Neste trabalho se realiza a síntese e caracterização de nanofios de óxido de zinco. Adicionalmente se apresenta o processo de montagem de um dispositivo para medidas elétricas deste material. Estuda-se complementarmente o efeito do tratamento de plasma sobre as propriedades de fotoluminescência do material. Nanofios foram sintetizados pelo mecanismo vapor-líquido-sólido (VLS), utilizando ouro como catalizador e safira c-plane como substrato. As amostras foram caracterizadas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura, fotoluminescência a temperatura ambiente, difração de raios X, e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os nanofios obtidos têm seção transversal com formato quase hexagonal, e larguras de aproximadamente 46 nm. O comprimento deles varia de 3 a 10 μm. Os resultados de difração de raios x e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostram que eles são monocristalinos com rede cristalina tipo wurtzita, e com direção de crescimento no eixo c. Foram estudados os efeitos da potência de plasma de oxigênio (O2) na fotoluminescência dos nanofios a temperatura ambiente. A diferença na fotoluminescência após diferentes tratamentos de plasma de O2 mostra que a razão entre a emissão da região do band gap e da banda do visível pode ser modificada pelo tratamento. Este efeito corrobora com a hipótese de que a banda verde de luminescência está relacionada às vacâncias de zinco. A variação percentual da razão entre as duas regiões apresenta uma dependência linear com a potência do plasma. / In this work, we performed the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanowires. We also report an assembly process to measure the electrical properties of this material. We study the plasma treatment effect on the photoluminescence spectra of the nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized via vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, using gold as catalyst and c-plane sapphire as substrate. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, room temperature photoluminescence, x-rays diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Our nanowires show a quasi-hexagonal cross section, with diameters of approximately 46 nm. Their lengths ranged from 3 to 10 μm. Our results show monocrystalline wurtzite crystal nanowires with c growth direction. We also study the plasma power effect of oxygen (O2) plasma treatment on the room temperature photoluminescence spectra of the nanowires. Our results show that the deep level emission to near band emission ratio decreases with the plasma treatment. This effect supports the hypothesis that claims the green band luminescence is related to the oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, the relative ratio change depends linearly on the plasma power.

Ensaios cronogalvanométricos, análises por difração de raios -X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e curvas de polarização potenciostáticas foram usadas com o propósito de caracterizar os filmes formados sobre o aço API T95 em soluções alcalinas de sulfeto de sódio (Na2S 0,02M). As características destes filmes foram analisadas em função do pH da solução. O pH usado em cada caso (entre 8 e 11) foi obtido através da injeção de gás sulfídrico (H2S) na solução previamente desarejada. As curvas de polarização potenciostáticas mostram o aparecimento de uma região passiva ou pseudo-passiva para os pHs mais elevados (1 O e 11 ). As curvas cronogalvanométricas permitiram verificar uma queda de densidade de corrente nestes mesmos pHs, evidenciando a melhor proteção contra a corrosão dos filmes de sulfeto formados nestas condições. / Chronogalvanometric electrochemical essays, X - ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and potentiostatic curves were used with the pourpose of characterizing the sulfide films formed on API T95 steel in alkaline sodium sulfide (Na2S 0,02M) environments. The characterization of these films were followed by pH measurements and the potential at witch they were formed. The pH of the used environments was varied between 8 and 11 through hydrogen sulfide (H2S) injection in the previously deaerated solution. Potentiostatic polarization curves indicate a pseudopassive or passive area in the highest pH values (1 O and 11 ). The chronogalvanometric curves show a decrease of current density, at the same pH, characterizing a better corrosion protection of the films formed in these conditions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa