Neuweltkameliden, Trächtigkeitsdiagnose, Hormone, Speichel, Milch, Urin Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die trächtigkeitsassoziierten Hormone Progesteron (P4), Pregnanediol-Glucuronid (PdG), Östronsulfat (E1S) und Relaxin (RLN) in Spei-chel, Milch und Urin von tragenden und nicht tragenden Alpakas im Vergleich zur je-weiligen Blutkonzentration zu bestimmen, um ihre Eignung zur nicht invasiven Träch-tigkeitsdiagnostik zu untersuchen. Beprobt wurden, über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren, 36 Alpakastuten von sechs pri-vaten Züchtern in Sachsen jeweils vor der Bedeckung und in verschiedenen Stadien der Trächtigkeit (verifiziert durch eine transabdominale Ultraschalluntersuchung). Es wurden jeweils Serum-, Plasma-, Speichel-, Urin- und Milchproben gewonnen und die Hormonkonzentrationen mittels Enzymimmunoassay (EIA) bestimmt. Weiterhin wurden einige Milchproben in einem semiquantitativen Progesteron-Schnelltest für Rinder ein-gesetzt. P4-Konzentrationen steigen signifikant von Basalwerten beim nicht tragenden Tier von 0,35 ± 0,04 ng/ml auf 2,94 ± 0,11 ng/ml Plasma (bzw. von 0,26 ± 0,03 auf 2,87 ± 0,10 ng/ml Serum) bei tragenden Tieren an. Auch in Milch und im Urin tragender Alpakas sind signifikant höhere P4-Konzentrationen messbar: Sie steigen von basal 0,83 ± 0,06 ng/ml auf 4,09 ± 0,38 ng/ml Milch bzw. von 0,29 ± 0,04 ng P4/mg Krea auf 0,60 ± 0,06 ng P4/mg Krea im Urin. Die Urin-Konzentrationen von PdG sind signifikant höher bei graviden (152,73 ± 17,37 ng PdG/mg Krea) als bei ingraviden Alpakas (26,70 ± 2,80 ng PdG/mg Krea). Im Speichel sind weder von P4 noch von PdG Konzentrationsunterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen nachweisbar. Der P4-Schnelltest erkannte 28 von 31 Milchproben tragender Tiere richtig als tragend, was einem Prozentsatz von 90 % entspricht. Dage-gen wurden 22 von 32 Proben nicht tragender Tiere als nicht tragend identifiziert (69 %), wobei von den falsch positiven Milchproben jedoch 70% auch mit dem labor-gebundenen EIA falsch positive Ergebnisse lieferten. Während Blutkonzentrationen von RLN signifikant nach dem zweiten Trächtigkeitsmo-nat von basal 1,65 ± 0,56 ng/ml auf 11,69 ± 2,31 ng/ml (Plasma) bzw. von 0,95 ± 0,30 ng/ml auf 16,23 ± 3,05 ng/ml (Serum) ansteigen, sind keine Unterschiede in Milch, Speichel und Urin zwischen tragenden und nicht tragenden Tieren nachweisbar. Konzentrationen von E1S steigen erst im letzten Trächtigkeitsmonat signifikant an: Blutwerte steigen von basal 0,59 ± 0,07 ng/ml auf 3,43 ±0,55 ng/ml (Plasma) bzw. 0,32 ± 0,02 ng/ml auf 2,16 ± 0,43 ng/ml (Serum) und Urinwerte von basal 6,14 ± 0,53 ng E1S/mg Krea auf 104,03 ± 24,09 ng E1S/mg Krea. Speichel und Milchkonzentrationen unterscheiden sich nicht signifikant zwischen den beiden Gruppen. Die gemessenen Konzentrationen von P4, E1S und RLN im Blut bzw. PdG und E1S im Urin stimmen mit den Ergebnissen früherer Untersuchungen überein und können somit als Trächtigkeitsmarker bestätigt werden. Dies ist die erste Arbeit, die trächtigkeitsassoziierte Hormone in Speichel und Milch von Alpakas untersucht. Während die P4 Bestimmung in Milch sowie die Bestimmung von PdG und E1S in Urin geeignete Alternativen darstellen, ist Speichel für eine Trächtig-keitsdiagnostik beim Alpaka ungeeignet. Die Nutzung von Milch und Urin zur Trächtigkeitsdiagnose stellt insofern eine Vereinfa-chung der derzeitig gängigen Methoden (u. a. Blutprogesteron) dar, als dass der Besit-zer das Probenmaterial selbst gewinnen kann und dies mit erheblich weniger Stress für die Stuten verbunden ist. Die Bestimmung von P4 in Milch und PdG in Urin stellen so-mit geeignete Alternativen zur Frühdiagnostik im ersten Trächtigkeitsmonat dar, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt eine transabdominale Ultraschalluntersuchung noch nicht aussage-kräftig ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag, um die noch vergleichsweise kleine vor-handene Datenbank zur Endokrinologie der Reproduktion bei NWK zu erweitern. / Aims of the present study were the measurement of pregnancy-associated hormones progesterone (P4), pregnanediol-glucuronide (PdG), relaxin (RLN) and oestrone sul-phate (E1S) in saliva, milk and urine of pregnant and non-pregnant alpacas, to compare to their respective blood concentrations and to assess their potential use for pregnancy diagnosis. Samples were obtained over a course of two years from 36 female alpacas of 6 private alpaca breeders in Saxony (Germany) before mating and at different stages throughout pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasonography). Hormone concentrations in serum, plasma, saliva, urine and milk samples were determined using enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Some milk samples were also tested using a commercial on-farm P4 kit which is de-signed for dairy cattle. Concentrations of P4 increased significantly from basal values in non-pregnant alpacas of 0.35 ± 0.04 ng/ml to 2.94 ± 0.11 ng/ml in plasma (and from 0.26 ± 0.03 to 2.87 ± 0.10 ng/ml in serum) in pregnant animals. Milk and urine concentrations of P4 were sig-nificantly higher in pregnant alpacas: Values increased from basal 0.83 ± 0.06 ng/ml to 4.09 ± 0.38 ng/ml in milk and from 0.29 ± 0.04 ng P4/mg Cr to 0.60 ± 0.06 ng P4/mg Cr in urine. While PdG concentrations in