O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito adjuvante da terapia probiótica (TProb) no tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em pacientes com Periodontite Crônica generalizada (PCg). Em um estudo clínico aleatorizado, duplo-cego e placebo-controle, 41 pacientes com PCg foram tratados com TProb associada à raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR Grupo Teste) ou apenas RAR (Grupo Controle). Os pacientes do Grupo Teste consumiram pastilhas contendo Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) HN019 durante 4 semanas. Os pacientes do Grupo Controle receberam pastilhas placebo (sem probiótico). Parâmetros clínicos periodontais foram avaliados no baseline (período pré-intervenção) e em 30 e 90 dias após a RAR. Nestes mesmos períodos foram coletadas amostras de placa subgengival para contagem de 40 espécies bacterianas (checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization) e detecção do genoma de B. lactis HN019 (Reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real - q-PRC), amostras do fluido crevicular gengival para avaliação dos níveis de Interleucina (IL)-1beta, IL-8 e IL-10 (Imunoensaios multiplex) e amostras de saliva para avaliação dos níveis de Imunoglobulina A (IgA) (Nefelometria). Foram realizadas, também, biópsias de tecido gengival para determinação da expressão de beta-defensina (BD)-3 e receptores do tipo Toll (TLR)-4 (reações imunohistoquímicas - estreptavidina-biotina-peroxidase). Os dados obtidos foram estatisticamente analisados (p<0,05). O Grupo Teste apresentou, aos 90 dias, redução de profundidade de sondagem (PS) e ganho de inserção clínica significativamente maiores que aqueles do Grupo Controle. O Grupo Teste também apresentou menor quantidade de bolsas periodontais moderadas (aos 30 e 90 dias) e profundas (aos 90 dias) que o Grupo Controle (p<0,05), bem como menor quantidade de pacientes (p<0,05) apresentando 3 ou mais sítios com PS &ge; 6 mm ou PS = 5mm e sangramento à sondagem (SS) positivo. O Grupo Teste apresentou menor SS (aos 30 e 90 dias) e menor IP (aos 30 dias) quando comparado ao Grupo Controle (p<0,05). Na análise microbiológica, o Grupo Teste apresentou proporções significativamente menores de espécies microbianas dos complexos vermelho (ao 30 e 90 dias) e do complexo laranja (aos 30 dias), bem como maiores proporções de espécies do complexo azul (aos 90 dias) quando comparado ao Grupo Controle. A análise por meio de q-PCR mostrou que o Grupo Teste apresentou um aumento no número de cópias/&mu;L do genoma da cepa probiótica B. lactis HN019 no biofilme subgengival aos 30 e 90 dias (p<0,05). Na análise imunológica, o Grupo Teste apresentou menor razão (valores ajustados ao baseline) de IL-1&beta; (aos 30 e 90 dias) e de IL-8 (aos 30 dias) do que o Grupo Controle (p<0,05). Apenas o Grupo Teste apresentou valores de IL-10 significativamente maiores que aqueles do baseline aos 30 dias. Não foram observadas diferenças entres os grupos nas razões de IgA aos 30 e 90 dias. Na análise imunohistoquímica, o Grupo Teste apresentou expressões significativamente maiores de BD-3 e TLR-4 em sítios doentes quando comparado ao Grupo Controle aos 30 dias. Pode-se concluir que a utilização do probiótico B. lactis HN019 como recurso adjuvante à RAR promove benefícios clínicos, microbiológicos e imunológicos adicionais no tratamento de pacientes com PCg / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adjuvant effect of probiotic therapy (ProbT) in non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP). In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-control, 41 patients with GCP were treated with ProbT associated with scaling and root planing (SRP - Test Group) or SRP only (Control Group). The patients in the Test Group consumed lozenges containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) HN019 during 4 weeks. The patients in the Control Group received placebo (lozenges without probiotic). Periodontal clinical parameters were evaluated at baseline (pre-intervention) and at 30 and 90 days after SRP. Samples of subgingival plaque were collected to count 40 bacterial species (checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization) and detection of genome of B. lactis HN019 (polymerase chain reaction in real time - q-PCR). Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected for assessing levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8 and IL-10 (multiplex immunoassays). Saliva samples were collected to measure levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (nephelometry). Also, biopsies of gingival tissues were performed to determine the expression of beta-defensina (BD)-3 and Toll-Like receptors (TLR)-4 (immunohistochemical reactions - streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase). The data obtained were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). The Test Group presented, at 90 days, reduction of probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment gain significantly higher when compared to the Control Group. The Test Group also presented a lower number of moderate (at 30 and 90 days) and deep (90 days) periodontal pockets than the Control Group (p < 0.05), as well as a lower number of subjects (p < 0.05) with 3 or more sites with PPD &ge;6 mm or PPD = 5mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) positive. The Test Group presented lower BOP (at 30 and 90 days) and lower PI (at 30 days) when compared to the Control Group (p<0.05). In the microbiological analysis, the Test Group showed significantly lower proportions of microbial species of red (at 30 and 90 days) and the orange (at 30 days) complexes, as well as higher proportions of species of blue complex (at 90 days) when compared to the Control Group. q-PCR analysis showed that the Test Group presented an increase in the number of copies/&mu;L of the genome of the probiotic strain B. lactis HN019 in subgingival biofilm at 30 and 90 days (p < 0.05). In the immunological analysis, the Test Group presented a lower ratio of IL-&beta;1 (at 30 and 90 days) and IL-8 (30 days) than the Control Group (p < 0.05). Only the Test Group presented values of IL-10 significantly higher than those of the baseline at 30 days. No differences were observed between the groups on the ratios of IgA at 30 and 90 days. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the Test Group showed significantly higher expression of BD-3 and TLR-4 in sites with periodontitis when compared to the Control Group at 30 days. It can be concluded that the use of probiotic B. lactis HN019 as an adjuvant to SRP promotes clinical, microbiological and immunological additional benefits in the treatment of patients with GCP