estudou a influência de diferentes velocidades de corte e marcas de discos diamantados nos valores de resistência adesiva, durante a preparação dos espécimes a serem submetidos à microtração, e na integridade das amostras por meio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Vinte blocos da cerâmica à base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max Press) foram unidos com cimento resinoso (Rely X ARC) a blocos de compósito (Z100), construídos incrementalmente. Foram seguidas as recomendações dos fabricantes no tratamento da superfície da cerâmica e aplicação do cimento resinoso. Após 24 horas em água destilada a 37C, os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos de discos: marcas Buehler e Extec e subdivididos nas velocidades de 200rpm e 400rpm (B2; E2; B4 e E4, respectivamente). Cada espécime foi cortado em dois eixos perpendiculares para obtenção de palitos com área adesiva de 1,0mm. Para cada condição experimental, os palitos foram separados, aleatoriamente, 15 palitos para análise ao MEV e 30 palitos para serem submetidos à força de tração. As médias de resistência adesiva em MPa foram E4=20,312 ; B4= 24,2 11,3 ; B2= 25,2 9,0 e E2= 28,6 10,4. Na análise estatística, observou-se que os valores de resistência adesiva na velocidade de 200rpm foram significativamente maiores comparados a velocidade de 400rpm, independente do disco empregado. Ao MEV, observou-se melhor integridade dos palitos na velocidade de 200rpm com presença de trincas menos extensas nas bordas externas. Constatou-se também que o disco Extec na velocidade de 400rpm apresentou movimentos excêntricos ao corte e obteve-se maior número de perdas prematuras, uma diminuição significante na média da área total de união (p<0,05), além de diferença significativa nos valores de resistência comparada a velocidade de 200rpm. Concluiu-se que a utilização de diferentes velocidades e sua interação com o disco empregado interfere na integridade dos espécimes e nos valores de resistência adesiva, sendo mais acentuada ao se utilizar o disco da marca Extec. / The aim of this research was to verify the influence of different cutting speeds and brand of diamond saws during microtensile specimen preparation on the bonding strength values and on the samples microscopy integrity (SEM). Twenty lithium disilicate glass-ceramic blocks (IPS e.max Press) were bonded with dual-cure resin cement (Rely X ARCTM) to composite (Z100TM) blocks, built incrementally. The manufacturers recommendations were followed for ceramic treatment surface and placement on the resin cement, as well. After storage for 24 hours in distillated water at 37C, the specimens were divided in two groups of diamond saws, Buehler and Extec brands, which were further subdivided using 200rpm and 400rpm speeds (B2; E2; B4 and E4 respectively), and they were sectioned into two perpendicular axes obtaining sticks shaped specimens with cross-sectional area of 1.0mm. For each experimental situation the sticks were randomly separated; 15 for the analysis to the SEM and 30 to be submitted to tensile strength. Mean bond strength values (MPa) were: E4 = 20.3 12; B4 = 24.2 11.3; B2 = 25.2 9.0; and E2 = 28.6 10.4. The statistical analysis of data showed that the values of bond strength at 200 rpm speed were significantly higher as compared to 400 rpm speed, regardless of saw employed. In SEM, it was noted better integrity of sticks at 200 rpm speed with presence of less extensive cracks in external edges. It was also found that the Extec saw at 400 rpm showed eccentric movement to cutting and achieved higher number of premature losses, a significant decreased mean total area of bond (p<0.05), in addition to significant difference in strength values compared with 200 rpm speed. It was concluded that using different speeds and their interaction with the used saw interfere with the integrity of specimens and the bond strength values, being more pronounced when using the Extec saw.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T14:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-08. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-03-14T14:42:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000874748_20170908.pdf: 292993 bytes, checksum: 3298d7a3590d3abb3c5e413fade7e716 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-09-11T13:56:01Z: 000874748_20170908.