogénétiques ont été réalisées selon trois approches : parcimonie, maximum de vraisemblance et Bayésienne. L’arbre d’espèces obtenu a un fort support et divise le genre Salix en deux sous-genres, Salix et Vetrix. Seize espèces ont une position ambiguë. La diversité génétique du sous-genre Vetrix est plus faible. Une phylogénie moléculaire complète a été établie pour les espèces américaines. D’autres analyses et marqueurs sont nécessaires pour déterminer les relations phylogénétiques entre certaines espèces. Nous affirmons que le genre Salix est divisé en deux clades. / Fast growing willows (Salix sp.) are increasingly used in Europe and North America for biomass production and other environmental applications. However, the development of molecular tools is recent. The phylogeny of willows is incomplete, which slows down the selection of suitable native species and the development of improvement programs. The genus Salix includes approximately 500 species worldwide, and these are mainly located in temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. We gathered leaf material from all 121 willows of North America (species native and introduced). We developed three molecular tools-methods: DNA extraction, SSR markers, and nuclear genes. We sequenced two chloroplast genes matK and rbcL and the ITS region. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The species tree provides strong support for a division of the genus into two subgenera, Salix and Vetrix. Sixteen species have ambiguous positions. A complete molecular phylogeny of American willows has been established. It needs to be confirmed and further resolved using other molecular data. Nonetheless, the genus clearly has two clades.

La culture de saules (Salix sp.) est une pratique courante en Europe et en Amérique du Nord pour produire de la biomasse végétale. Cependant, le développement d’outils moléculaires est très récent. De plus, la phylogénie des saules est incomplète. Il y a un manque d’information pour les programmes de sélection d'espèces indigènes et pour la compréhension de l’évolution du genre. Le genre Salix inclut 500 espèces réparties principalement dans les régions tempérées et boréo-arctique de l’hémisphère nord. Nous avons obtenu l’ensemble des espèces retrouvées naturellement en Amérique (121 indigènes et introduites). Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé de nouveaux outils moléculaires et méthodes : extraction d’ADN, marqueurs microsatellites et gènes nucléaires. Puis, nous avons séquencé deux gènes chloroplastiques (matK et rbcL) et la région ITS. Les analyses phylogénétiques ont été réalisées selon trois approches : parcimonie, maximum de vraisemblance et Bayésienne. L’arbre d’espèces obtenu a un fort support et divise le genre Salix en deux sous-genres, Salix et Vetrix. Seize espèces ont une position ambiguë. La diversité génétique du sous-genre Vetrix est plus faible. Une phylogénie moléculaire complète a été établie pour les espèces américaines. D’autres analyses et marqueurs sont nécessaires pour déterminer les relations phylogénétiques entre certaines espèces. Nous affirmons que le genre Salix est divisé en deux clades. / Fast growing willows (Salix sp.) are increasingly used in Europe and North America for biomass production and other environmental applications. However, the development of molecular tools is recent. The phylogeny of willows is incomplete, which slows down the selection of suitable native species and the development of improvement programs. The genus Salix includes approximately 500 species worldwide, and these are mainly located in temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. We gathered leaf material from all 121 willows of North America (species native and introduced). We developed three molecular tools-methods: DNA extraction, SSR markers, and nuclear genes. We sequenced two chloroplast genes matK and rbcL and the ITS region. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The species tree provides strong support for a division of the genus into two subgenera, Salix and Vetrix. Sixteen species have ambiguous positions. A complete molecular phylogeny of American willows has been established. It needs to be confirmed and further resolved using other molecular data. Nonetheless, the genus clearly has two clades.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Le phénomène naturel d’érosion des berges peut menacer des infrastructures humaines. Des protections végétales peuvent être installées afin de mimer les dynamiques de végétation et armer la berge grâce aux racines. Cependant, les changements climatiques globaux sont susceptibles d’entraîner et d’aggraver les sécheresses, ce qui va stresser les végétaux présents et compromettre la bonne réussite des ouvrages de génie végétal. La principale question est donc « Quelles sont les caractéristiques biotechniques et les facultés d’acclimatation à la sécheresse de boutures de Salicaceae et Tamaricaceae, espèces utilisées ou potentiellement utilisables en génie végétal ? ». L’étude de différentes populations d’espèces classiquement utilisées que sont les saules démontre une résistance à la sécheresse plus efficace des populations méridionales tandis que les productions de biomasses restent plus élevées chez les populations septentrionales. L’étude des traits biotechniques et du comportement racinaire d’espèces potentielles appartenant aux Tamaricaceae (Tamarix gallica et Myricaria germanica) montre un taux élevé de reprise au bouturage, une forte production de biomasses et une stratégie de prospection racinaire différente des saules, ce qui leur confère une résistance à la sécheresse accrue. Ceci confirme une utilisation possible de ces espèces dans des ouvrages de génie végétal soumis à sécheresse. / The natural phenomenon of riverbank erosion can threaten human stakes. Vegetative bioengineering protections can be installed to imitate the vegetation dynamics and anchor the soil bank thanks to roots. However, global climate change could induce and increase droughts, what is going to stress plants and to compromise the bioengineering works success. The main question is thus " what are the biotechnical capabilities and the drought acclimatization faculties of cuttings of Salicaceae and Tamaricaceae, species used or potentially useful in bioengineering? ". The study of different populations of species such as willows demonstrates a more effective drought resistance of the Southern populations whereas the biomass productions remain higher with the Northern populations. The study of the biotechnical traits and the root behavior potentially useful species such as Tamaricaceae (Tamarix gallica and Myricaria germanica) show a high resprouting rate, a high biomass production and a prospecting root strategy different from willows. This results confer them a better drought resistance. This confirms a possible use of these species in vegetative bioengineering works subjected to drought.