Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 picco_dcr_me_araca.pdf: 1215439 bytes, checksum: 0d577253d2a1dd44da70137ce267a807 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Em pesquisa anterior, verificamos que ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) apresentam menor fluxo salivar estimulado que ratos normotensos Wistar, o que poderia levar ao maior índice de doença cárie nestes animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico com fluoreto de sódio (NaF) nos parâmetros bioquímicos da saliva e plasma, nos ossos e na mineralização de dentes incisivos de SHR. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar e SHR aos 3 meses de vida. O tratamento foi feito com solução de NaF (20 ppm) por 30 dias, na água de beber. A medida da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi realizada pelo método indireto de pletismografia de cauda. Para a coleta da saliva, o fluxo salivar foi estimulado com nitrato de pilocarpina e os animais foram colocados em prancha inclinada e a saliva coletada por 15 minutos. As concentrações salivares e plasmáticas de fluoreto foram determinadas com eletrodos específicos e as de cálcio utilizando um kit comercial específico. A determinação da concentração de proteínas totais foi realizada pelo método de Lowry e a atividade da amilase salivar utilizando kit comercial. A análise de flúor na superfície do fêmur foi feita pelo método direto e a análise no fêmur pelo método de Taves. A microdureza dos dentes incisivos foi determinada utilizando microdurômetro com penetrador tipo Knoop. Os resultados foram avaliados e a diferença estatística foi considerada quando p<0,05. A PAS e o peso dos animais não foram alterados pelo tratamento. O reduzido fluxo salivar de SHR apresentou-se aumentado em SHR tratados. A concentração de flúor na saliva e plasma aumentou com o tratamento em ratos Wistar, no entanto em SHR este aumento foi observado apenas no plasma. Apesar do aumento no fluxo... / In previous research we found that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have lower stimulated salivary flow than normotensive Wistar, which could lead to a higher rate of caries in these animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic treatment with sodium fluoride (NaF) in the biochemical parameters of saliva and plasma, bone and mineralization in incisor teeth of SHR. Were used SHR and Wistar rats at 3 months of life. The treatment was made with NaF solution (20 ppm) for 30 days in drinking water. The measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was performed by the indirect method of tail plethysmography. To collect saliva, salivary flow was stimulated with pilocarpine nitrate and the animals were placed on an inclined board and saliva collected for 15 minutes. Salivary and plasma concentrations of fluoride were determined with specific electrodes and calcium using a specific commercial kit. The determination of total protein concentration was performed by the method of Lowry and salivary amylase activity using a commercial kit. The analysis of fluoride on the surface of the femur was made by the direct method and analysis in the femur by the method of Taves. The microhardness of incisors was determined using Knoop microhardness with indenter type. The results were evaluated and differences were considered when p <0.05. The SBP and the weight of the animals were not affected by treatment. The reduced salivary flow in SHR were enlarged in treated SHR. The fluoride concentration in saliva and plasma increased with treatment in Wistar rats, however, in SHR the increase was only observed in plasma. Despite the increase in salivary flow that occurs after treatment with NaF, the concentration of fluoride in saliva is not altered in SHR. The calcium concentration decreased in saliva and plasma in SHR group after treatment, what ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Maria Salete Machado Candido / Banca: Abraham Lincoln Calixto / Banca: Luiz Alberto Plácido Penna / Banca: José Roberto Cury Saad / Banca: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade / Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar in vitro a resistência à tração de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados em raízes de dentes bovinos com quatro agentes cimentantes em dois períodos de tempo de armazenamento em saliva artificial: com 48 horas e após 240 dias. Para tal, foram utilizadas 80 raízes de dentes bovinos que, após tratamento endodôntico, foram divididas em 8 grupos com 10 raízes para cada grupo. Para a fixação dos pinos foram utilizados 4 diferentes agentes cimentantes sendo que, os quatro primeiros grupos foram armazenados em saliva artificial por 48 horas antes do teste de tração; a saber: Grupo I - cimento resinoso dual (Rely X e Adper Single Bond-3M/ESPE), Grupo II - cimento