This thesis undertakes a reformulation of ELT curricula by means of a critique of established theoretical models and a case study of the ELT curriculum at De La Salle University (DLSU), Manila. The thesis proceeds in accordance with the precise that a sound theoretical and philosophical perspective is crucial to any task of curriculum development and criticism and thus derives a theoretical/ philosophical perspective from a consideration of ELT in the context of the philosophy of education and linguistic, applied linguistic, sociolinguistic, learning and curriculum theories. The argument is presented that any model of language as communication derived from linguistics and applied linguistics is not amenable to translation into descriptive rules of 'use' and hence a pedagogic grammar. Such theoretical perspectives, in only deriving partial models of 'use', are largely inadequate in the context of a concern with language teaching. Input from cognitive learning theory however suggests that teaching language as communication requires a curriculum approach focusing on 'open' communicative procedures rather than systematic techniques premised on language description and exemplified by a syllabus-based structure. It is thus argued that communicative language teaching requires 'open', methodology-based procedures that provide a markedly subordinated role for syllabus. The advocated form of communicative language curriculum is thus described as employing an 'open' rather than a 'closed-system') approach. It is also maintained that the ELT debate on communicative curricula has largely ignored crucial issues in curriculum theory and the philosophy of education - especially the distinction between 'education' and 'training'. This theoretical debate enables the derivation of a revised taxonomy of language curricula to replace the orthodox dichotomy into General English and ESP. The argument is presented that there are essentially two approaches to the curriculum - closed-system and open approaches - and that within each approach there are two curriculum types. Through revised definitions, the intents of 6E and ESP curricula are distinguished and a new taxonomy of four possible curriculum types, including that of a Focused English Learning (FED curriculum, presented. The principles derived from the theoretical discussion and reformulated taxonomy enable an 'illuminative' case study investigation of an example curriculum: the ostensibly English for Specific Purposes (ESP) curriculum for Engineers employed at DLSU. This case study, by examining curriculum justification and intent and illuminating the nature of the problem at the university, illustrates, by example, aspects of the reformulated taxonomy. The case study findings detail crucial aspects of the interface between theory and local practice and expose the curriculum at DLSU as inherently contradictory, based on an inaccurate notion of ESP, and principally concerned with the pursuit of broadly educational aims through a mainly training-based, closed-system and non-communicative curriculum. The thesis concludes by proposing that the orthodox dichotomy between GE and ESP curricula is inappropriate and fails to reflect the various and possible forms of curricular intent. This has been a consequence of a theoretical emphasis on linguistics and sociolinguistics and an inadequate consideration of the philosophy of education and learning and curriculum theories. The inadequacy of the established dichotomy has led to confusion in application (as demonstrated through the case study) that could be avoided through the adoption of the reformulated taxonomy.