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-09-11T13:56:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000874748.pdf: 2035422 bytes, checksum: 847aa737ff6653a0ac4fbff7fb1be39f (MD5) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos de substâncias de limpeza (etanol a 95% ou xilol) e o momento do condicionamento ácido (imediato ou após 7 dias) na obtenção de túbulos dentinários abertos e avaliar a persistência de resíduos de um cimento à base de resina epóxi sobre a superfície dentinária. Além de, avaliar a capacidade de limpeza da superfície dentinária, impregnada por um cimento endodôntico à base de resina epóxi (AH Plus), proporcionada pelo etanol 95% ou pelo xilol e condicionamento ácido e seus efeitos sobre a interface dentina/sistema adesivo dentinário, por meio da avaliação da formação da camada híbrida e da resistência de união do sistema adesivo dentinário Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE), imediatamente ou após 7 dias da limpeza dentinária e, da avaliação da formação da camada híbrida e da resistência de união do sistema adesivo dentinário Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (3M ESPE), imediatamente após a limpeza da superfície dentinária impregnada com o cimento. No capítulo 1, fragmentos de dentina de incisivos bovinos foram tratados com irrigantes endodônticos, impregnados com o cimento e divididos em 4 grupos (n=10): G1, etanol 95.0% - imediato; G2, xilol - imediato; G3, etanol 95.0% - após 7 dias e G4, xilol - após 7 dias. Após a obtenção das imagens em MEV, a contagem de túbulos dentinários abertos foi realizada com o programa Photoshop CS5. Outros 40 fragmentos foram preparados e analisados em MEV (500X), para a avaliação da persistência de resíduos do cimento endodôntico na dentina. A contagem dos túbulos dentinários abertos foi analisada com ANOVA e teste de Tukey (P=0,05) e a persistência de resíduos com os testes de Kruskal Wallis e Dunn (P=0,05). O protocolo de limpeza com o xilol e condicionamento ácido após 7 dias proporcionou maior quantidade de túbulos dentinários abertos e menor ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / The aim of this study was to evaluate the cleaning capacity of the dentin surface, contaminated by a endodontic sealer containing epoxy resin (AH Plus), provided by ethanol or by xylene and its effects on the interface dentin / dentin adhesive system, by evaluating the formation of the hybrid layer and the bond strength of Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE), immediately or after 7 days of dentin cleaning and, assessing the formation of the hybrid layer and the bond strength of Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (3M ESPE), immediately after cleaning the dentin surface impregnated with the sealer. Besides, compare the effects of cleaning substance (95% ethanol or xylene) and the etching time with phosphoric acid at 37% (immediately or after 7 days) to obtain open dentinal tubules and to evaluate the residues persistence of a sealer-based epoxy resin (AH Plus) on the dentin surface. In Chapter 1, dentin fragments of bovine incisors were treated with root canal irrigation, impregnated with sealer and divided into 4 groups (n = 10): G1 (EIDE), ethanol 95.0% - DE immediate; G2 (XIDE), xylene - DE immediate; G3 (EPDE), ethanol 95.0% - DE after 7 days and G4 (XPDE), xylene - DE after 7 days. After obtaining the SEM pictures (500X), the open dentinal tubules counts were performed using Photoshop CS5 program. Another 40 fragments were also prepared and also obtained SEM pictures (500X) for evaluating the persistence of sealer residues in the dentin using scores. The count of open dentinal tubules was analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests (P = 0.05) and the persistence of residues with the Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests (P = 0.05). The cleaning protocol with xylol and etching after 7 days provided the greatest amount of open dentinal tubules and lowest persistence of residues in the dentin (P <0.05). There were no differences between the other groups (P> 0.05). In Chapter 2...(Complete abstract electronic access below)