de ionômero de vidro (Bioglass "C"- BIODINÂMICA), Grupo III - cimento de fosfato de zinco (SS WHITE), Grupo IV - cimento resinoso quimicamente ativado (CB Cement e One-Step/ BISCO). Os outros 4 Grupos (V, VI, VII e VIII) receberam os mesmos agentes cimentantes citados acima e na mesma seqüência porém, armazenados em saliva artificial por 240 dias antes da realização do teste de resistência à tração em uma Máquina de Ensaio Universal (VERSAT 500) à velocidade de deslocamento de 1,0 mm/min. Os dados foram catalogados e submetidos à análise estatística mediante os testes Análise de Variância, Tukey e t-student. Os resultados mostraram após 48 horas de armazenamento, o comportamento dos Grupos em estudo e podem assim ser representados: G IV > G III > G I > G II, no entanto, após 240 dias: G VIII = G VII  G VI  G V; concluindo que: a resistência à tração de pinos de fibra de vidro; cimentada em raízes bovina, foi influenciada com o tempo, pois, quanto maior o tempo de envelhecimento, menor é o valor da resistência, com exceção do cimento de ionômero de vidro. / Abstract: The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the in vitro tensile bond strength resistence of fiberglass posts retained with different cementing agents in bovine teeth at different time points, upon incubation with artificial saliva. To that end, eighty roots harvested from bovine teeth received endodontic treatment and were split into 8 groups (10 roots per group). The fiberglass posts were retained with four different cementing agents, and the first groups were incubated with artificial saliva 48 hours before the tensile test. The groups were distributed as follows: Group I - dual resin cement (Rely X e Adper Single Bond-3M/ESPE), Group II - glass ionomer cement (Bioglass "C"- BIODINÂMICA), Group III - zinc phosphate cement (SS WHITE) and Group IV - chemically activated resin cement (C&B Cement e One -Step/BISCO). The remaining four groups (V, VI, VII and VIII) were accordingly treated with the same cementing agents and conditions, except for the fact that they were incubated with artificial saliva for 240 days before being subjected to the tensile test using a Universal Testing Machine (VERSAT 500) at 1.0 mm/min. The data generated were collected and subjected to statistical analysis through ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc and Student-t tests. After 48 hours of incubation in artificial saliva, the outcome can be presented as follows regarding the traction test: G IV > G III > G I > G II. On the other hand, after 240 days of incubation the outcome was G VIII = G VII  G VI  G V. The findings allow us to state that the tensile bond strength of fiberglass posts cemented in bovine teeth roots was affected by the variable time because the longer the aging the lower is the resistance, except the glass ionomer cement. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AttaivaJCS.pdf: 466598 bytes, checksum: b363d98f4950255b7a8a5f77f59a7d0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-11 / The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors related to hyposalivation among non-institutionalized independently living elderly people, living in Natal-RN, Brazil. The study was a control-case type and the data collection was accomplished by carrying a questionnaire, oral examination and a non-stimulated and stimulated sialometry. The cases were identified by values of salivary flow rate <0,1mL/min and stimulated &#8804; 0,5 mL/min, and the controls were by observing the values of sialometry that were bigger than the previously defined parameters. Age and gender were used as pairing variables. The data were analyzed using X2 (&#945; = 0,05) and odds ratio. The sample was composed of 98,1% female and 1,9% male, with mean age 68. There was not association between hyposalivation and the following studied variables: income, schooling, profession, dwelling conditions, domiciliary density, illness, number of teeth and use of prothesis. However, a link was found between hyposalivation and smoking frequency in the passet (OR=5,14), indicating that, referring to elderly people, the tabagism frequency habit was a risk factor to the studied condition. Therefore, refering to non-institutionalized independently elderly people, economic-social-demographic conditions, general and bucal health, diet and habits such as alcoholism have been not risk factors to hyposalivation. However, people that have been smoking have more risk to have the studied conditions / O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores de risco relacionados ? hipossaliva??o em idosos funcionalmente independentes e n?o institucionalizados da cidade do Natal-RN, Brasil. Participaram do estudo 106 idosos de ambos os sexos, com 60 anos e mais, selecionados de grupos de idosos da cidade do Natal-RN, Brasil. O estudo foi do tipo caso-controle, e a coleta de dados foi realizada atrav?s de um question?rio, exame f?sico e sialometria n?o estimulada e estimulada. Os casos foram identificados pelos valores de taxas de fluxo salivar n?o estimulado < 0,1mL/min e estimulado &#8804; 0,5mL/min, e os controles a partir dos valores de sialometrias superiores aos par?metros estabelecidos para os casos. Idade e sexo foram utilizados como vari?veis de emparelhamento. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o X2 (&#945; = 0,05) e a raz?o de chances (OR). A amostra foi composta de 98,1% do sexo feminino e 1,9% do sexo masculino, com m?dia de idade de 68 anos. N?o houve associa??o da hipossaliva??o com as seguintes vari?veis estudadas: renda, escolaridade, profiss?o, estado civil, moradia, densidade domiciliar, doen?as, medica??o, restri??o alimentar, etilismo, n?mero de dentes e uso de pr?tese. No entanto, foi encontrada associa??o entre hipossaliva??o e freq??ncia de fumo no passado (OR= 5,14), indicando que, em idosos, a freq??ncia do h?bito do tabagismo foi um fator de risco para a condi??o estudada. Portanto, em idosos funcionalmente independentes, as condi??es s?cio-econ?mico-demogr?ficas, sa?de geral e bucal, dieta e h?bitos como etilismo n?o foram fatores de risco para a hipossaliva??o. No entanto, pessoas que fumaram mais t?m um maior risco de apresentar a condi??o estudada

O objetivo do presente estudo clínico foi compreender o efeito do uso prévio de agentes antimicrobianos na diversidade e a estrutura do microbioma procariótico de saliva, biofilme supragengival e canal radicular de dentes com infecção endodôntica aguda. Realizaram-se coletas microbiológicas de saliva (S), biofilme supragengival (BS) e canal radicular (CR) de pacientes que não utilizaram antibióticos (G1: n=6) e de pacientes que utilizaram antibióticos (G2: n=6). Para a caracterização das comunidades de procariotos por meio de sequenciamento de alto rendimento, foram produzidos pools de seis amostras para cada um dos sítios. A região hipervariável V3-V4 do gene 16S rRNA foi amplificada e a plataforma Illumina MiSeq foi empregada para análise das sequências geradas. Foram determinadas a presença e abundância relativa das unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTUs) em cada amostra. Procedeu-se a análise de alfa-diversidade para cada amostra, considerando-se as métricas de Simpson, dominância, estimativa de riqueza de Chao-I e o Índice de Shannon. Os valores obtidos foram comparados por meio de testes estatísticos. Para a análise dos índices de beta-diversidade, empregou-se o método de agrupamento UPGMA, com jackknifing e método de comparação UniFrac com peso. A representação gráfica tridimensional da beta-diversidade foi realizada por meio de análise de coordenadas principais. A técnica de PCR gene específico foi empregada para determinar a presença de genes relacionados à resistência bacteriana para agentes beta-lactâmicos (blaTEM, blaZ, ampC, mecA), macrolídeos (ermB, ermC, mefA), tetraciclinas (tetM, tetQ, tetW), lincosamidas (lnuB, lsaB) e vancomicina (vanA, vanD, vanE). A similaridade para a presença/ausência de genes de resistência nas amostras de S, BS e CR em G1 e G2 foi determinada por meio de coeficiente de agrupamento, utilizando-se o método UPGMA com distância Euclidiana. Todos os pacientes apresentavam infecção endodôntica aguda, caracterizada pela presença de dor espontânea, necrose pulpar e dor à percussão vertical. Aumento de volume foi observado em 8/12 pacientes. Os pacientes do Grupo 2 utilizaram beta-lactâmicos previamente à consulta (amoxicilina = 5; cefalexina = 1). Há predomínio de integrantes do domínio Bactéria em todas S, BS e CR. Archaea pertencentes ao gênero Methanobrevibacter foram encontradas apenas em amostras de CR, constituindo menos de 1% do total de OTUs (G1-CR = 0,319%; G2-CR = 0,014%). Há predomínio de bactérias dos filos Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes em amostras de S, BS e CR. Há redução intensa no percentual de OTUs pertencentes ao Filo Firmicutes em amostras de saliva, quando antibiótico foi utilizado (G1-S = 75,371; G2-S = 35,242). Comportamento oposto ocorreu neste ecossistema para integrantes do Filo Bacteroidetes (G1-S = 12,657; G2-S = 33,947). Tanto em G1 quanto em G2, bactérias do gênero Streptococcus predominam em amostras de S e BS. Em canais radiculares, maiores percentuais de OTUs foram observados para os gêneros Porphyromonas e Prevotella. As métricas de alfadiversidade indicam que o uso prévio de antimicrobiano parece oportunizar o estabelecimento de espécies antes menos abundantes, especialmente em saliva (dominância: G1-S>G2-S; índice de Shanon: G1-S<G2-S; índice de Simpson: G1- S<G2-S; índice de Chao-1: G1-S<G2-S). A análise de beta-diversidade mostra proximidade entre G1-BS e G2-BS; há distanciamento entre G1-S e