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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Current Pharmacotherapy for Mother and Infant

Thigpen, Jim 01 January 2021 (has links)
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), appeared in the United States over 1 year ago. This virus has a wide range of presentations, from being asymptomatic to causing severe acute respiratory syndrome, which can lead to death. It has led to a worldwide effort to find effective treatments, from repurposed medications to new discoveries, as well as the push to develop effective vaccines. As the race to fight this pandemic unfolds, this column provides what is currently available to combat this virus, how it has been utilized in the pregnant population, and what data have been made available about how these treatments affect fetal development and the neonate.
142

Kan tilläggsbehandling med melatonin förbättra prognosen för patienter med COVID-19? : En litteraturstudie / Can supplemental therapy with melatonin improve the prognosis for patients with COVID-19? : A literature study

Djerf, Emma January 2022 (has links)
Introduktion. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) är en virussjukdom som orsakar mild till allvarlig respiratorisk sjukdom, med symtom som andnöd, feber, hosta och trötthet. Risken att bli allvarligt sjuk är hög, med risk för komplikationer som sepsis, tromboembolismer och lungpåverkan. Viruset orsakar en kraftig inflammatorisk respons i kroppen som i svåra fall kan orsaka cellskador. Diagnos ställs via RT-PCR-test och/eller lungröntgen. Behandlingen är framför allt symtomatisk med syrgasbehandling och trombosprofylax. Melatonin är ett kroppseget hormon som används som läkemedel vid sömnstörning. Det har även visat sig ha anti-inflammatoriska och anti-oxidativa egenskaper, vilka tros vara lämpliga vid tilläggsbehandling av COVID-19. Metod. Detta examensarbete är en litteraturstudie med syfte att undersöka om tilläggsbehandling med melatonin kan förbättra prognosen för patienter drabbade av COVID-19. Vetenskapliga studier söktes i olika databaser med sökorden melatonin och COVID-19. Inklusionskriterierna var att studien skulle vara en orginalstudie, patienterna skulle vara diagnostiserade med COVID-19 samt fått tilläggsbehandling med melatonin utöver standardbehandling. Exklusionskriterierna var om peer-review saknades samt om studien var inriktad på en specifik målgrupp eller mot cellulära mekanismer. Sökningen resulterade i sex utvalda studier, varav fyra randomiserade och två icke randomiserade. Resultat. Melatonin ger en bättre sömnkvalitet, minskad trötthet och längre sömnduration. Gällande symtomlindring sågs ingen förbättring av symtom förutom de kopplade till respirationsapparaten, till exempel hosta och andnöd. De som fått behandling återhämtade sig snabbare och hade kortare sjukhusvistelse. Melatonin gav även en positiv inverkan på graden lungpåverkan av ground-glass-förändringar samt att de behandlade patienterna behövde mekanisk ventilation mer sällan än kontrollgruppen. Resultatet gav ingen entydig bild huruvida de inflammatoriska markörerna i blodprov förbättrats vid behandling. Inte heller sågs tillräckliga bevis för att dödligheten minskat. Dock sågs en förbättring gällande förekomsten av sepsis, delirium och tromboembolismer. Melatonin verkar vara ett säkert och väl tolererat läkemedel, även i höga doser, då inga allvarliga biverkningar rapporterats. Slutsats. Melatonin kan ha viss effekt för att mildra COVID-19-infektion och korta ner sjukdomstiden, framför allt med avseende på respiratoriska symtom. Det går inte att avgöra om melatonin minskar dödligheten utifrån resultatet. Fler och samstämmiga studier inom området behövs. / Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease that causes mild to severe respiratory disease, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, fever, cough and fatigue. The risk of becoming seriously ill is high, with the risk of complications such as sepsis, thromboembolisms and lung damage. The virus causes a strong inflammatory response in the body that in severe cases can cause cell damage. Diagnosis is made via RT-PCR test and/or chest X-ray, where COVID-19 typical ground-glass changes and consolidation can be seen. Treatment in Sweden is primarily symptomatic with oxygen therapy and thrombosis prophylaxis. Melatonin is an endogenous hormone used as a medicine for sleep disorder. It has also demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, which are believed to be fitting as adjunct therapy in COVID-19. This thesis is a literature study with the aim of investigating whether supplemental therapy with melatonin can improve the prognosis for patients with COVID-19. Scientific studies were searched in various databases with the keywords melatonin and COVID-19. The inclusion criteria were that the study would be an original study, patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 and received adjunct melatonin in addition to standard treatment. The exclusion criteria were whether peer-review was missing and whether the study was focused on a specific target group or cellular mechanisms. The search resulted in six selected studies, four randomized and two non-randomized. All investigated whether melatonin as a supplemental therapy could affect the outcome of COVID-19, but with different outcome variables. When reviewing the studies, five showed good quality, while one showed low quality. The results of this literature study show that melatonin as an adjuvant therapy provides a better sleep quality, reduced fatigue and longer sleep duration. Regarding symptom relief, no improvement in symptoms was seen except those linked to the respiratory apparatus, such as cough and shortness of breath. Those who received treatment recovered more quickly and had a shorter hospital stay. Melatonin also had a positive impact on the degree of lung impact of ground-glass changes and that the treated patients needed mechanical ventilation less often than the control group. The results did not give a definite picture of whether the inflammatory markers in blood tests improved during treatment. There was also insufficient evidence that the mortality rate had decreased. However, an improvement was seen in the incidence of sepsis, delirium and thromboembolisms. Melatonin appears to be a safe and well-tolerated drug, even in high doses, as no serious side effects have been reported. The conclusion is that melatonin may have some effect in mitigating the COVID-19 infection and shortening the duration of the disease, especially with regard to respiratory symptoms. It is not possible to determine whether melatonin reduces mortality based on the result. More and consistent studies in this area are needed.
143