Le monde du travail change. De plus en plus, nous sommes appelés à travailler en interdisciplinarité. Depuis longtemps, au bloc opératoire, le travail interdisciplinaire est de mise. Chacun possède une expertise qui contribue au travail d'équipe. Cependant, chacun a reçu une formation différente, a une fonction, un rôle différent, des buts et des objectifs différents. Bref, chacun vit une réalité différente. Pourtant, tout le monde doit travailler ensemble dans l'harmonie et avec efficacité. Notre expérience de travail au bloc opératoire nous a permis de vivre l'expérience d'équipes harmonieuses mais aussi d'équipes conflictuelles. Nous avons constaté que le fait de ne pas connaître l'autre, celui avec qui on travaille, amène des différences de perceptions et devient source de confrontations, d'irritations. Au bloc opératoire, les gens sont toujours pressés. Ils n'ont pas de temps pour apprendre à se connaître. Nous croyons donc que si on donne l'opportunité aux gens d'apprendre à se connaître ce la améliorera la communication et la coordination dans les équipes de salles d'opération. Nous nous sommes appuyés plus particulièrement sur les écrits de Paul Carle et d'Otto Scharmer pour élaborer notre projet d'intervention. Carle s'est intéressé aux processus de changements non-linéaires. Il a constaté que la vie de l'être humain est une suite de processus de changements, l'amenant de l'enfance à l'adolescence, à l'adulte pour ne nommer que ceux-là. Chaque passage amène une transformation. En colligeant les différents processus, il a noté que tous semblent suivre la même courbe, une courbe en forme de U. Si Carle décrit les processus subis, amenés par la vie, Scharmer, quant à lui, cherche à provoquer ces passages en U pour trouver des solutions aux nouvelles conditions de vie en société. Pour lui, le changement passe par l'écoute, l'écoute de soi et l'écoute de l'autre. Ce n'est que dans l'ouverture à l'autre et à l'expérience que surgissent des idées nouvelles. Nous avons donc voulu donner l'opportunité aux différents acteurs du bloc opératoire d'échanger sur ce qu'ils vivent dans leur travail. La méthode du World Café s'est révélée être une méthode toute dés ignée pour pratiquer le processus en U. Le World Café prend pour acquis que les gens possèdent en eux ce dont ils ont besoin pour relever les défis qu'ils rencontrent. Il invite les gens à travailler dans une ambiance détendue, de manière ludique. Il cherche à recréer l'ambiance d'un café afin de favoriser les échanges. Il a l'avantage de pouvoir se vivre en grands groupes. Lors de notre projet d'étude, nous avons animé quatre ateliers d'une heure pour le personnel d'un petit bloc opératoire. Ces gens avaient l'habitude de travailler en silo. Tout au long des ateliers, nous les avons fait travailler en équipes interdisciplinaires, selon les consignes du World Café. Nous avons pu suivre l'évolution du groupe qui est passé de la passivité à l'ouverture à l'interdisciplinarité. En effet, nous avons été témoin, à deux reprises, de la transposition de cette ouverture à l'interdisciplinarité dans leur travail quotidien. Le World Café s'est donc révélé une méthode efficace, dans ce milieu, pour développer l'interdisciplinarité au travail. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : équipes interdisciplinaires, bloc opératoire, World Café, processus en U, communications interpersonnelles.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-157).

Cette thèse étudie la naissance et l’évolution de cinéma comme type architectural en examinant deux-cent projets soumis, entre 1907 et 1939, à l’administration parisienne pour le permis de construire. Ceux-ci sont analysés selon quatre critères : l’implantation, les protagonistes, la conception architecturale et la réception des œuvres. Le parc cinématographique parisien, à la veille de la Seconde Guerre, est le résultat de trois vagues de constructions à la suite des événements marquants : la naissance du cinéma narratif (1907-1913), l’Armistice (1919-1920), l’avènement du parlant (1931-1938). Ces trois vagues riment avec trois phases successives dans la genèse du nouveau type : l’expérimentation, la théorisation et la modernisation. Ainsi est mise en évidence la constitution, dès 1907, d’un type originel architecturalement caractérisé par la triade projection-visibilité-publicité. Il en dérive, par la suite, différentes espèces qui, malgré leurs variations, restent « un hangar noir » plus ou moins judicieusement disposés et décorés pour un spectacle projeté sur écran, hangar doublé extérieurement d’une façade parlante et peu ou prou attrayante. / This thesis explores the emergence and the evolution of the cinema as a building type. It examines two hundred projects submitted to the Parisian administration for obtaining construction permits, from 1907 to 1939. These projects are analyzed according to four major