urine were significantly higher in pregnant (152.73 ± 17.37 ng PdG/mg Cr) than in non-pregnant animals (26.70 ± 2.80 ng PdG/mg Cr), there were no differences in concentrations of P4 or PdG in saliva. The on-farm milk P4 test kit showed a sensitivity of 90% for diagnosis of pregnancy and a specificity of 69% for non-pregnancy. RLN concentrations in blood increased significantly after the 2nd month from basal 1.65 ± 0.56 ng/ml to 11.69 ± 2.31 ng/ml in plasma and from 0.95 ± 0.30 ng/ml to 16.23 ± 3.05 ng/ml in serum, whereas there were no differences in milk, saliva and urine between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Hormone concentrations of E1S increase during the last month of pregnancy: Blood concentrations rise from basal values of 0.59 ± 0.07 ng/ml to 3.43 ± 0.55 ng/ml in plasma and from 0.32 ± 0.02 ng/ml to 2.16 ± 0.43 ng/ml in serum; urine concentrations from 6.14 ± 0.53 ng E1S/mg Cr to 104.03 ± 24.09 ng E1S/mg Cr. There were no sig-nificant differences in E1S concentrations in saliva and milk between pregnant and non-pregnant alpacas. Values of P4, E1S and RLN in blood as well as PdG and E1S in urine are comparable to previous reports in alpacas and therefore can be confirmed as an indicator for preg-nancy. This is the first study to include determination of pregnancy associated hormones in saliva and milk of alpacas. However, saliva seems to be unsuitable for pregnancy di-agnosis in alpacas, whereas P4 in milk, as well as PdG and E1S in urine seem to be adequate tools. The use of milk and urine would simplify pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas since, in con-trast to the current methods (e.g. blood P4 concentration and ultrasonography), the owners themselves can take the samples. The avoidance of blood sampling results in a considerable stress reduction for the animals and therefore reduces the risk for potential loss of pregnancies. The measurements of P4 in milk and PdG in urine are useful alternatives to pregnancy diagnosis, especially during the first month of pregnancy, when transcutaneous ultrasonography is not yet reliable. This work adds information to the comparatively small database for camelid reproduc-tive endocrinology.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with several clinically significant abnormalities in the oral cavity and salivary glands, the most common being periodontitis, salivary gland enlargement and a sensation of dry mouth. The pre­valence of dental caries in diabetics is mostly reported to be decreased or unaffected. Since there is a shortage of information concerning the influence of metabolic control and duration of diabetes on these abnormalities, the present studies were performed. Three-month-old rats were made alloxan-diabetic and investigated after one and twelve months’ duration of dia­betes for oral lesions and feeding behavior. They had free access to a standard pellet diet and tap water. Strepto­coccus mutans and lactobacilli were naturally occurring. In diabetic rats the proportion of the oral flora which was lactobacilli was positively correlated to the blood glucose level. Untreated long-term alloxan-diabetic rats de­veloped advanced periodontal disease and root surface caries in the molars at sites of interdental impaction of foreign material. The degree of alveolar bone loss was positively correlated to the blood glucose level. Diabetic rats were hyperphagic and had a longer total eating time, including day-time eating, mainly by having longer meals but no significant increase of meal frequency, as compared with non-diabetic animals. The untreated al­loxan-diabetic rats developed reduced salivary gland weight which was of the same degree in short- and long­term diabetic animals. Short- and long-term untreated alloxan-diabetic rats showed a similar degree of morpho- metrically estimated lipid accumulation in the acinar cells of the submandibular glands, and the degree was posi­tively correlated to the blood glucose level. However, lipid inclusion occurred only in rats with a morning non­fasting blood glucose level exceeding 15 mmol/L. The capillaries in the submandibular glands of the untreated long-term alloxan-diabetic rats had a significantly increased thickness of the basement membranes as compared with the observations in short-term diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Untreated alloxan-diabetic rats were also shown to have a decreased salivary flow rate compared with non-diabetic rats, and the decreased flow was negatively correlated to the blood glucose concentration. Salivary flow rate increased with the duration of the disease. The diabetic rats had increased salivary glucose levels, which were positively correlated to blood glucose values when the latter were above 15 mmol/L, suggesting a threshold mechanism for salivary glucose excretion. Insulin therapy reversed salivary flow rate and salivary glucose concentrations toward normal. Salivary investigations were performed in eleven diabetic patients on two occasions with different metabolic con­trol. Salivary flow rate showed marked interindividual differences but was not significantly changed by improv­ed metabolic control although several of the patients initially had severely deranged glucose metabolism. A posi­tive correlation between the glucose