Epidemiological Analysis of SARS-CoV-2: Three Papers Examining Health Status, Response Bias, and Strategies for Engagment

Duszynski, Thomas J. 02 1900 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The emergence of the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic created tremendous impact on humanity beginning in late 2019. Public health researchers at Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health responded by conducting research into the etiological profile of the virus, including a large Indiana state-wide population-based prevalence study in early 2020. Methods Data on demographics, tobacco use, health status, and reasons for participating in the population prevalence study were used to conduct three retrospective cross-sectional studies. The first study assessed the association of self-reported health and tobacco behaviors with COVID-19 infection (n=8,241). The second study used successive wave analysis to assess nonresponse bias (n=3,658). Finally, participants demographics were characterized by who responded to text, email, phone calls, or postcards and by the number of prompts needed to elicit participation (n= 3,658). Results The first study found self-identified health status of those reporting “poor, “fair” or good” had a higher risk of past or current infections compared to “very good” or “excellent” health status (P <0.02). Positive smoking status was inversely associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (p <0.001). When assessing the sample for non-response bias (n=3,658), 40.9% responded in wave 1 of recruitment, 34.1% in wave 2 and 25.0% in wave 3 for an overall participation rate of 23.6%. There were no significant differences in response by waves and demographics, being recently exposed or reasons for participating. In the final study, compared to males, females made up 54.6% of the sample and responded at a higher rate to postcards (8.2% vs. 7.5%) and text/emails (28.1 vs. 24.6%, 2= 7.43, p 0.025); and responded at a higher percentage after 1 contact (21.4 vs. 17.9%, 2 = 7.6, p 0.023). Conclusion This research contributed to the scientific understanding of the etiological picture of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the current study used a novel method that public health practitioners can easily implement to detect non-response bias in primary data collection without advanced statistical methods. Finally, the current study allows researchers to focus not only on the modality of inviting participants, but the frequency of invitations needed to secure specific populations, reducing time and resources.
144

Prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 antibodies among market and city bus depot workers in Lima, Peru