G2-S. As amostras G1-CR e G2-CR estão mais distantes de S e BS, sugerindo maior seleção imposta pelo ecossistema do CR aos procariotos. Os genes de resistência mais frequentemente detectados foram tetM, tetQ, tetM, ermB e mefA. Não foram detectados genes vanA, vanD, vanE, blaZ, mecA, lnuB e ermC. O gene ermB foi frequentemente detectado em amostras de S, BS e CR em ambos os grupos. Em pacientes que não utilizaram antibiótico, o gene tetM e o gene tetQ foram detectados simultaneamente em S, BS e CR (tetM = 4/6; tetQ = 3/6). A análise multivariada não demonstrou nível de agrupamento alto entre amostras de um mesmo paciente, de um mesmo ecossistema, ou de um mesmo grupo. A partir dos resultados do presente estudo, observou-se que a utilização de agente antimicrobiano betalactâmico parece alterar parâmetros composicionais de comunidades de procariotos na cavidade bucal. Entretanto, particularidades relativas a cada ecossistema podem modular a extensão deste efeito, parecendo ser mais intensos em amostras de S do que em BS e CR. / The present clinical study aimed to assess the effect of antibiotics over the diversity and structure in prokaryotic communities of saliva, supragengival biofilm and root canal of teeth with acute primary infections. Samples of saliva (S), supragengival biofilm (BS) and root canal of teeth with acute primary infections (CR) were collected from patients, and were grouped according with the previous use of antibiotic (G1 = no antibiotics; G2 = antibiotics). Pooled samples for each community were evaluated. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). The V3-V4 hypervariable region from the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. The presence and relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was determined for each sample. Alpha-diversity analysis was performed with the Simpson’s index, dominance, Chao-1 richness index and Shannon’s index. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare their values for each community.Beta-diversity was computed through UPGMA clustering and jackknifing. The principal coordinate analysis employed weighted UniFrac. Gene-specific PCR was employed to detect resistance genes to lactamics (blaTEM, blaZ, ampC, mecA), macrolides (ermB, ermC, mefA), tetracyclines (tetM, tetQ, tetW), lincosamides (lnuB, lsaB) e vancomycin (vanA, vanD, vanE). The UPGA clustering analysis with Euclidean distance was applied to investigate the existence of similar groups of samples. A dendrogram was constructed to show the arrangement of the sample groups produced by clustering. All the patients had primary acute endodontic infections, with spontaneous pain, pulp necrosis and tenderness on percussion. Swelling was observed for 8 out of 12 patients. Patients from G2 had lactamics before the urgency appointment (amoxicillin = 5; cephalexin = 1). Bacteria were predominant in S, BS and CR samples. Archaea belonging to the genus Methanobrevibacter were only detected in RC samples and comprised less than 1% of all the OTUs G1-CR = 0.319%; G2-CR = 0.014%). The great majority of the detected OTUs in S, BS, and CR belonged to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Reduction in the percentage of Firmicutes was observed in G2-S (G1-S = 75.371%; G2-S = 35.242%). A distinct behavior was demonstrated by the Bacteroidetes (G1- S = 12.657%; G2-S = 33.947%). Components belonging to the genus Streptococcus were predominant in S and BS, for both G1 and G2. CR harbored high percentage of species belonging to the genus Porphyromonas and Prevotella. The alpha-diversity indexes demonstrated that the G2-S had an increase in low abundant species (dominance: G1- S>G2-S; Shanon index: G1-S<G2-S; Simpson index: G1-S<G2-S; Chao-1 index: G1-S<G2- S). Beta-diversity showed that G1-BS and G2-BS had close spatial distribution. G1-CR and G2-CR were more distant from S and BS samples. The RC may promote a most intense species selection, due to environmental conditions. The most frequently detected genes associated with resistance to antibiotics were tetM, tetQ, tetM, ermB, and mefA. The genes vanA, vanD, vanE, blaZ, mecA, lnuB, and ermC were not detected in the samples. The gene ermB was frequently detected in S, BS and CR samples. In patients from G1, tetM and tetQ were detected simultaneously in all the three environments (tetM = 4/6; tetQ = 3/6). There was no clustering behavior for samples belonging to different environments in the same patients and between the same environment samples from different groups. An overall analysis from the data allows for suggesting that the use of lactamic agents may alter compositional parameters from prokaryotic communities in the oral cavity to different extents. Specific environmental characteristics from each site may modulate the effect that seemed to be more intense for S than for BS and CR.