concentration in blood and saliva was seen in the parotid saliva during secre­tory stimulation. No significant change in electrolytes, amylase or antimicrobial factors was found. / <p>S. 1-48: sammanfattning, s. 49-90: 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Patients with bulimia nervosa are at high risk for dental erosion. However, not all bulimic patients suffer from erosion, irrespective of the severity of their eating disorder. It is often speculated that differences in the saliva are important, however, little is known about salivary parameters in bulimic patients, particularly directly after vomiting. The aim of the clinical trial was to compare different salivary parameters of subjects suffering from bulimia with those of healthy controls. Twenty-eight subjects participated (14 patients with bulimia nervosa, 7 of them with erosion; 14 matched healthy controls). Resting and stimulated saliva of all participants was analysed as well as saliva collected from bulimic patients directly and 30 min after vomiting. Parameters under investigation were flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and the enzyme activities of proteases in general, collagenase, pepsin, trypsin, amylase, peroxidase, and lysozyme. Regarding flow rate, pH and buffering capacity only small differences were found between groups; buffering capacity directly after vomiting was significantly lower in bulimic subjects with erosion than in subjects without erosion. Differences in enzymatic activities were more pronounced. Activities of proteases, collagenase and pepsin in resting and proteases in stimulated saliva were significantly higher in bulimic participants with erosion than in controls. Peroxidase activity was significantly decreased by regular vomiting. Proteolytic enzymes seem to be relevant for the initiation and progression of dental erosion directly after vomiting, maybe by both hydrolysis of demineralized dentine structures as well as modulation of the pellicle layer. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Chapter II: Football is a sport with intermittent characteristics, high intensity and emphasis on components of strength, speed and endurance. This sport competition offers a unique setting for assessing stress responses and changes in redox balance. The collection and analysis of less-invasive samples such as saliva, offer the opportunity to collect in the field of training or competition. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of competition on salivary biomarkers of stress and redox balance in soccer players. The sample consisted of 14 male subjects (24.05 ± 3.1 years, 173 ± 0.05 cm, 71.84 kg ± 8:50). The volunteers were monitored during the college national championship (four games) with an interval of 24 hours between games. Saliva samples were collected before and after the games and put up until the time of analysis. Our findings show that in 4 games SAA and the rate of secretion of total protein post-games showed significant increases over the pre-game moments. Game 1.2 and 3 cortisol levels showed significant increases in post-game moments in relation to pre-game moments. With regard to changes in redox balance, was not observed changes in rates of oxidative damage to lipids before and after 4 games, which were quantified by the concentration of the products of lipid peroxidation (TBARS). On the other hand, total antioxidant response in Game 3 was significantly increased in the post-game compared to the pre-game, shown by the total antioxidant capacity (FRAP). Catalase activity did not change significantly in any of the time points. These results suggest that 3 markers of stress (autonomous activity) showed changes due to athletic competition. The secretion rate of total protein can be an attractive marker of stress, ease and low cost of the method. The games even with little recovery range were not enough to promote oxidative damage to lipids, probably because of the induced training adaptations. / CAPITULO II: O futebol é um esporte com características intermitentes, de intensidade extenuante com ênfase nos componentes de força, velocidade e resistência. Nesse sentido, a competição esportiva oferece um cenário único para avaliar as respostas ao estresse e alterações no balanço redox. A análise e coleta de amostras menos-invasivas, como a coleta de saliva, têm se destacado por oferecer oportunidade de coletas no próprio campo de treinamento ou competição. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da competição sobre biomarcadores salivares de estresse e balanço redox em atletas de futebol. A amostra foi composta por 14 indivíduos homens (24,05± 3.1 anos, 173 ± 0,05 cm, 71.84 ± 8.50 kg). Os voluntários foram monitorados durante o campeonato brasileiro universitário e realizaram quatro jogos de futebol com intervalo de 24h de descanso entre os jogos. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas antes e após o término dos jogos e acondicionadas até o momento da análise. Nossos achados mostram que nos 4 jogos a sAA e a taxa de secreção de Proteínas totais pós-jogos apresentaram aumentos significativos em relação aos momentos pré-jogos. No jogo 1, 2 e 3 a concentração de cortisol foi maior nos momentos pós-jogos em relação aos momentos pré-jogos. No que diz respeito às alterações do balanço redox, não foi verificado alterações nas taxas de danos oxidativos a lipídeos antes e após os 4 jogos, que foram quantificados através da concentração dos produtos de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS). Por outro lado, a resposta antioxidante total no jogo 3 apresentou aumento significativo no momento pós-jogo em relação ao pré-jogo, mostrado pela capacidade antioxidante total (FRAP). A atividade da catalase não sofreu alteração significativa em nenhum dos momentos avaliados. Esses resultados sugerem que os 3 marcadores de estresse (atividade autônoma) apresentaram alterações frente a competição esportiva. A taxa de secreção de Proteínas Totais pode ser um marcador atraente de estresse, pela facilidade e baixo custo do método. Os jogos mesmo com pouco intervalo de recuperação não foram suficiente para promover danos oxidativos a lipídeos, fato esse ocorreu provavelmente pelas adaptações induzidas pelo treinamento da equipe. / Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica

Submitted by PRISCILA VIEIRA DA SILVA null (privieira.odonto@gmail.com) on 2016-05-16T16:04:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Priscila Vieira da Silva.pdf: 1090391 bytes, checksum: 41dc10fe589d791d5b3020f707074cbe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-17T14:57:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_pv_me_araca.pdf: 1090391 bytes, checksum: 41dc10fe589d791d5b3020f707074cbe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T14:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_pv_me_araca.pdf: 1090391 bytes, checksum: 41dc10fe589d791d5b3020f707074cbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estresse oxidativo é atribuído a um desequilíbrio entre a ação de sistemas antioxidantes com a produção exacerbada de radicais livres, como espécies reativas de oxigênio. A atividade dos sistemas antioxidantes enzimáticos e não enzimáticos, são uma poderosa defesa do corpo contra danos causados pelos radicais livres. Biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo podem ser observados na saliva de adultos e crianças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de estresse oxidativo e a atividade de sistema antioxidante enzimático, como a superóxido dismutase (SOD) e não-enzimático como o ácido úrico (AU) na saliva de crianças na primeira infância (0-3 anos de idade) que apresentaram cárie precoce severa da infância (S-ECC do inglês, severe early childhood caries). Amostras de saliva não estimuladas foram coletadas pela manhã, durante 5 minutos, usando o Salivette® em crianças de 0-3 anos de idade, com cárie precoce severa na infância (n = 30) e em crianças livres de cárie (n = 30) de escolas públicas de Araçatuba – SP. Foram feitas as avaliações de estresse oxidativo (EO), pela medida da peroxidação lipídica, da capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), pelo método FRAP, bem como de sistema antioxidante enzimático, avaliando a atividade da SOD e não enzimático pela avaliação do UA, salivares. Os dados foram analisados por programa estatístico Graph Pad Prism, versão 5.0 e comparados pelo teste t de Student (p <0,05). Níveis de proteína elevados foram observados na saliva de crianças S-ECC quando comparados ao grupo livre de cárie. O dano oxidativo foi menor na saliva de S-ECC, enquanto a CAT salivar, atividade da SOD e ácido úrico salivares foram mais elevados em S-ECC quando comparados ao grupo livre de cárie. Nosso estudo demonstrou que o menor dano oxidativo observado na saliva de S-ECC estaria associado ao aumento da atividade de sistemas antioxidantes enzimático e não enzimático. / Oxidative stress is attributed to an imbalance between the antioxidant systems activity and the increased production of free radicals such as reactive oxygen species. The activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems are a powerful defense of the body against damage caused by free radicals. Oxidative stress biomarkers can be observed in the saliva of adults and children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme system activity, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nonenzymatic as uric acid (UA) in the saliva of toddlers (0-3 years old) with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected in the morning during 5 minutes using Salivette® in S-ECC children (n = 30) and in caries-free children (n = 30) of public schools in Araçatuba - SP. We evaluated the salivary protein level by Lowry method, and the oxidative stress (OS) by lipid peroxidation. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analyzed by FRAP method. The activity of salivary SOD and salivary UA were assessed as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, respectively. Data were analyzed by statistical program Graphpad Prism version 5.0 and the results were compared between groups by Student's t test (p <0.05). High protein levels were observed in the saliva of S-ECC children when compared to caries-free group. Oxidative damage was lower in S-ECC group, while the salivary TAC, SOD activity and salivary UA were higher in S-ECC when compared to the caries-free group. This study demonstrated that decreased oxidative damage was associated with the increased activities of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in S-ECC saliva.