Tovar, Marco, Peinado, Jesús, Palomino, Santiago, Llanos, Fernando, Ramírez, Claudio, Valderrama, Gisella, Calderón, Roger I., Williams, Roger B., Velásquez, Gustavo E., Mitnick, Carole D., Franke, Molly F., Lecca, Leonid 29 January 2022 (has links)
We report severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody positivity among market and city bus depot workers in Lima, Peru. Among 1285 vendors from 8 markets, prevalence ranged from 27% to 73%. Among 488 workers from 3 city bus depots, prevalence ranged from 11% to 47%. Self-reported symptoms were infrequent. / National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases / Revisión por pares
145

Are smokers more vulnerable considering disease severity inCOVID-19?

Lund, Maja January 2020 (has links)
Background: COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic. As of 11 May 2020, there are 4 013 728confirmed cases and 278 993 deaths. Smoking has been named as one possible factor regardingillness progression and severity. Aim: The aim of this systematic literature review is to examine if smokers are more at riskconsidering disease severity. Methods: This is a systematic literature study using the PubMed database. Inclusion andexclusion criteria were specified by using the PICOS format. Free text words and MeSH wordswere combined to create a search plan. The search was conducted twice, 26 April 2020 and 12May 2020. Full text articles were examined for eligibility by using inclusion and exclusioncriteria. An estimation of bias was conducted by using the MINORS criteria. Result: A total of seven articles were included. Of those, 5 reported a statistically significantrelationship between smoking and disease progression or death. Of these, 4 articles foundstatistical significance when correcting for confounders (hypertension, COPD, ischemic heartdisease, cardiac insufficiency). Conclusions: The result of this systematic literature review suggests that smoking enhancesthe severity of COVID-19. Due to the limited number of patients combined with a narrowgeographic area being studied, more research is needed to further evaluate and establish therelationship between smoking and COVID-19.
146

Vergleich der Sensitivität und Spezifität von SARS-CoV¬-2 Nukleoprotein- und Spike-Protein-Elisa mit einem Elisa, der beide Proteine kombiniert