criteria: localization, protagonists, architectural design and their reception. At the beginning of the Second World War, Parisian cinemas were mostly built through three waves of constructions subsequent to historical events: emergence of narrative cinema (1907-1913), end of the First World War (1919-1920), arrival of talkies (1931-1938). These three waves correspond with three successive phases in the rise of the new building type: experimentation, theorization, modernization. This study demonstrates that an original building type has been created since 1907, which is architecturally characterized by the trio of projection- visibility-appeal. From this original type different pieces are derived, that despite their variations are all a blind shed less or more judiciously designed and decorated for a show projected on the screen, a blind box covered by an attractive and expressive façade.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma análise Gramsciniana do conceito de Projeto Político-Pedagógico no contexto da Educação Lassalista. Para o seu desenvolvimento foi utilizada a metodologia de revisão de literatura, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, que consistiu no levantamento e análise criteriosa e sistêmica dos resultados e conclusões relacionadas ao tema. A questão central da pesquisa foi: A partir de uma leitura gramsciniana qual a concepção do Projeto Político Pedagógico no contexto da Educação Lassalista? Para um melhor entendimento, o presente estudo foi dividido em partes. Na primeira parte é exposto o significado e abrangência do Projeto Político-Pedagógico para as Instituições Educativas, na seqüência examinam-se os conceitos de Projeto Político-Pedagógico, a sua formulação e sua construção, e, por fim, a sua função e sua importância curricular. Na segunda parte faz-se uma análise das contribuições de Antonio Gramsci à educação e à escola, dando ênfase a sua obra Os Intelectuais e a Organização da Cultura, e à filosofia da práxis relacionada à política e à cultura. E a terceira parte se refere a um olhar sobre a Educação Lassalista, destacando-se o perfil de João Batista de La Salle, com aspectos históricos de sua contribuição à educação, os fundamentos da Educação Lassalista e sua identidade, as contribuições de Antonio Gramsci para a análise do Projeto Político-Pedagógico Lassalista, a proposta Educativa Lassalista no Brasil, no período de 1907 a 2005, o Projeto Político-Pedagógico Lassalista e para finalizar são descritas as tendências e perspectivas da Educação Lassalista no Século XXI. / The objective of this research is to perform a Gramscian analysis of the concept of the Political-Pedagogical Project in the context of Lasallist Education. Revision of literature was the methodology used in its development, based on a bibliographical and documental research, which consisted of collection of facts and a thorough and systematic analysis of the results and conclusions related to the topic. The fundamental question of the research was: According to a Gramscian reading, what is the conception of the Political-Pedagogical Project in the context of Lasallist Education? For a better comprehension, the present study has been divided into three parts. In the first part the meaning and comprehensiveness of the Political-Pedagogical Project for the Educational Institutions is explained, then the concepts, the formulation and the formation of the Political-Pedagogical Project are examined, and lastly, its function and curricular importance are examined. In the second part the contributions of Antonio Gramsci to education are analysed, emphasising his work The Intellectuals and the Organization of the Culture and the philosophy of the praxis related to politics and culture. The third part addresses the Lasallist Education, accentuating the profile of Jean Batiste de La Salle with historical aspects of his contribution to education, the basis of Lasallist Education and its identity, the contributions of Antonio Gramsci to the analysis of the Lasallist Political-Pedagogical Project, the Lasallist educational proposal in Brazil from 1907 to 2005, the Political Pedagogical Project, and finally the trends and perspectives for Lasallist Education in the 21st century are described.