Submitted by NEILA PAULA DE SOUZA null (neilapsouza@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-03T12:41:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Texto parcial.pdf: 337207 bytes, checksum: b9d37dcafd680c86cfcf322b63bd5142 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão do trabalho submetida ao Repositório Institucional UNESP deve conter o texto completo. A equipe do Repositório se encarregará de disponibilizar apenas o conteúdo parcial que segundo a Portaria UNESP 396 de 10 de setembro de 2015 consiste em: Artigo 3º V - conteúdo parcial: as páginas pré-textuais (a folha de rosto, a dedicatória, os agradecimentos, a epígrafe, o resumo na língua vernácula, o resumo em língua estrangeira, as listas de ilustrações, de tabelas, de abreviaturas, de siglas e de símbolos e o sumário), a introdução, a conclusão ou as considerações finais e as referências do trabalho. Lembrando que: é necessário informar no formulário de submissão que a versão do trabalho a ser disponibilizada deve ser a parcial e indicar em quanto tempo a versão integral deverá ser disponibilizada, ao atingir a data limite o sistema automaticamente disponibilizará a versão completa do trabalho. Caso necessite prorrogar o prazo para disponibilização do texto completo, de acordo com o artigo 6º da Portaria UNESP 396: A data para a disponibilização do conteúdo integral poderá ser prorrogada por até mais 2 (dois) anos mediante a apresentação, via ofício, de justificativa pelo Autor ao programa de pós-graduação com no mínimo 90 (noventa) dias de antecedência à data informada para a disponibilização do conteúdo integral. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-10-05T14:55:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by NEILA PAULA DE SOUZA null (neilapsouza@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-06T22:18:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Neila Paula de Souza.pdf: 772082 bytes, checksum: d5e2138ecb931158491a3bb1b8afb66b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-11T12:23:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_np_dr_araca_par.pdf: 460863 bytes, checksum: 4893cc920a29197cfb36639b1bf845b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T12:23:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_np_dr_araca_par.pdf: 460863 bytes, checksum: 4893cc920a29197cfb36639b1bf845b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite (HCV) é um grave problema mundial de saúde pública. Os graduandos do curso de Odontologia apresentam alto risco de exposição à infecção pelo vírus por meio de lesões percutâneas ocupacionais e exposição dos olhos, vias de infecção já estabelecida na literatura científica. Estudos têm apontado o potencial de transmissão do HCV por vias não parentais, tal como por meio do compartilhamento de objetos contaminados, como as escovas de dente. Assim, toda a população e, principalmente, os indivíduos infectados devem ter conhecimento sobre a infecção viral e precisam executar os cuidados com as escovas de dente, com o propósito de prevenir a transmissão do patógeno. Por essas razões, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento sobre a infecção entre os graduandos do curso de Odontologia e suas atitudes frente aos pacientes infectados; e investigar o conhecimento sobre a transmissão viral entre os indivíduos infectados e as atitudes em relação aos cuidados com as escovas de dente. Para avaliar o conhecimento sobre a infecção pelo HCV entre os estudantes e suas atitudes frente aos pacientes infectados foi realizado um estudo transversal com 340 indivíduos de duas universidades públicas. Utilizou-se um instrumento contendo informações sobre: características sociodemográficas, conhecimento sobre o HCV e atitudes frente aos pacientes infectados. Os procedimentos de estatística descritiva e os testes: exato de Fisher, t de Student, U de Mann-Whitney e regressão logística múltipla (RLM) foram realizados (p <0,05 foi considerado significativo). Com o propósito de investigar o conhecimento sobre a transmissão viral dos pacientes, realizou-se um estudo com 112 indivíduos infectados pelo HCV de uma cidade do noroeste do estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário composto por perguntas sobre: dados sociodemográficos, conhecimento da transmissão do HCV e atitudes em relação aos cuidados com escovas de dente. As variáveis foram expressas como frequências, porcentagens, médias e desvios-padrão. A análise estatística incluiu os testes: Qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e estimação de máxima verossimilhança (p <0,05 foi considerado significativo). Os resultados demonstraram que 46% dos graduandos não tinham alto nível de conhecimento e 97,7% deles demonstraram atitudes positivas. Já em relação aos pacientes infectados com o HCV, os resultados demonstraram que 46% dos indivíduos não tinham bom nível de conhecimento sobre a transmissão do HCV, 43,5% não identificaram a transmissão do vírus por meio de escovas de dente e 80% não acreditavam na transmissão do HCV pela saliva. Em relação aos cuidados com as escovas de dente, 35,3% apresentaram atitudes inadequadas em relação aos cuidados com as escovas de dente. Conclui-se que os estudantes de Odontologia e os pacientes demonstraram um conhecimento insatisfatório sobre a infecção pelo HCV, foram observadas algumas lacunas, sugerindo a importância da educação continuada sobre a infecção pelo vírus nessas populações, a fim de prevenir a transmissão da hepatite C, bem como reduzir a discriminação e o preconceito contra pacientes que apresentam a doença. / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem. Dental students are at high risk of exposure to infection with HCV through occupational percutaneous injuries and eye exposure, infection routes established in the scientific literature. Some studies have pointed the potential of transmission by sharing infected instruments, like toothbrushes. Thus, the population and mostly infected patients must be made aware of the infection and execute care with toothbrushes, in order to prevent transmission of the pathogen. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge about HCV infection amongst dental students and their attitudes towards patients infected with HCV and, to investigate the knowledge about viral transmission among HCV infected individuals and attitudes regarding toothbrush care. In order to evaluate the knowledge about HCV infection and their attitudes amongst dental students, a cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 340 Brazilian dental students from two public universities using an instrument containing information regarding demographic characteristics, knowledge of HCV and attitudes towards patients with HCV infection. Descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t-tests, Mann–Whitney U-test and multiple logistic regression (MLR) were carried out (P < 0.05 was considered significant). For purposes of to investigate the knowledge about viral transmission among HCV infected individuals, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 112 HCV-infected individuals from Uberlandia City, Minas Gerais State (Southeast Brazil). Data were collected through a questionnaire containing demographic data, questions about knowledge of HCV transmission and, attitudes regarding toothbrush care. Variables were expressed as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The statistical analysis included Chi-square test, Exact Fisher’s test and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (p < 0.05 was considered significant). Forty six percent of participants had low knowledge level, 97.7% demonstrated positive attitudes. Regarding HCV infected patients, 46% showed poor Knowledge level of HCV transmission; 43.5% percent did not identify HCV transmission through toothbrushes, 80% did not believe in HCV transmission by saliva and, 35.3% had inappropriate attitudes towards care with toothbrushes. In conclusion, dental students and HCV infected patients demonstrated an unsatisfactory knowledge of HCV infection, some gaps were observed, suggesting the importance of continuous education about HCV in this population in order to prevent HCV infection as well as discrimination and prejudice towards patients with hepatitis C.

The aim of this study was to characterize the replication of tick borne encephalitis virus in mouse macrophages and investigate the influence of tick saliva derived from Ixodes ricinus on the viral replication. Moreover, the effect of interferon (the member of type I interferons) and nitric oxide on virus replication was studied.

O objetivo do presente estudo clínico foi compreender o efeito do uso prévio de agentes antimicrobianos na diversidade e a estrutura do microbioma procariótico de saliva, biofilme supragengival e canal radicular de dentes com infecção endodôntica aguda. Realizaram-se coletas microbiológicas de saliva (S), biofilme supragengival (BS) e canal radicular (CR) de pacientes que não utilizaram antibióticos (G1: n=6) e de pacientes que utilizaram antibióticos (G2: n=6). Para a caracterização das comunidades de procariotos por meio de sequenciamento de alto rendimento, foram produzidos pools de seis amostras para cada um dos sítios. A região hipervariável V3-V4 do gene 16S rRNA foi amplificada e a plataforma Illumina MiSeq foi empregada para análise das sequências geradas. Foram determinadas a presença e abundância relativa das unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTUs) em cada amostra. Procedeu-se a análise de alfa-diversidade para cada amostra, considerando-se as métricas de Simpson, dominância, estimativa de riqueza de Chao-I e o Índice de Shannon. Os valores obtidos foram comparados por meio de testes estatísticos. Para a análise dos índices de beta-diversidade, empregou-se o método de agrupamento UPGMA, com jackknifing e método de comparação UniFrac com peso. A representação gráfica tridimensional da beta-diversidade foi realizada por meio de análise de coordenadas principais. A técnica de PCR gene específico foi empregada para determinar a presença de genes relacionados à resistência bacteriana para agentes beta-lactâmicos (blaTEM, blaZ, ampC, mecA), macrolídeos (ermB, ermC, mefA), tetraciclinas (tetM, tetQ, tetW), lincosamidas (lnuB, lsaB) e vancomicina (vanA, vanD, vanE). A similaridade para a presença/ausência de genes de resistência nas amostras de S, BS e CR em G1 e G2 foi determinada por meio de coeficiente de agrupamento, utilizando-se o método UPGMA com distância Euclidiana. Todos os pacientes apresentavam infecção endodôntica aguda, caracterizada pela presença de dor espontânea, necrose pulpar e dor à percussão vertical. Aumento de volume foi observado em 8/12 pacientes. Os pacientes do Grupo 2 utilizaram beta-lactâmicos previamente à consulta (amoxicilina = 5; cefalexina = 1). Há predomínio de integrantes do domínio Bactéria em todas S, BS e CR. Archaea pertencentes ao gênero Methanobrevibacter foram encontradas apenas em amostras de CR, constituindo menos de 1% do total de OTUs (G1-CR = 0,319%; G2-CR = 0,014%). Há predomínio de bactérias dos filos Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes em amostras de S, BS e CR. Há redução intensa no percentual de OTUs pertencentes ao Filo Firmicutes