<p>The aim of the study is to examine how the executive leadership and the decision-making process are shaped by the leadership environment in a transition democracy as Venezuela. The questions I intend to answer are: What kind of leadership environment surrounds the leadership and what kind of consequences does it have on the leadership and the decision-making process in Venezuela? To answer my questions I will use the literature: Political Leadership in Liberal Democracies (Elgie, Robert 1995, London: Macmillian), together with the method “The cultural determinist school of history” by Tomas Spencer, later reproduced by Kellerman. The leadership environment provides unique opportunities for a leader to gain control over the decision-making process. Institutional structures and the needs of the society are major parts in determining how the political leadership is exercised. In Venezuela, charismatic President Hugo Chávez is head of the executive branch. The President enjoys great executive power that has diminished the role of the legislature. The policy of a more governmental controlled economy and direct democracy, based on populism has led to a more polarized society. Both historical and socio cultural failures have benefited the presidency. The “partyarchy” is abolished and has been replaced by a personalized policy-making process. The tendency is a leadership environment with a consolidation of the extended power within the executive, and a decision-making process outside the traditional institutional structures that favours the executive.</p>

<p>Idag går majoriteten av eleverna vidare från grundskolan till gymnasiet. Valalternativen är många och eleverna ställs inför ett beslut som kan vara svårt att ta. Studien handlar om gymnasievalet och beskriver skolan under 1900-talet samt karriärvägledningsteorier och socialpsykologiska teorier som kan appliceras på elevernas beslutsprocess.</p><p>Syftet är att undersöka faktorer som påverkar eleverna i deras val för att ge ökade kunskaper och insikt till studie och yrkesvägledningens profession. I en undersökning med elever från det naturvetenskapliga programmet på gymnasiet har en kvantitativ metod använts. Parallellt har även en litteraturstudie bidragit med uppgifter från tidigare forskning inom området. Resultaten från studien visar hur eleverna uppfattar faktorer som kan påverka dem.</p><p>Resultaten pekar på att eleverna anser att de väljer utifrån uppsatta mål som att gå en utbildning som ger bred grund för vidare studier och inte är så beroende av omgivningen. Studien visar också att det finns faktorer i elevens sociala sfär som påverkar dem vilket överensstämmer med tidigare forskning såsom föräldrar med högskoleutbildning eller ett samhällsklimat som idag förutsätter att ungdomar skolar sig längre än tidigare.</p> / <p>Today the majority of pupils proceed from the nine-year compulsory school to upper secondary school. There are several choices available and the pupils face a difficult decision. This study is about the choice of upper secondary school and describes the Swedish school system during the 20th century and the theories of career guidance and social psychology that can be applied to pupils’ decision-making.</p><p>The aim is to examine factors affecting the pupils in their choices to provide increased knowledge and insight into the counselling profession. A quantitative method has been used in a study with pupils from the science programme in upper secondary school. In parallel, a literature study has contributed with data from previous research in this field. The results of the study show how pupils perceive the factors that may affect them.</p><p>The results indicate that pupils make their choices on the basis of set targets like choosing an education that provides a broad basis for further studies and are not particularly affected by their social surrounding. The study also shows that there are factors in the pupil’s social sphere affecting them which is consistent with previous research, such as parents with higher education or a social climate that now requires that young people stay in education longer than before.</p><p> </p>

<p><em>Syftet </em>med föreliggande studie var att ge en djupare förståelse för några unga kvinnors syn på könsroller och könsskillnader i relation till sin egen självbild, i dagens samhälle. De <em>frågeställningar</em> studien baserats på var: Hur uppfattade de unga kvinnorna könsskillnader och könsroller i samhället? På vilket sätt har de tagit till sig dessa i sin egen könsroll? Hur såg kvinnorna på sina framtida möjligheter som ung kvinna idag? Teoretiskt utgick studien främst från ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv och forskning om utveckling av självbilden, men även utvecklingspsykologisk och kognitiv forskning till viss del. Det metodologiska angreppssätt som användes var en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Intervjuernas längd varierade mellan</p><p>25 – 45 minuter och urvalet bestod av fyra kvinnliga studenter. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplevde att det fanns könsroller och könsskillnader i dagens samhälle, att detta påverkade relationerna till andra människor och att kraven på den unga kvinnan var stora. Resultatet visade även att det egna valet, att göra det man själv vill, var viktigt för intervjupersonerna. Diskussionen berörde det egna valet, utveckling av en självbild, den kvinnliga könsrollen och samhällets krav på den unga kvinnan.</p> / <p><em>The purpose </em>of this study was to get a deeper understanding of some young women’s visions of gender roles and gender differences in relation to their own self image, in today’s society. The <em>questions </em>that the study was based on were: How did the young women apprehend gender differences and gender roles in the society? In which ways had they put these in their own gender role? How did the women look at their future possibilities as a young woman today? Theoretically the study mainly assumed from a social psychologically point of view and research about the development of the self image, but also assumed from research in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology at some points. The methodologically approach used, was a semi structured interview method. The length of the interviews differed between 25 - 45 minutes and the selection consisted of four female students. The results of the study revealed that the informants experienced that there were gender roles and gender differences in today’s society, which effects the relations to other people and that the demands put on the young female gender were considered large. The results also revealed that one’s own choice, to do what you wish, was important to the informants. The discussion touched one’s own choice, development of a self image, the female gender role and the demands of the society put on young women.</p>