O estudo teve como propósito narrar o processo histórico do Colégio do Carmo, localizado em Caxias do Sul, abrangendo o período de 1908 a 1933, especialmente, no que se refere às práticas pedagógicas e rotinas escolares dessa instituição. O córpus empírico principal foi constituído de documentos escritos diversos, como correspondências, relatórios, regimentos internos, atas, publicações impressas em jornais locais e outros e também as fotografias, pertencentes ao acervo da Secretaria do Colégio do Carmo, além de documentos pertencentes ao Arquivo Histórico Municipal João Spadari Adami. As bases do estudo apresentadas nesta Dissertação de Mestrado em Educação pela Universidade de Caxias do Sul, compreendem a Linha de Pesquisa em História e Filosofia da Educação, narrando os primórdios da fundação do Colégio do Carmo pelos Irmãos Lassalistas em 1908 até o período de comemoração dos 25 anos de sua fundação, em 1933. O estudo foi estruturado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro estão apresentadas as considerações iniciais mencionando o tema, a revisão bibliográfica, enfatizando ainda o problema, a importância do estudo, os objetivos geral e específicos, as categorias analíticas e os procedimentos metodológicos adotados. No capítulo dois foi abordado o contexto político-social francês, as escolas cristãs, a expansão da obra lassalista pelo mundo, a história de Caxias e o projeto de uma escola cristã para meninos e moços em Caxias. No capítulo três foram narrados os indícios históricos de uma escola confessional com a chegada dos fundadores, as relações e as tensões entre a paróquia e os Irmãos Lassalistas, as transformações e as instalações do Colégio do Carmo e o ensino oferecido pela instituição no período de 1908 a 1933. No capítulo quatro são apresentadas as práticas pedagógicas e as rotinas escolares vivenciadas no Colégio do Carmo no recorte temporal indicado. No capítulo cinco que corresponde às considerações finais pode-se inferir que a fundação do Colégio Carmo em Caxias pelos Irmãos Lassalistas, a partir de 1908 pode ser considerada importante à sociedade caxiense, que carecia de uma instituição de ensino à época. A proposta educativa desenvolvida pelos Irmãos Lassalistas mostrou qualidade de ensino, no ambiente e disciplina escolar, bem como nas atividades educativas complementares e na participação dos alunos e familiares nas atividades religiosas, sociais e festivas no recorte temporal de 1908 a 1933. Portanto, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento educacional, político-social e cultural de Caxias e, também, para a disseminação do espírito comunitário, humano e fraterno, que ainda são próprios das comunidades cristãs, como é o caso do Município de Caxias do Sul. Neste sentido, a pesquisa mostrou que o Colégio do Carmo à época apresentava três pilares que nortearam as práticas pedagógicas e as rotinas escolares, no recorte temporal estudado: ensino de qualidade, com exigências aos alunos e aulas diferenciadas; disciplina como ponto de formação de bons profissionais; e a educação direcionada à religiosidade formando pessoas de caráter. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-11-12T17:36:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vanessa Lazzaron.pdf: 23977317 bytes, checksum: 726d74228e1affec4a54929d2413cf19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-12T17:36:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vanessa Lazzaron.pdf: 23977317 bytes, checksum: 726d74228e1affec4a54929d2413cf19 (MD5) / This study intended to narrate the historical process of Colégio do Carmo, located in Caxias do Sul, from the period of 1908 until 1933. The paper focus is especially in relation to the teaching practices and school routines of this institution. The main empirical corpus consisted of several written documents such as correspondences, reports, internal rules, minutes, printed publications from local and other newspapers and also photographs belonging to Colégio do Carmo files as well as other documents that belong to the João Spadari Adami City Historical Files. The study foundation presented in this dissertation of Masters in Education from the University of Caxias do Sul, comprises on the line of research in History and Philosophy of Education, recounting the beginnings of Colégio do Carmo founded by the De La Salle brothers in 1908 until 1933, period that its 25 years of establishing was celebrated. The study comprises of 5 chapters. In the first chapter inicial considerations around the subject are presented as well as the revised reference, emphasising the problem, the importance of the study, the general and the specific aims, the analytical categories and the methodological procedures that were used. In chapter two the French political and social context was approached, Christian schools, the expansion of the Lasallian work around the world, the history of Caxias do Sul and the project of a Christian school for boys and young men in the city. In chapter three historical evidence of a confessional school were narrated with the arrival of its founders, the relations and tensions between the parish and the De La Salle Brothers, the changes on the school´s facilities and the education offered by the institution from 1908 to 1933. In the fourth chapter pedagogical practices and school routines that were part of Colégio do Carmo were presented within the time frame indicated. Chapter five corresponds to the final considerations, as one can concluded that the foundation of Colégio do Carmo in Caxias by the De La Salle brothers in 1908 can be considered important to the local community which lacked an educational institution at the time. The educational approach developed by the Lasallian Brothers showed the quality of its education, the environment and school discipline, as well as the extra educational activities and the participation of students and families in the religious, social and festive activities in the time frame of 1908 and 1933. Thus, contributing to the educational, socio-political and cultural development of Caxias do Sul in addition to spreading a community as well as a human and fraternal sense. These are still part of the Christian communities, such as the city of Caxias do Sul. In this sense, research has shown that Colégio do Carmo had three pillars that guided the pedagogical practices and school routines during that time: excellence in education, with demands on students and differentiated classes; discipline, as an important aspect of good workers; and religious education directed to developing good spirited people.