A resistência de plantas daninhas é um grande problema que afeta a produtividade das culturas em nosso país, ao passo que quando é identificada, deve ser estudada visando desenvolver estratégias de manejo que evitem a expansão e seleção em novas áreas, além de seleção de resistência múltipla em áreas onde está presente. Nesta temática o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar manejo alternativo ao glyphosato para as espécies Chloris elata e Digitaria insularis no período de entressafra da cultura da soja e identificar características morfológicas da superfície foliar de Chloris elata que possam interferir sobre o controle com herbicidas. Foram estudadas alternativas ao glyphosate para manejo em áreas de sistema de produção soja/milho, em dois experimentos com as plantas daninhas Chloris elata e Digitaria insularis perenizadas e com duas condições de roçada (15 e 30 cm). Foram avaliados o controle visual das plantas daninhas, redução de matéria fresca e seca. Para morfologia das folhas da espécie Chloris elata foi realizada análise histológica com recursos de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, visando caracterizar a morfologia da folha, além de determinar o índice estomático, densidade estomática e densidade de tricomas para as superfícies adaxial e abaxial das folhas, nos estádios 4 e 6 folhas totalmente expandidas. Digitaria insularis se mostrou menos suscetível as técnicas de manejo empregadas para plantas perenizadas, necessitando duas aplicações sequenciais para conter a rebrota dos tratamentos. O uso da maior dose do herbicida haloxyfop associado aos herbicidas glyphosate ou amônio-glufosinato se mostrou eficaz no controle de C. elata e D. insularis. O manejo de roçagem potencializou a ação dos herbicidas, e a planta daninha D. insularis se mostrou mais suscetível a está técnica em relação ao C. elata. Para este manejo a associação da maior dose de haloxyfop ao glufosinato foi eficaz para as duas gramíneas. As alturas de roçagem somente se diferenciaram nas primeiras avaliações. O biótipo resistente de C. elata apresentou menor densidade estomática, no estádio de 4 folhas completamente expandidas e maior densidade de tricomas no estádios de 6 folhas completamente expandidas, o que pode contribuir para a resistência ao glyphosate. Está espécie apresentou formações de cristais de cera que circundam o ostíolo, no estádio de 6 folhas completamente expandidas, podendo estar relacionada a a menor suscetibilidade ao glyphosate desta planta daninha perenizada. / Weed resistance is a major problem that affects crop productivity in our country, whereas when it is identified, it must be studied in order to develop management strategies that avoid expansion and selection in new areas, as well as multiple resistance selection in areas where it is present. In this subject the objective of this research was to determine alternative management of glyphosate for the Chloris elata and Digitaria insularis species during the off - season of the soybean crop and to identify the morphological characteristics of the leaf surface of Chloris elata that could interfere the control with herbicides. It was studied alternatives to glyphosate for management in areas of soybean / maize production system in two experiments with weeds Chloris elata and Digitaria insularis perennial and with two mowing conditions (15 and 30 cm). The visual control of weeds, fresh and dry matter reduction were evaluated. For the morphology of the leaves of the Chloris elata species, a histological analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy to characterize the leaf morphology, as well as to determine the stomatal index, stomatal density and trichome density for the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves, stages 4 and 6 fully expanded leaves. Digitaria insularis was less susceptible to the management techniques used for perennial plants, requiring two sequential applications to contain the regrowth of treatments. The use of the highest dose of the herbicide haloxyfop associated with the herbicides glyphosate or ammonium glufosinate proved to be effective in the control of C. elata and D. insularis. Herbicide management potentiated herbicide action, and D. insularis weed was more susceptible to this technique than C. elata. For this management, the association of the highest dose of haloxyfop to glufosinate was effective for both grasses. The cutting heights differed only in the first evaluations. The resistant C. elata biotype showed lower stomatal density at the stage of 4 fully expanded leaves and greater density of trichomes in the stages of 6 fully expanded leaves, which may contribute to resistance to glyphosate. This species presented waxy crystal formations that surround the ostrich, in the stage of 6 fully expanded leaves, and may be related to the natural tolerance to the glyphosate of this perennial weed.