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to compare the effect of systemic adjunctive use of azithromycin with amoxicillin/metronidazole to scaling and root planing (SRP) in a clinical study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 60 individuals with chronic periodontitis were evaluated after full-mouth SRP. Antibiotics were given from the first day of SRP, in the test group (n = 29), azithromycin for 3 days and, in the control group (n = 31), amoxicillin/metronidazole for7 days. Probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and after 3 and 12 months. Gingival crevicular fluid was analyzed for matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-8 and interleukin (IL)-1beta levels. Subgingival plaque was taken for assessment of the major bacteria associated with periodontitis. RESULTS: In both groups, PD, AL, and BOP were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). A few significant differences between the groups were found; AL and BOP were significantly better in the test than in the control group at the end of the study (p = 0.020 and 0.009). Periodontopathogens were reduced most in the test group. CONCLUSIONS: A noninferiority of the treatment with azithromycin in comparison with amoxicillin/metronidazole can be stated. The administration of azithromycin could be an alternative to the use of amoxicillin/metronidazole adjunctive to SRP in patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis; however, a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study is needed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Application of azithromycin as a single antibiotic for 3 days might be considered as an additional adjunctive antibiotic to SRP in selected patients.

Atherosclerosis is an insidious disease with serious morbidity and mortality including ischemic heart disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction. This condition is progressive and can start early in life eventually leading to large plaques and arterial occlusion. Two key components of this process are the immune system and lipids; in particular, LDL which accumulates within the arterial walls and macrophages which recognize and engulf oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) to form foam cells. Knowing that certain antibodies directed against bacterial antigens such as phosphorylcholine (PC) and cardiolipin (CL) show opsonizing cross-reactivity with oxLDL it can be proposed that there is a link between immune responses to periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether periodontal bacteria are capable of inducing serum antibodies potentially involved in cardiovascular diseases; specifically, IgG anti-PC, IgG anti-CL, and IgM anti-CL. To test this, 17 subjects with chronic periodontitis received scaling and root planing in conjunction with blood sample analysis to determine if periodontal instrumentation resulted in changes in these serum antibodies. If plaque bacteria are responsible for an immune response then serum levels of these antibodies should decrease following periodontal therapy. We found that serum levels of IgG anti-PC, IgG anti-CL, and IgM anti-CL decreased following periodontal scaling and root planing but the change was significant only for IgG anti-PC (P 0.045). Serum levels of IgM anti-CL approached significance (P 0.054). The results support the hypothesis that the immune response to periodontal bacterial microflora contributes to serum concentrations of antiphospholipid antibodies.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to compare the effect of systemic adjunctive use of azithromycin with amoxicillin/metronidazole to scaling and root planing (SRP) in a clinical study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 60 individuals with chronic periodontitis were evaluated after full-mouth SRP. Antibiotics were given from the first day of SRP, in the test group (n = 29), azithromycin for 3 days and, in the control group (n = 31), amoxicillin/metronidazole for7 days. Probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and after 3 and 12 months. Gingival crevicular fluid was analyzed for matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-8 and interleukin (IL)-1beta levels. Subgingival plaque was taken for assessment of the major bacteria associated with periodontitis. RESULTS: In both groups, PD, AL, and BOP were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). A few significant differences between the groups were found; AL and BOP were significantly better in the test than in the control group at the end of the study (p = 0.020 and 0.009). Periodontopathogens were reduced most in the test group. CONCLUSIONS: A noninferiority of the treatment with azithromycin in comparison with amoxicillin/metronidazole can be stated. The administration of azithromycin could be an alternative to the use of amoxicillin/metronidazole adjunctive to SRP in patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis; however, a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study is needed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Application of azithromycin as a single antibiotic for 3 days might be considered as an additional adjunctive antibiotic to SRP in selected patients.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 7 1.1 Klassifikation der Parodontitiden 7 1.2 Prävalenz der Parodontitis 8 1.3 Parodontales Erregerspektrum 9 2 Aufgabenstellung 12 3 Material und Methode 13 3.1 Erhobene Variablen 15 3.2 Therapie und Nachbehandlung 20 3.3 Biochemische und mikrobiologische Analyse 21 3.3.1 Probenentnahme 21 3.3.2 Analyse 22 3.4 Statistische Auswertung 23 4 Ergebnisse 25 5 Diskussion 33 6 Zusammenfassung 40 7 Literaturverzeichnis 44 8 Anhang 61 9 Publikation 65 10 Lebenslauf 66 11 Danksagung 67 12 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 68