O estudo teve como propósito narrar o processo histórico do Colégio do Carmo, localizado em Caxias do Sul, abrangendo o período de 1908 a 1933, especialmente, no que se refere às práticas pedagógicas e rotinas escolares dessa instituição. O córpus empírico principal foi constituído de documentos escritos diversos, como correspondências, relatórios, regimentos internos, atas, publicações impressas em jornais locais e outros e também as fotografias, pertencentes ao acervo da Secretaria do Colégio do Carmo, além de documentos pertencentes ao Arquivo Histórico Municipal João Spadari Adami. As bases do estudo apresentadas nesta Dissertação de Mestrado em Educação pela Universidade de Caxias do Sul, compreendem a Linha de Pesquisa em História e Filosofia da Educação, narrando os primórdios da fundação do Colégio do Carmo pelos Irmãos Lassalistas em 1908 até o período de comemoração dos 25 anos de sua fundação, em 1933. O estudo foi estruturado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro estão apresentadas as considerações iniciais mencionando o tema, a revisão bibliográfica, enfatizando ainda o problema, a importância do estudo, os objetivos geral e específicos, as categorias analíticas e os procedimentos metodológicos adotados. No capítulo dois foi abordado o contexto político-social francês, as escolas cristãs, a expansão da obra lassalista pelo mundo, a história de Caxias e o projeto de uma escola cristã para meninos e moços em Caxias. No capítulo três foram narrados os indícios históricos de uma escola confessional com a chegada dos fundadores, as relações e as tensões entre a paróquia e os Irmãos Lassalistas, as transformações e as instalações do Colégio do Carmo e o ensino oferecido pela instituição no período de 1908 a 1933. No capítulo quatro são apresentadas as práticas pedagógicas e as rotinas escolares vivenciadas no Colégio do Carmo no recorte temporal indicado. No capítulo cinco que corresponde às considerações finais pode-se inferir que a fundação do Colégio Carmo em Caxias pelos Irmãos Lassalistas, a partir de 1908 pode ser considerada importante à sociedade caxiense, que carecia de uma instituição de ensino à época. A proposta educativa desenvolvida pelos Irmãos Lassalistas mostrou qualidade de ensino, no ambiente e disciplina escolar, bem como nas atividades educativas complementares e na participação dos alunos e familiares nas atividades religiosas, sociais e festivas no recorte temporal de 1908 a 1933. Portanto, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento educacional, político-social e cultural de Caxias e, também, para a disseminação do espírito comunitário, humano e fraterno, que ainda são próprios das comunidades cristãs, como é o caso do Município de Caxias do Sul. Neste sentido, a pesquisa mostrou que o Colégio do Carmo à época apresentava três pilares que nortearam as práticas pedagógicas e as rotinas escolares, no recorte temporal estudado: ensino de qualidade, com exigências aos alunos e aulas diferenciadas; disciplina como ponto de formação de bons profissionais; e a educação direcionada à religiosidade formando pessoas de caráter. / This study intended to narrate the historical process of Colégio do Carmo, located in Caxias do Sul, from the period of 1908 until 1933. The paper focus is especially in relation to the teaching practices and school routines of this institution. The main empirical corpus consisted of several written documents such as correspondences, reports, internal rules, minutes, printed publications from local and other newspapers and also photographs belonging to Colégio do Carmo files as well as other documents that belong to the João Spadari Adami City Historical Files. The study foundation presented in this dissertation of Masters in Education from the University of Caxias do Sul, comprises on the line of research in History and Philosophy of Education, recounting the beginnings of Colégio do Carmo founded by the De La Salle brothers in 1908 until 1933, period that its 25 years of establishing was celebrated. The study comprises of 5 chapters. In the first chapter inicial considerations around the subject are presented as well as the revised reference, emphasising the problem, the importance of the study, the general and the specific aims, the analytical categories and the methodological procedures that were used. In chapter two the French political and social context was approached, Christian schools, the expansion of the Lasallian work around the world, the history of Caxias do Sul and the project of a Christian school for boys and young men in the city. In chapter three historical evidence of a confessional school were narrated