Os sistemas de lima única constituem a mais recente tecnologia no que se refere ao preparo dos canais radiculares, e vem sendo objeto de estudo sob diversos aspectos. Uma das preocupações referentes aos sistemas automatizados é a manutenção da qualidade e segurança nos preparos quando da reutilização do instrumento. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações de superfície de dois sistemas de lima única - Wave One e One Shape - e seu desempenho através do tempo de preparo no decorrer dos usos. Duzentos condutos de molares inferiores humanos extraídos foram instrumentados com 10 limas Wave One e 10 limas One Shape, acompanhados de irrigação com 10 ml de Hipoclorito de Sódio 2.5%. Cada instrumento foi utilizado por 10 vezes. Os tempos para o preparo completo do canal foram registrados por um cronômetro digital e anotados em tabelas. Para avaliação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura as limas novas foram observadas assim que removidas da embalagem. Após as utilizações, os instrumentos foram limpos, esterilizados em autoclave e observados após 2, 6, 8 e 10 usos. Três avaliadores calibrados observaram as fotomicrografias e registraram de acordo com os scores propostos a presença ou ausência de alterações superficiais. O teste Kappa de concordância entre os avaliadores apresentou maioria de resultados ótimo a moderado (?=5%). Os dados referentes à avaliação das imagens foram submetidos ao teste Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney com nível de significância de 5% (?=5%). As alterações mais observadas foram aplainamento e microcavidade. O crack foi observado nos dois instrumentos sendo significante a partir do sexto uso para Wave One e do décimo para One Shape. Os dados relativos aos tempos de preparo foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, ANOVA e Mc-Nemar com nível de significância de 5% (?=5%). Os tempos de preparo registrados para One Shape foram inferiores aos tempos para Wave One. O uso influenciou os tempos de preparo sendo observado um aumento significativo para os dois instrumentos. Um instrumento One Shape fraturou mas a ocorrência não foi estatisticamente significante. / Single-file systems are the most recent technology in regard to the preparation of root canals and have been studied in several ways. One of the concerns related to automated systems is maintaining quality and safety in preparation when the instrument is reused. This study\'s aim was to evaluate the changes on the surface of two single-file systems - Wave One and One Shape - and their performance through preparation time over the uses. Two hundred root canals of extracted human molars were instrumented with 10 Wave One files and 10 One Shape files, followed by irrigation with 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite 2.5%. Each instrument was used 10 times. The time required to complete each root canal was measured by a digital stopwatch and recorded in tables. New unused files were analysed using a scanning electron microscope. After used, the instruments were cleaned and sterilized, then observed after 2, 6, 8 and 10 uses. Three calibrated evaluators observed these SEM images and listed according to the suggested scores the presence or absence of changes on the surface. The Kappa test showed mostly results from moderate to great (? = 5%). The data relating to evaluation of images was submitted to the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 5% (? = 5%). The most frequent changes were blunt edges and microcavities. Cracking was observed in both instruments being significant in Wave One after the sixth use and in One Shape after the tenth use. Data on preparation times were statistically analysed by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Mc-Nemar tests with a significance level of 5% (? = 5%). Regarding the working time taken to shape the canals, One Shape was significantly faster than Wave One. The preparation time was affected by the number of file use increasing significantly on both instruments. A One Shape instrument fractured but the finding was not statistically significant.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The main objective of this study was to advance kinetic performances of formation and decomposition of magnesium hydride by design strategies which include high energy ball milling in hydrogen (HRBM), in combination with the introduction of catalytic/dopant additives. In this regard, the transformation of Mg → MgH2 by high energy reactive ball milling in hydrogen atmosphere (HRBM) of Mg with various additives to yield nanostructured composite hydrogen storage materials was studied using in situ pressure-temperature monitoring that allowed to get time-resolved results about hydrogenation behaviour during HRBM. The as-prepared and re-hydrogenated nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, high-resolution SEM and TEM, as well as measurements of the mean particle size. Dehydrogenation performances of the nanocomposites were studied by DSC / TGA and TDS; and the re-hydrogenation behaviour was investigated using Sieverts volumetric technique.

Nanostructures were formed on diced specimens of several silicon carbide polytypes and silicon using electron beam lithography. A general introduction to nanostructure synthesis and electron beam lithography,are presented. A scanning electron microscope was retrofitted with a commercially available electron beam lithography package and an electrostatic beam blanker to permit nanoscale lithography to be performed. A process was first developed and optimized on silicon substrates to expose, poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) resist with an electron beam to make nanoscale nickel masks for reactive ion etching. The masks consist of an array of nickel dots that range in size from 20 to 100 nm in diameter. Several nanoscale structures were then fabricated in silicon carbide using electron beam lithography. The structures produced are characterized by field emission Scanning Electron Microscopy.