Orientador: Jaime Aparecido Cury / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T22:05:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Queiroz_CelsoSilva_M.pdf: 4148499 bytes, checksum: a250fc32bc9b3c95e74bc4505b1ca920 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre o estresse e a concentração dos compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSV) no hálito bucal. Para tanto, foram avaliadas duas condições estressantes: Estudo I - prova; Estudo II - tensão pré-menstrual (TPM). O Estudo I foi composto de 2 grupos: A e B. O grupo A (34 voluntários), foi subdividido em 18 voluntários com estresse e 16 voluntários sem estresse. As concentrações dos CSV e foram medidas 1 semana antes da prova, no dia e 1 semana após, através do monitor de sulfetos (Halimeter) e o fluxo salivar também foi mensurado. No grupo B (37 voluntários), além dessas análises foram mensurados o pH, "capacidade tampão", cálcio, fósforo e proteína na saliva. O Estudo II foi composto por 50 voluntárias: 27 mulheres sem TPM (controle) e 23 mulheres com TPM. As mensurações dos CSV e do fluxo salivar foram realizadas nos períodos não-menstrual, pré-menstrual e de menstruação. A análise estatística mostrou que tanto no Grupo A (n=34) quanto no Grupo B (n=37) a concentração dos CSV no dia da prova foi maior (p<0,05) enquanto que a taxa de fluxo salivar foi menor (p<0,05). Os voluntários com estresse (n=18) e sem estresse (n=16) também apresentaram maiores concentrações de CSV no dia da prova (p<0,05), enquanto o fluxo salivar foi menor somente nos voluntários não estressados (p<0,05). A análise bioquímica da saliva do Grupo B revelou - que o pH foi menor no dia da prova (p<0,05), e as demais análises não foram diferentes (p>0,05). No Estudo II, as voluntárias sem TPM (n=26) apresentaram maior concentração dos CSV no período menstrual (p<0,05). Enquanto nas voluntárias com TPM (n=23) a concentração dos CSV foi maior (p<0,05) nos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual. Já o fluxo salivar não mostrou diferenças (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o estresse é um fator pré-disponente da halitose, cujo mecanismo não pode ser explicado somente pela diminuição do fluxo salivar / Abstract:The aim of study was to evaluate the relationship between stress and volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) present in mouth air. Thus, two stressfull conditions were evaluated: Study 1- examination; Study II - premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Study I was composed of 2 groups: A and B. Group A (34 volunteers), was divided in 18 volunteers with stress and 16 volunteers without stress. VSC concentrations were measured a week before, on day and a week after the exam using a sulfide monitor (Halimeter) and the salivary flow was measured. In group B (37 volunteers), others analyisis as pH, "buffer capacity", proteins, calcium and phosphorus, in saliva were performed. In study II, fifty women were selected: 27 women without PMS symptoms (control group) and 23 women with PMS symptoms. The measurements were performed during non-menstrual, PMS and menstrual periods. The statistical results showed in both groups A and B an increase of VSC concentration on the exam day (p<0.05) and the salivary flow was lower (p<0.05). Volunteers with stress (n=18) and without stress (n=16), presented higher VSC concentration on the exam (p<0.05), but there was statistical diferences in the salivary flow rate only in the volunteers without stress (p<0.05). The biochemistry analisys of the saliva in group B showed that pH was lower on the exam day (p<0.05), and others analisys were not statistical differences (p>0.05). In study II, the volunteers without PMS symptoms (n=26) presented higher VSC concentration in the menstrual period (p<0.05). Volunteers with PMS (h=23) showed a greater VSC concentration in both menstrual and PMS periods (p<0.05). Salivary flow rate was not statistically different (p>0.05). The results suggest that stressful conditions can be a predisposing factor for bad breath, and the mechanism cannot be explained only by the decrease of the salivary flow / Mestrado / Fisiologia Oral / Mestre em Odontologia