em amostras de saliva, quando antibiótico foi utilizado (G1-S = 75,371; G2-S = 35,242). Comportamento oposto ocorreu neste ecossistema para integrantes do Filo Bacteroidetes (G1-S = 12,657; G2-S = 33,947). Tanto em G1 quanto em G2, bactérias do gênero Streptococcus predominam em amostras de S e BS. Em canais radiculares, maiores percentuais de OTUs foram observados para os gêneros Porphyromonas e Prevotella. As métricas de alfadiversidade indicam que o uso prévio de antimicrobiano parece oportunizar o estabelecimento de espécies antes menos abundantes, especialmente em saliva (dominância: G1-S>G2-S; índice de Shanon: G1-S<G2-S; índice de Simpson: G1- S<G2-S; índice de Chao-1: G1-S<G2-S). A análise de beta-diversidade mostra proximidade entre G1-BS e G2-BS; há distanciamento entre G1-S e G2-S. As amostras G1-CR e G2-CR estão mais distantes de S e BS, sugerindo maior seleção imposta pelo ecossistema do CR aos procariotos. Os genes de resistência mais frequentemente detectados foram tetM, tetQ, tetM, ermB e mefA. Não foram detectados genes vanA, vanD, vanE, blaZ, mecA, lnuB e ermC. O gene ermB foi frequentemente detectado em amostras de S, BS e CR em ambos os grupos. Em pacientes que não utilizaram antibiótico, o gene tetM e o gene tetQ foram detectados simultaneamente em S, BS e CR (tetM = 4/6; tetQ = 3/6). A análise multivariada não demonstrou nível de agrupamento alto entre amostras de um mesmo paciente, de um mesmo ecossistema, ou de um mesmo grupo. A partir dos resultados do presente estudo, observou-se que a utilização de agente antimicrobiano betalactâmico parece alterar parâmetros composicionais de comunidades de procariotos na cavidade bucal. Entretanto, particularidades relativas a cada ecossistema podem modular a extensão deste efeito, parecendo ser mais intensos em amostras de S do que em BS e CR. / The present clinical study aimed to assess the effect of antibiotics over the diversity and structure in prokaryotic communities of saliva, supragengival biofilm and root canal of teeth with acute primary infections. Samples of saliva (S), supragengival biofilm (BS) and root canal of teeth with acute primary infections (CR) were collected from patients, and were grouped according with the previous use of antibiotic (G1 = no antibiotics; G2 = antibiotics). Pooled samples for each community were evaluated. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). The V3-V4 hypervariable region from the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. The presence and relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was determined for each sample. Alpha-diversity analysis was performed with the Simpson’s index, dominance, Chao-1 richness index and Shannon’s index. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare their values for each community.Beta-diversity was computed through UPGMA clustering and jackknifing. The principal coordinate analysis employed weighted UniFrac. Gene-specific PCR was employed to detect resistance genes to lactamics (blaTEM, blaZ, ampC, mecA), macrolides (ermB, ermC, mefA), tetracyclines (tetM, tetQ, tetW), lincosamides (lnuB, lsaB) e vancomycin (vanA, vanD, vanE). The UPGA clustering analysis with Euclidean distance was applied to investigate the existence of similar groups of samples. A dendrogram was constructed to show the arrangement of the sample groups produced by clustering. All the patients had primary acute endodontic infections, with spontaneous pain, pulp necrosis and tenderness on percussion. Swelling was observed for 8 out of 12 patients. Patients from G2 had lactamics before the urgency appointment (amoxicillin = 5; cephalexin = 1). Bacteria were predominant in S, BS and CR samples. Archaea belonging to the genus Methanobrevibacter were only detected in RC samples and comprised less than 1% of all the OTUs G1-CR = 0.319%; G2-CR = 0.014%). The great majority of the detected OTUs in S, BS, and CR belonged to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Reduction in the percentage of Firmicutes was observed in G2-S (G1-S = 75.371%; G2-S = 35.242%). A distinct behavior was demonstrated by the Bacteroidetes (G1- S = 12.657%; G2-S = 33.947%). Components belonging to the genus Streptococcus were predominant in S and BS, for both G1 and G2. CR harbored high percentage of species belonging to the genus Porphyromonas and Prevotella. The alpha-diversity indexes demonstrated that the G2-S had an increase in low abundant species (dominance: G1- S>G2-S; Shanon index: G1-S<G2-S; Simpson index: G1-S<G2-S; Chao-1 index: G1-S<G2- S). Beta-diversity showed that G1-BS and G2-BS had close spatial distribution. G1-CR and G2-CR were more distant from S and BS samples. The RC may promote a most intense species selection, due to environmental conditions. The most frequently detected genes associated with resistance to antibiotics were tetM, tetQ, tetM, ermB, and mefA. The genes vanA, vanD, vanE, blaZ, mecA, lnuB, and ermC were not detected in the samples. The gene ermB was frequently detected in S, BS and CR samples. In patients from G1, tetM and tetQ were detected simultaneously in all the three environments (tetM = 4/6; tetQ = 3/6). There was no clustering behavior for samples belonging to different environments in the same patients and between the same environment samples from different groups. An overall analysis from the data allows for suggesting that the use of lactamic agents may alter compositional parameters from prokaryotic communities in the oral cavity to different extents. Specific environmental characteristics from each site may modulate the effect that seemed to be more intense for S than for BS and CR.