At the commencement of this study, some sensitive overseas markets were rejecting chilled vacuum-packed New Zealand lamb due to higher than expected total viable counts, and counts of Enterobacteriaceae, a family of bacteria used to indicate sanitary condition. Of the many factors that influence the bacterial composition of chilled lamb in the overseas marketplace, the meat producer can only exert significant control over: Hygiene, ensuring the bacterial viable count on the meat prior to packaging is as low as possible, and comprised of as few species as possible that are capable of anaerobic growth at chilled meat temperatures. Maintaining the pH of the meat within acceptable limits, by careful animal selection and minimal pre-slaughter stress. Refrigeration temperatures, through rigorous maintenance of the cold-chain. The type of preservative packaging used, which is often limited by regulation in the marketplace. Initial work established that the bacterial microbiota present on the meat contact surfaces in the butchering facilities at some premises, in particular conveyor belting, was excessive and comprised of species that contributed to the high counts on the meat reported above. As a means of improving the hygiene of this process, this study investigated the hypothesis that some species of bacteria were able to form biofilms on the conveyor belt contact surfaces, becoming reservoirs for cross-contamination. This hypothesis was not been proven by this work; the results showing that biofilms were not present and that adequate hygiene of these surfaces instead depends on the ability to remove all meat-based residues from them at the completion of each day's processing. For premises operating interlocking belts from one manufacturer (Intraloxreg), a clean-in-place system is now available that is able to achieve this. Premises operating conventional disinfectant and water sanitisation of either continuous or interlocking belts must ensure that meat residue is completely removed before disinfection. The majority of New Zealand meat industry premises can now demonstrate that their hygienic processes in this area are under control. The microbiota of conveyor belting in this study was found to consist of bacteria from five taxonomic groups; the Flavobacteriaceae, the Actinomycetales, the Bacillus/Clostridium group, and the alpha and gamma branches of the Proteobacteria. The genera present on belts from premises whose hygiene was found to be in control did not contain species known to cause food-borne disease or spoilage of vacuum packaged meats. The bacterial viable count remains the most effective method available at this time for monitoring conveyor belt hygiene. Attempts to develop a monitoring system based on microscopy of an in-situ sampling device were unsuccessful due to an inability to penetrate the meat residue matrix. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) may offer an alternative for rapid investigation of diversity, but further work is required before this can be validated for routine use.

One taphonomic problem plaguing archaeologists and physical anthropologists, whether their research is in North American cultures or hominid sites in Africa, is the difficulty in distinguishing bone altered by burning and heating from bone altered by soil processes. Archaeologists working to understand the recent prehistory of the Southern Oregon Coast face the same challenge. Two relatively new tools were investigated to determine their usefulness to resolving this problem. These are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SEM has been well-tested in African sites and experimental studies to identify hominid-created cut marks on bone and to reconstruct heating temperatures of burnt bone. However, SEM and its ability to sample chemistry, as well as XRD's ability to detect diagentic alteration in bone minerals, have not been tested on material from coastal Oregon. The purpose of this research was: (1) to test these methods to see whether they could distinguish between burning and soil alteration, using cervid bone from site 35CS43 near Bandon, Ore., as a test sample, and (2) to see whether the result, paired with archaeological, ethnographic, taphonomic and faunal evidence, could be used to understand how the Coquille were procuring, processing and cooking cervids as insights into their adaptation. The outcome suggests that SEM and XRD, without use of other evidence, are unable to distinguish between burning and soil alteration because the similarities between the two lie not only in changes to the bone's macrostructure (discoloration) but also in bone chemistry, where it was hoped differences could be found. However, these techniques, when paired with the other lines of evidence, did provide insights in understanding the taphonomy and the Coquille's use of cervids - the interaction of bone and soil; the extent of mimicry between burning and soil alteration; and ultimately that discoloration of cervid bone at 35CS43 was likely due to soil alteration, that burning as the result of fire roasting was most likely not occurring at the site, and that the Coquille employed other methods of cooking. / Graduation date: 2003