Idag går majoriteten av eleverna vidare från grundskolan till gymnasiet. Valalternativen är många och eleverna ställs inför ett beslut som kan vara svårt att ta. Studien handlar om gymnasievalet och beskriver skolan under 1900-talet samt karriärvägledningsteorier och socialpsykologiska teorier som kan appliceras på elevernas beslutsprocess. Syftet är att undersöka faktorer som påverkar eleverna i deras val för att ge ökade kunskaper och insikt till studie och yrkesvägledningens profession. I en undersökning med elever från det naturvetenskapliga programmet på gymnasiet har en kvantitativ metod använts. Parallellt har även en litteraturstudie bidragit med uppgifter från tidigare forskning inom området. Resultaten från studien visar hur eleverna uppfattar faktorer som kan påverka dem. Resultaten pekar på att eleverna anser att de väljer utifrån uppsatta mål som att gå en utbildning som ger bred grund för vidare studier och inte är så beroende av omgivningen. Studien visar också att det finns faktorer i elevens sociala sfär som påverkar dem vilket överensstämmer med tidigare forskning såsom föräldrar med högskoleutbildning eller ett samhällsklimat som idag förutsätter att ungdomar skolar sig längre än tidigare. / Today the majority of pupils proceed from the nine-year compulsory school to upper secondary school. There are several choices available and the pupils face a difficult decision. This study is about the choice of upper secondary school and describes the Swedish school system during the 20th century and the theories of career guidance and social psychology that can be applied to pupils’ decision-making. The aim is to examine factors affecting the pupils in their choices to provide increased knowledge and insight into the counselling profession. A quantitative method has been used in a study with pupils from the science programme in upper secondary school. In parallel, a literature study has contributed with data from previous research in this field. The results of the study show how pupils perceive the factors that may affect them. The results indicate that pupils make their choices on the basis of set targets like choosing an education that provides a broad basis for further studies and are not particularly affected by their social surrounding. The study also shows that there are factors in the pupil’s social sphere affecting them which is consistent with previous research, such as parents with higher education or a social climate that now requires that young people stay in education longer than before.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att ge en djupare förståelse för några unga kvinnors syn på könsroller och könsskillnader i relation till sin egen självbild, i dagens samhälle. De frågeställningar studien baserats på var: Hur uppfattade de unga kvinnorna könsskillnader och könsroller i samhället? På vilket sätt har de tagit till sig dessa i sin egen könsroll? Hur såg kvinnorna på sina framtida möjligheter som ung kvinna idag? Teoretiskt utgick studien främst från ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv och forskning om utveckling av självbilden, men även utvecklingspsykologisk och kognitiv forskning till viss del. Det metodologiska angreppssätt som användes var en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Intervjuernas längd varierade mellan 25 – 45 minuter och urvalet bestod av fyra kvinnliga studenter. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplevde att det fanns könsroller och könsskillnader i dagens samhälle, att detta påverkade relationerna till andra människor och att kraven på den unga kvinnan var stora. Resultatet visade även att det egna valet, att göra det man själv vill, var viktigt för intervjupersonerna. Diskussionen berörde det egna valet, utveckling av en självbild, den kvinnliga könsrollen och samhällets krav på den unga kvinnan. / The purpose of this study was to get a deeper understanding of some young women’s visions of gender roles and gender differences in relation to their own self image, in today’s society. The questions that the study was based on were: How did the young women apprehend gender differences and gender roles in the society? In which ways had they put these in their own gender role? How did the women look at their future possibilities as a young woman today? Theoretically the study mainly assumed from a social psychologically point of view and research about the development of the self image, but also assumed from research in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology at some points. The methodologically approach used, was a semi structured interview method. The length of the interviews differed between 25 - 45 minutes and the selection consisted of four female students. The results of the study revealed that the informants experienced that there were gender roles and gender differences in today’s society, which effects the relations to other people and that the demands put on the young female gender were considered large. The results also revealed that one’s own choice, to do what you wish, was important to the informants. The discussion touched one’s own choice, development of a self image, the female gender role and the demands of the society put on young women.

The aim of the study is to examine how the executive leadership and the decision-making process are shaped by the leadership environment in a transition democracy as Venezuela. The questions I intend to answer are: What kind of leadership environment surrounds the leadership and what kind of consequences does it have on the leadership and the decision-making process in Venezuela? To answer my questions I will use the literature: Political Leadership in Liberal Democracies (Elgie, Robert 1995, London: Macmillian), together with the method “The cultural determinist school of history” by Tomas Spencer, later reproduced by Kellerman. The leadership environment provides unique opportunities for a leader to gain control over the decision-making process. Institutional structures and the needs of the society are major parts in determining how the political leadership is exercised. In Venezuela, charismatic President Hugo Chávez is head of the executive branch. The President enjoys great executive power that has diminished the role of the legislature. The policy of a more governmental controlled economy and direct democracy, based on populism has led to a more polarized society. Both historical and socio cultural failures have benefited the presidency. The “partyarchy” is abolished and has been replaced by a personalized policy-making process. The tendency is a leadership environment with a consolidation of the extended power within the executive, and a decision-making process outside the traditional institutional structures that favours the executive.