Glucocorticosteroide (GC) spielen für viele endogene Prozesse im Organismus eine wichtige Rolle. Sie regulieren die Gluconeogenese sowie den Lipid- und Proteinstoffwechsel. Außerdem sind sie für die Stressregulierung über die Hypothalamus-Nebennierenrinden-Achse verantwortlich. Therapeutisch kommen die GCs wegen ihrer entzündungshemmenden Wirkung zum Einsatz und werden u.a. bei Asthma und Gelenkentzündungen angewandt. Diese Eigenschaft macht sie auch interessant für den Gebrauch im Sportbereich. Dort wird ihre Anwendung über die Weltantidopingagentur reguliert. Ihr oraler, intramuskulärer, intravenöser und rektaler Gebrauch ist im Wettkampf verboten. Diese Einschränkung bzgl. des Applikationszeitraumes und des Applikationsweges erschwert die diagnostische Aussagekraft von Routinedopingproben, welche im Urin durchgeführt werden. Ein Grenzwert von 30 ng/ml soll einen legalen Gebrauch von einem Missbrauch abgrenzen. Die endogenen Glucocorticosteroide stellen hierbei jedoch einen Graubereich dar. Endogen wird Cortisol in einem zirkadianen Rhythmus produziert und die Produktion ist stressinduziert. Somit kommt es zu ausgeprägten intra- und interindividuellen Streuungen der endogenen Produktion. Dadurch bedingt ist eine Abgrenzung der endogenen Produktion von einer legalen Anwendung bzw. einem Missbrauch im Rahmen der Dopingrichtlinien im Urin nicht möglich. Speziell für den Nachweis von endogenen Substanzen ist es wichtig, eine Methode zu finden, mit der es möglich ist, die endogene Produktion von einer exogenen Bezugsquelle abzugrenzen. Dabei haben sich zwei Wege als hilfreich herausgestellt. Zum einen, wenn die Differenzierung nicht an Hand von Absolutkonzentrationen sondern durch die Anwendung von Analytverhältnissen durchgeführt wird. Zum anderen, wenn zusätzliche Untersuchungen im Speichel oder Haar durchgeführt werden. Haar- und Speichelproben zählen zu den ergänzenden Matrizes der Routineuntersuchungsmedien Urin und Blut und werden bereits in vielen forensischen und klinischen Laboren für diagnostische Fragestellungen verwendet. Diese Matrizes liefern wichtige Hinweise auf den akuten (Speichel) oder chronischen/ zurückliegenden (Haar) Gebrauch bzw. Missbrauch von Medikamenten und Drogen. Sowohl die Haar- als auch Speichelmatrix sollen den physiologisch aktiven Anteil von Substanzen im Blut widerspiegeln und somit korrektere Rückschlüsse auf deren Wirksamkeit zulassen. Das endogene Glucocorticosteroid Cortisol steht seit der Jahrtausendwende im Blickpunkt vieler Forschungen, welche sich mit dessen Bedeutung für die Stressantwort befassen und Cortisol u.a. im Speichel und Haar nachweisen. Auffällig ist dabei, dass die ersten Arbeiten fast ausschließlich mittels immunchemischen Nachweisverfahren erfolgten. Erst in den letzten fünf Jahren wurde vermehrt LC-MS/MS-Verfahren angewandt. Vorteil dieser ist, dass der Nachweis von Substanzen selektiv erfolgt und Kreuzreaktionen nicht stattfinden. Weiterhin ist es vorteilhaft, dass die Konzentrationen von mehreren Analyten mit einer Messung bestimmt werden können. So ist es zum Beispiel möglich Cortisol und andere Steroide, z.B. dem Cortison parallel nachzuweisen. Cortison spielt für die physiologische Wirkung der Glucocorticosteroide im Körper keine Rolle, da es selbst nicht biologisch aktiv ist. Deshalb wurde es in bisherigen Forschungen für diagnostische Aussagen nicht berücksichtigt. Mit Verwendung der LC-MS/MS-Technologie werden jedoch beide endogenen GCs zunehmend nebeneinander bestimmt. Bei der Betrachtung von unterschiedlichen Untersuchungsmedien ist auffällig, dass sich die Konzentrationsverhältnisse Cortisol zu Cortison unterscheiden. Entgegengesetzte Verhält-nisse werden ersichtlich, wenn die GC-Konzentrationen im Blut mit denen im Speichel bzw. Haar verglichen werden. Bisher wurden diese Beobachtungen mit der lokalen Wirksamkeit von Enzymen, welche die Corticosteroide ineinander umwandeln, erklärt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde folgender Fragestellung für die Nachweisbarkeit der Glucocorticosteroide nachgegangen: „Wie hoch ist der Anteil der Plasmaproteinbindung der GCs im Blut und welche Rückschlüsse lassen sich daraus auf die Konzentrationsverschiebung innerhalb der einzelnen Matrizes ziehen?