The research presented in this thesis started with the idea to study alcohols as modifiers and dopants in differential ion mobility spectrometry (d-IMS) to produce complicated chemical signatures to explore a concept of chemical labels for product security application. D-IMS is a gas phase atmospheric pressure separation and detection technique which distinguishes compounds based on differences in their ions mobility as their travel under a low and high electric field. The hypothesis was that alcohols will form typical d-IMS products such as protonated monomers and proton bound cluster ions. However, the very first experiments revealed unexpected phenomena which included changes in the mobility of ions over a narrow range of concentrations that could not be explained by existing theory. Another observation was the apparent regeneration of reactant ions. It became evident that the observed phenomena had not been described in the open literature and that addressing the research-questions that were being raised would be essential for the determination of alcohols by d-IMS and its use in medical applications for toxicity screening and monitoring of alcohols. The above discovery shifted the research objective towards a fundamental and comprehensive study on the behaviour of alcohols in d-IMS. This thesis describes designed experiments and constructed systems allowing the efficient study of effect of concentration, electric field and temperature on the d-IMS responses of alcohols. The results of those studies demonstate: extensive fragmentation of alcohols, including previously undescribed fragmentation patterns with regeneration of the hydrated proton; new phenomena of adduct ion formation within the d-IMS drift tube, observed in the case of methanol within a narrow range of concentration; and self-modification of the alpha function of alcohols. This knowledge was exploited by developing an non-invasive analytical method for recovery, separation and detection of toxins from human saliva (including alcohols, diols and GHB) using TD-GC-d-IMS (thermal desorption - gas chromatography d-IMS) within a full range of toxicological concentration levels.

Bakgrund: Parkinsons sjukdom är en neurodegenerativ sjukdom som kan begränsa människan och minska dess förmåga att fungera normalt i det vardagliga livet. Bland individer diagnostiserade med Parkinsons sjukdom finns risk att munhälsan blir dåligt prioriterad. Till följd av detta tilltar behovet av andra människors hjälp samt lämplig tandvård.     Syfte: Beskriva kunskapsläget avseende Parkinsons sjukdoms inverkan på förekomst av parodontala sjukdomar, karies, hyposalivation och xerostomi.   Metod: Följande studie är en litteraturöversikt. Databaserna DOSS, MEDLINE och Pubmed användes för att svara på studiens syfte. Relevanta sökord samt inklusion- och exklutionskriterier användes för att finna väsentliga vetenskapliga artiklar som svarade på syftet. De vetenskapliga artiklarna blev kvalitetsgranskade med hjälp av en modifierad kvalitetsgranskningsmall.   Resultat: Totalt inkluderades 19 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visade att individer med Parkinsons sjukdom har mindre bra oral hälsa. Flera av dessa studier visade på hög förekomst av parodontala sjukdomar. Resultatet visade även på hög förekomst av karies, hyposalivation samt xerostomi hos dessa individer.      Slutsats:  Individer med Parkinsons sjukdom löper större risk att drabbas av parodontala sjukdomar, karies, hyposalivation samt xerostomi. Dessa kan orsakas av olika faktorer så som medicinering, motoriska och icke-motoriska symtom samt sjukdomsdurationen. / Bakground: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that may limit humans and reduce their ability for normal function in their daily life. Among individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, there is a risk that oral health will be poor and not prioritized. As a consequence, the need of assistance and dental care increases.    Aim: Describe the state of knowledge concerning the impact of Parkinson's disease on the incidence of periodontal disease, caries,  hyposalivation and xerostomia.    Method: The study design was a literature review. Scientific articles were searched in the databases DOSS, MEDLINE and Pubmed. Relevant keywords and inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to find essential scientific articles.  The scientific articles were quality reviewed using a modified quality review template.   Results: AA total of 19 scientific articles were included. The result showed that individuals with Parkinson’s disease have poor oral health. Several of these studies showed high prevalence of periodontal disease. The result also showed a high prevalence of caries, hyposalivation and xerostomia in these individuals.  Conclusion: Individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease have an increased risk to develop periodontal diseases, caries, hyposalivation and xerostomia.  These can be caused by different factors, medication, motor and non-motor symptoms and the disease duration.