Reiners, Nina Ellen 07 February 2022 (has links)
SARS-CoV-2-Antikörpertests sind deswegen von Bedeutung, weil damit insbesondere die Ausbreitung des Virus exakt nachverfolgt und politische Maßnahmen und Einschränkungen angepasst werden können. Zum Antikörpernachweis werden hauptsächlich das Spike und das Nukleo-Protein als Fängerprotein verwendet. Ausgangspunkt für die vorliegenden Studie war die Beobachtung, dass Covid-positive Seren, die in S-Protein basierten Antikörpertests stark reagiert hatten, teilweise im N-Protein-Tests gar nicht reagierten und umgekehrt. Daraufhin stellte sich die Frage, wie sich die Kombination der Nukleo- und Spike-Proteine in einem Kombinations-Test, im Vergleich zu einem Test mit dem Nukleo-Protein und dem Spike-Protein allein, auf die Sensitivität und Spezifität auswirkt. So entstand die Idee, die beiden Proteine in einem gemeinsamen Test zu kombinieren, um einerseits die Sensitivität zu verbessern, ohne aber gleichzeitig eine Verschlechterung der Spezifität in Kauf nehmen zu müssen. Um diese Arbeitshypothese optimal untersuchen zu können, wurde ein eigener S-Protein-ELISA und ein Kombinatios-ELISA, der das Spike und das Nukleo-Protein als Fängerprotein benutzt, etabliert und mit dem bereits von Frau Schnurra etablierten N-Protein-ELISA verglichen. Untersucht wurde die Hypothese mithilfe der drei ELISA-Antikörpertests, in denen 123 Covidseren von 2020 und 180 Blutbankseren und Plasmen von vor 2019 miteinander verglichen wurden. Der N-Protein-ELISA, der S-Protein-ELISA und der Kombinations-ELISA folgten dabei einem fast identischen Protokoll. Somit wurde garantiert, dass ausschließlich die Auswirkung der Proteine und Proteinkombinationen verglichen wurden und Sensitivitäten und Spezifitäten nicht wegen verschiedener Testqualitäten oder verwendeter Substanzen schwankten. Um den optimalen Vergleich der ELISA ermöglichen zu können, wurde die Spezifität der drei Tests mithilfe der ROC-Analyse auf 98,33 % angeglichen. Im Vergleich der Sensitivitäten der drei Tests ist zu sehen, dass die Sensitivität tatsächlich gesteigert werden kann, wenn das S- und das N-Protein miteinander kombiniert werden. Der N-Protein-ELISA hat mit 82,9 % (CI: 75,1% - 89,1%) die geringste Sensitivität, gefolgt von dem S-Protein-ELISA mit 93,5 % (CI: 87,6% - 97,2%). Die höchste Sensitivität hat der ELISA, der die beiden Proteine kombiniert mit 95,9 % (CI 90,8% - 98,7%). Werden die AUC‘s der drei Tests berechnet, die die Genauigkeit eines Tests angeben, wie zum Beispiel die Unterscheidung der diagnostischen Gruppe in krank und gesund, schneidet auch hier der Kombinationstest mit 0,986 (CI: 0,965 – 0,996) am besten ab. Auf dem zweiten Platz landet der S-Protein-ELISA mit 0,985 (CI: 0,964- 0,995) und auf dem dritten Platz der N-Protein-ELISA mit 0,96 (CI: 0,931 – 0,979). Wird die Spezifität der drei Tests bei einem Cut-off von 1 miteinander verglichen, ist deutlich, dass sich die Spezifität durch die Kombination der beiden Proteine verschlechtert. Von 180 Seren und Plasmen, die vor 2019 abgenommen wurden, wird im N-Protein-ELISA ein Serum als falsch positiv erkannt, im S-Protein-ELISA ein Serum und ein Plasma. Im Kombinations-ELISA werden jeweils die beiden zuvor genannten Seren und das Plasma als falsch positiv erkannt. Eine zusätzliche Überprüfung ist hierbei erforderlich, indem noch mehr Covid-negative Seren untersucht werden. Zur praktischen Nutzung der Ergebnisse kommen folgende Möglichkeiten in Frage: Wird ein besonders sensitiver Test benötigt, wie es zum Beispiel der Fall ist, wenn eine große Bevölkerung auf ihre Durchseuchung untersuchen werden soll, könnte ein ELISA benutzt werden, der beide Proteine kombiniert. Anschließend müssten die positiven Seren in einem hoch spezifischen Test, wie zum Beispiel dem Siemens-Test, nachgetestet werden. Das hätte den Vorteil, dass mit einem relativ günstigen ELISA die größte Anzahl an Seren aussortiert werden könnte. Daraufhin müsste dann nur noch eine kleine Gruppe an Seren mit dem teureren Antikörpertest, in diesem Falle dem Siemens-Test, nachgetestet werden. Wird primär ein besonders spezifischer ELISA benötigt, könnte das N-Protein wieder allein verwendet werden.  :Inhaltsverzeichnis ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS III 1 EINFÜHRUNG 1 1.1 Besonderheiten des SARS-Coronavirus-2 1 1.1.1 Aufbau des SARS-CoV-2 3 1.1.2 Antikörperantwort auf SARS-CoV-2 5 1.2 SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostik 7 1.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 Akutdiagnostik/ Direkter Erregernachweis 8 1.2.2 SARS-CoV-2-Antikörpertests/ Indirekter Erregernachweis 9 1.2.2.1 Die Bedeutung von SARS-CoV-2 Antikörpertests 10 1.3 Aufgabenstellung 11 2 MATERIAL UND METHODEN 12 2.1 Materialien 12 2.1.1 Blutproben 12 2.1.2 Herstellung des RBD-Bestandteils des S1-Proteins 12 2.2 Methoden 13 2.2.1 Allgemeines ELISA-Protokoll 13 2.2.2 Datenanalyse 14 3 ERGEBNISSE 15 3.1 Entwicklung des ELISA-Protokolls 15 3.1.1 Antigenbeschichtungslösung 15 3.1.2 Antigenbeschichtungskonzentration 16 3.1.3 Vergleich verschiedener Entwicklungszeiten 19 3.1.4 Versuch der Reduktion falsch positiver Ergebnisse 24 3.1.5 Herstellung des Calibrators 29 3.1.6 Herstellung des Standardserums 32 3.1.7 Finales Elisa Protokoll 36 3.2 Stabilisierung des ELISAs 36 3.2.1 Stabilisierung der Beschichtung 36 3.2.2 Stabilisierung von Positiv-/ Negativkontrolle und Calibrator 39 3.3 Vergleich der Sensitivitäten und Spezifitäten der verschiedenen ELISA 39 3.3.1 Sensitivitäten der Antikörpertests bei einem Cut-off von 1 40 3.3.1.1 Aufschlüsselung der Testergebnisse der Sensitivität 42 3.3.2 Spezifitäten der Antikörpertests 43 3.3.2.1 Aufschlüsselung der Testergebnisse der Spezifität 44 3.3.3 Angleichung der Spezifität zum Vergleich der drei ELISA 45 3.3.3.1 Angleichung der Spezifität auf 99,4% 45 3.3.3.2 Angleichung der Spezifität auf 98,3 % 47 3.4 Vergleich der Flächen unter den ROC-Kurven 50 4 DISKUSSION 51 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER ARBEIT 58 6 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 61 7 ANHANG 68 8 ERKLÄRUNG ÜBER DIE EIGENSTÄNDIGE ABFASSUNG DER ARBEIT 69 9 LEBENSLAUF 70 10 PUBLIKATIONEN 71 11 DANKSAGUNG 72
147