“ Basierend auf die einzelnen Teilprojekte wurden sowohl Plasmaproben als auch Speichel- und Haarproben hinsichtlich ihrer GC-Konzentrationen analysiert. Die Untersuchung von Kontrollproben ermöglichte es, Referenzwerte unter Normalbedingungen zu erheben. Die Ergebnisse aus den Projekten ergaben, dass die beiden endogen GCs Cortisol und Cortison in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationsverhältnissen in den Analysenmedien vorkommen: Plasma: Gesamtkonzentration F:E ca. 3:1 freie Konzentrationen F:E ca. 1:1 Speichel: F:E ca. 1:5 Haar: F:E ca. 1:3 Die Bestimmung der Plasmaproteinbindung (PPB) beider endogener GCs hat gezeigt, dass Cortisol mit ca. 96 % stärker an die Transportproteine CBG und Albumin bindet als Cortison mit ca. 85 %. Dies führt dazu, dass sich die freien, nicht-proteingebundenen Konzentrationen angleichen und es zu einer Verhältnisverschiebung von Cortisol zu Cortison von 3:1 auf 1:1 kommt. Somit stehen vergleichbare Konzentrationen für die Inkorporation ins Haar bzw. die Diffusion in den Speichel zur Verfügung. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die freien Plasmakonzentrationen beider GC stark mit den Speichelkonzentrationen korrelieren. Cortisol aber unterproportional und Cortison überproportional vom Plasma in den Speichel übergeht. Dies kann mit zwei weiteren Mechanismen, welche während der Diffusion eine Rolle spielen, der unterschiedlichen Lipophilie und der Inaktivierung durch lokale Enzym-reaktionen, erklärt werden. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass sich die Tagesrhythmik der GC-Produktion im Speichel abbilden lässt und eine starke Korrelation zwischen Cortison und Cortisol vorliegt. Mit Hilfe einer Grenzfunktion können endogene Referenzkonzentrationen definiert und Messdaten eingeordnet werden. Unter anderem wurde gezeigt, dass eine Hormonersatztherapie mit Hydrocortison zu einer Verschiebung der Metabolisierung und der PPB führt und somit ein Gebrauch/Missbrauch von GCs durch abweichende Konzentrationsverhältnisse nachweisbar ist. Speicheluntersuchungen während einer chronischen Stresssituation (Schwangerschaft) zeigen, dass die GC-Produktion stetig ansteigt und sich besonders die morgendlichen Werte unterscheiden. Um die tageszeitlichen und stressbedingten Schwankungen der GC-Produktion auszublenden und eine längere Zeitspanne zu betrachten, wurden zusätzlich Haarproben analysiert. In diesen wurde ein kontinuierlicher Anstieg der GCs in den proximalen Haarsegmenten nachgewiesen, was auf eine kontinuierlich erhöhte Inkorporation während der chronischen Stresssituation schließen lässt. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass die Haarkonzentrationen dem Auswascheffekt unterliegen und die nachweisbaren Konzentrationen geringer werden, je älter das Haar wird. Schlussfolgernd kann gesagt werden, dass beide Mechanismen (Einlagerung und Auswaschung) konkurrieren und deshalb Referenzdaten nur für das proximale Segment erhoben werden können. Für weitere Segmente sind die Auswirkungen der individuellen Einflüsse nicht mehr allgemeingültig kalkulierbar und nur noch intraindividuelle Vergleiche nach mehrmaliger Beprobung aussagekräftig. Sind die Effekte der verstärkten Inkorporation größer als die Auswaschung, lassen sich diese auch Monate später erkennen. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die Plasmaproteinbindung der GCs zur Verhältnisverschiebung der Konzentrationen im Blut, Speichel und Haar beiträgt. Etwa 50 % des beobachteten Effekts kann der PPB zugeordnet werden. Weitere Quellen sind die unterschiedliche Lipophilie der GCs und die enzymatische Umwandlung, welche im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit jedoch nicht „quantitativ“ betrachtet wurden. Die enzymatische Inaktivierung wurde bis dato als Hauptverantwortliche für die Konzentrationsverschiebung diskutiert. Mit der aktuellen Arbeit wurde dies widerlegt, und die Plasmaproteinbindung als Hauptquelle identifiziert.