with the arrival of its founders, the relations and tensions between the parish and the De La Salle Brothers, the changes on the school´s facilities and the education offered by the institution from 1908 to 1933. In the fourth chapter pedagogical practices and school routines that were part of Colégio do Carmo were presented within the time frame indicated. Chapter five corresponds to the final considerations, as one can concluded that the foundation of Colégio do Carmo in Caxias by the De La Salle brothers in 1908 can be considered important to the local community which lacked an educational institution at the time. The educational approach developed by the Lasallian Brothers showed the quality of its education, the environment and school discipline, as well as the extra educational activities and the participation of students and families in the religious, social and festive activities in the time frame of 1908 and 1933. Thus, contributing to the educational, socio-political and cultural development of Caxias do Sul in addition to spreading a community as well as a human and fraternal sense. These are still part of the Christian communities, such as the city of Caxias do Sul. In this sense, research has shown that Colégio do Carmo had three pillars that guided the pedagogical practices and school routines during that time: excellence in education, with demands on students and differentiated classes; discipline, as an important aspect of good workers; and religious education directed to developing good spirited people.

Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Le présent mémoire se propose de démontrer l’impossible concrétisation du « mythe de la disruption numérique d’Hollywood » tel que décrit par Kira Kitsopanidou et, par extension, l’augmentation de la diversité cinématographique en salles due à l’arrivée de la technologie numérique. Ce mythe, qui entretient l’idée de la mort d’Hollywood, a été véhiculé par certains textes (dont plusieurs provenant des médias de masse) qui participent à ce que nous pourrions appeler, à la suite de Foucault, une véritable « formation discursive » concernant les technologies. Ainsi, le premier chapitre fera l’analyse des principaux écarts entre ce discours utopique et la réalité en s’appuyant sur les facteurs socio-économiques qui touchent le processus d’adoption des innovations, particulièrement ceux qui ont trait à la salle de cinéma. Deuxièmement, nous étudierons les réalités qui touchent l’implantation de la technologie numérique dans les salles. Avantageusement, elles expliquent aussi la lenteur de ce processus que le discours a qualifiée de retard. Le troisième chapitre permettra d’illuster les concepts abordés précédemment grâce à l’étude du cas de l’entreprise DigiScreen qui souhaitait augmenter la diversité cinématographique en salles au Québec en proposant aux exploitants de l’équipement numérique à prix réduit. Elle constitue, en quelque sorte, l’incarnation de certains espoirs discursifs. Finalement, nous verrons l’héritage contemporain laissé par les tentatives de numérisation des salles au début du XXIe siècle. / The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate the impossible realization of the "myth of Hollywood digital disruption" as described by Kira Kitsopanidou. This idea put simply suggests the enlargement of film diversity in theaters due to the advent of digital technology. This myth, which perpetuates the idea of Hollywood’s death, was carried by several texts (espacially thoses produced by mass media) and participate in what can be qualified, following Foucault, as a "discursive formation" revolving around technology. The first chapter will analyze the main differences between this utopic discourse and reality based on the socio-economic factors affecting the processes of innovation’s implementation, particulary thoses related to the movie theaters. Secondly, we will consider the realities that affect the implementation of digital technology in movie theaters. Advantagously, these also explain the slowness of this process, a situation that was interpreted by the discourse as a delay. The third chapter will illustrate the concepts discussed in the previous chapters, using as a case study the example of DigiScreen, a company that wanted to increase film diversity in movie theaters by providing theatre owners with digital equipment at discounted prices. DigiScreen in some ways encapsulates the hopes generated by the digital utopia. Finally, we will look at different cases which draw a portrait of the digitization of theatres in the early years of the twenty-first century.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.