Sociodemographic Predictors Associated with the Willingness to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19 in Peru: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Vizcardo, David, Salvador, Linder Figueroa, Nole-Vara, Arian, Dávila, Karen Pizarro, Alvarez-Risco, Aldo, Yáñez, Jaime A., Mejia, Christian R. 01 January 2022 (has links)
During the race for the development of a vaccine against COVID-19, even before its commercialization, part of the population has already shown a growing fear of its application. We designed an analytical cross-sectional study using an anonymous survey in the 25 departments of Peru. We surveyed whether the participants were planning on getting vaccinated, as well as other characteristics that were cross-checked in a uni-, bi-and multivariate manner. Of the 1776 respondents, 70% (1251) stated that they were planning to be vaccinated, 20% (346) did not know yet or doubted it, and 10% (179) did not want to be vaccinated. We observed that those who did not get infected with COVID-19 exhibited a higher frequency to not wanting or were uncertain about getting vaccinated (aPR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.09–1.81; p-value = 0.008). In contrast, there was a lower frequency of vaccine refusal among university students (aPR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61–0.92; p-value = 0.005) and healthcare workers (aPR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.44–0.80; p-value = 0.001); adjusted by place of residence. There is still an important percentage of respondents who do not want to be vaccinated or are hesitant to do it, which was associated with educational level, being a healthcare worker and if they were previously infected with COVID-19. Our results could offer useful information about COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. / Revisión por pares
148

Unlocking SARS-CoV-2 detection in low- and middle-income countries

Alcántara, Roberto, Peñaranda, Katherin, Mendoza-Rojas, Gabriel, Nakamoto, Jose A., Martins-Luna, Johanna, del Valle-Mendoza, Juana, Adaui, Vanessa, Milón, Pohl 22 November 2021 (has links)
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are significantly affected by SARS-CoV-2, partially due to their limited capacity for local production and implementation of molecular testing. Here, we provide detailed methods and validation of a molecular toolkit that can be readily produced and deployed using laboratory equipment available in LMICs. Our results show that lab-scale production of enzymes and nucleic acids can supply over 50,000 tests per production batch. The optimized one-step RT-PCR coupled to CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated detection showed a limit of detection of 102 ge/μL in a turnaround time of 2 h. The clinical validation indicated an overall sensitivity of 80%–88%, while for middle and high viral load samples (Cq ≤ 31) the sensitivity was 92%–100%. The specificity was 96%–100% regardless of viral load. Furthermore, we show that the toolkit can be used with the mobile laboratory Bento Lab, potentially enabling LMICs to implement detection services in unattended remote regions. / Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica / Revisión por pares
149