Abstract The most common mental disorder, depression, is internationally acknowledged as a considerable public health problem, major depression being one of the leading causes of premature mortality and disability in the world (Murray &amp; Lopez 1996). Besides its associations with disturbances in psychological and social functioning, depression is also associated with various biological alterations. Accordingly, extensive research has been conducted to link depression with several somatic diseases. The relationship between depression and oral health is still obscure, however. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of depressive symptoms with oral health and related factors in 55-year-old inhabitants of Oulu, 780 of whom participated. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). A high rate of depressive symptoms was associated with symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), the subjective sensation of dry mouth, and high counts of salivary lactobacilli. An uncertain association was demonstrated between depressive symptoms and abundant growth of salivary mutans streptococci and the presence of yeasts in saliva. Depressive symptoms were associated with edentulousness in a subgroup of men who had never smoked. The dentate women with high rates of depressive symptoms did not consider it equally important to preserve their natural teeth as did the dentate women with fewer depressive symptoms. They also consumed sweets, snacks, and soft drinks more often, and a longer time had elapsed since their last visit to a dentist. No associations between depressive symptoms and periodontal pocketing or dental caries could be demonstrated in this cross-sectional study. It is suggested that depression should be considered as a possible underlying factor when treating patients with TMD symptoms and complaints of oral dryness. Furthermore, considering the discovered association between depressive symptoms and microbial growth, the possibility of an increased risk for impaired oral health among depressed persons is emphasized.

Debido a las exigencias universitarias los estudiantes de odontología se ven sometidos a situaciones altamente estresantes en donde su salud física y mental se ven comprometidas. El presente estudio buscó describir los niveles de estrés académico y los estados de pH salival. Objetivo: Relacionar el nivel de estrés académico y el estado de pH salival en estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo de la provincia de Chiclayo, 2015. Materiales y Métodos: Participaron todos los estudiantes de la escuela de odontología de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se les tomaron las muestras de saliva en un espacio de 30 segundos por alumno, siendo estas llevadas al laboratorio donde fueron evaluadas con el pH metro HACH LANGE® dándonos el estado de pH salival de cada muestra; seguido se aplicó el cuestionario DES30 de evaluación de estrés académico de 34 ítems y que fue llenado en un espacio de 15 minutos de manera colectiva. Cada alumno fue identificado mediante un código que se le asignó al momento de llenar la encuesta y que se colocó en su muestra salival. El análisis de datos del presente proyecto, se realizó haciendo uso de la prueba estadística de Análisis de Co-Relación o Co-Relacional con un nivel de confiabilidad de 95%, para encontrar la relación entre el nivel de estrés académico y pH salival en los estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. Resultados: Se obtuvo como resultado la relación estadísticamente no significativa entre el nivel de estrés académico y el pH salival.

<p>  </p> <p>Pacheco, Kathryn Nichole. M.S. Purdue University, December 2022. Snacking Interventions Differentially Influence Saliva, Salivary Alpha Amylase Activity, and Sensation. Major Professor Dr. Cordelia A. Running.</p> <p>Human saliva contains the enzyme alpha amylase, which greatly influences many facets of human health such as digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the sensory perception of certain foods. However, the complex relationships between chewing behavior, food texture preference, and salivary amylase require further investigation. In this study, we aim to observe salivary alpha amylase through a simple assay using pudding, and to examine whether salivary amylase activity relates to diet, the sensory properties of starchy foods, or mouth behavior. We hypothesized that the pudding/salivary amylase activity assay would show more activity (less pudding remaining) 1) at the end of the high dietary starch intervention week, with little or no change from baseline to the end of the low dietary starch intervention week and 2) for people with greater baseline starch consumption compared to less baseline starch consumption. A counter-balanced, crossover design was implemented for the study. 34 participants (11 Men, 23 Women, 0 Other) completed study tasks, consisting of a 3-day dietary recall, 2 separate weeks of dietary intervention consisting of high starch or low starch snacks, and 4 research visits. These research visits included participant taste and smell acuity assessments, sensory ratings of the study foods, a mouth behavior typing test, and our salivary amylase activity assay that determined flow rate of a mixture of participant saliva and starch-containing ready-to-eat pudding. After our higher and lower starch snack interventions, we saw minimal evidence of changes to salivary amylase activity in our assay; the only trend we observed was opposite our expectation (less amylase activity after the low starch intervention). However, we did observe mouth behavior grouping tended to associate with sensory ratings that validate the premise of the mouth behavior typing tool we utilized. Ultimately, more work on the consistency and usefulness of the salivary amylase activity assay will need to be conducted if it is to be utilized for research purposes, but our data do help validate the concept that different people prefer foods due to their preferred methods of orally manipulating foods. r.  </p>

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