Ambulanssjuksköterskans upplevelser av hur vårdandet av patienten påverkas under COVID-19 pandemin : En kvalitativ intervjustudie

Gerle, Anna, Jahic, Belma January 2021 (has links)
Bakgrund och problemformulering: Första fallet av SARS-Co-2 rapporterades i Kina i slutet på år 2019 och tidigt år 2020 förklarades smittspridningen av viruset vara en pandemi. I frontlinjen av pandemin finns ambulanssjuksköterskan som dagligen möts av utmaningarna som pandemin innebär. Det går inte att med säkerhet fastställa vilka patienter som bär på viruset vilket innebär att samtliga patienter måste betraktas som potentiella smittbärare. Ambulanssjuksköterskan arbetar nära patienten och ofta i trånga utrymmen vilket innebär en ökad risk för smittspridning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskans upplevelser av hur vårdandet av patienten påverkas under COVID-19 pandemin. Metod: För att besvara syftet genomfördes en intervjustudie med induktiv innehållsanalys. Urvalet innefattade sex ambulanssjuksköterskor. Resultat: Ambulanssjuksköterskorna beskrev att skyddsutrustningen har påverkat vårdandet genom att vården fördröjs, kommunikationen försvåras samt att vårdarbetet försvåras. Hygienrutinerna har ändrats och vården av patienterna påverkas i dels bedömning och behandling, dels i handläggningen av patienterna. Okunskap gällande det nya viruset skapade en osäkerhet. Resultatet påvisar även en rädsla för att bli smittade hos ambulanssjuksköterskorna. Diskussion och slutsats: COVID-19 pandemin har påverkat det prehospitala vårdandet av patienten på flera sätt. Ambulanssjuksköterskorna upplevde att informationen och rutinerna gällande vården under pandemin var bristfällig vilket stämde överens med annan befintlig forskning. Upplevelsen av fysiska hinder och kommunikationssvårigheter som förekom under användning av skyddsutrustning var fynd som framkom även i tidigare forskning och slutsatsen gjordes att COVID-19 pandemin komplicerat vårdande av patienterna prehospitalt. Ökad beredskap inför framtida kriser och utveckling av skyddsutrustningen för att minska negativ påverkan på vårdarbetet är förslag på förbättringsarbete.
150

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with sars-cov-2 infection admitted to a peruvian hospital

Rodríguez-Portilla, Ricardo, Llaque-Quiroz, Patricia, Guerra-Ríos, Claudia, Cieza-Yamunaqué, Liliana Paola, Coila-Paricahua, Edgar Juan, Baique-Sánchez, Pedro Michael, Pinedo-Torres, Isabel 01 April 2021 (has links)
We carried out an observational, retrospective and descriptive study in order to identify the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to a Peruvian national referral hospital. We included patients from one month old to fourteen years old hospitalized between March and August 2020. A total of 125 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were admitted, 18.4% (n = 23) had critical illness and 16.8% (n = 21) had multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). The absence of comorbidities and previous history of epidemiological contact were more frequent in patients with MIS-C. Patients in critical condition and patients with MIS-C had lower lymphocyte and platelet counts, and higher C-reactive protein, ferritin and D-dimer values than patients who did not have said conditions. Six (4.8%) out of 125 children died, as well as 3 (13%) children from the group of patients in critical condition. None of the children with MIS-C died. / Revisión por pares

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