5 ABSTRACT This thesis deals with interaction in educational environment, i.e. mutual interaction between two subjects (teachers and students) and their influence on one another during the educational process, with each participant involved in different social roles, which often require different ways of communication. The theoretical part focuses on the general description of teacher's personality, his authority and his role in pedagogical interaction with students, and on pedagogical communication, which forms the most important part of interaction between the teacher and students. The empirical part is an ethnographic study of the Czech language classes at a secondary school in Rokycany. It is a qualitative research that consists of a subjective description of the studied environment. It focuses on monitoring individual interaction genres in the classroom, how the teacher negotiates her role, creates and maintains authority, when, why, and how students communicate, verbally or non-verbally. The analysis is made on the basis of video recordings of individual hours, interviews with teachers, its reflections on students she teaches and reflections of students on their Czech language teacher. KEYWORDS: Student, teacher, social role, school ethnography, pedagogical communication, teacher's authority

This dissertation investigates language policy in a Dutch-medium secondary school in Brussels. The school in question endeavours to implement a language policy in which languages other than Dutch are formally included, which is in stark contrast to their peers, who often implement a strict, Dutch-only policy in order to respond to the increasing linguistic diversity and “Frenchification” in Brussels Dutch-medium education. This thesis addresses the question of how the teachers negotiated such a pro-multilingual language policy in this setting. The research is designed as a (socio)linguistic ethnographic case study based on a conceptualisation of language policy as (1) operating on different levels; (2) consisting of three components; and inseparable from the social world in which it is effectuated. The study combines ethnographic field work and participant observation with interview data, linguistic analyses of interactional data, document analysis and analyses of elements of the linguistic landscape to gain insights into the nature and extent of the school’s unique pro-multilingual project. Although the school profiles itself as an institution which aims to prepare its pupils for future educational and professional success by increasing their language skills, the school’s policy declarations harbour an ambivalent stance vis à vis multilingualism. In terms of individual teachers’ perceptions and practices, then, we demonstrate that they, too, voiced contradictory sentiments and displayed behaviour in the classroom which was at once welcoming of pupils’ use of linguistic resources other than monolingual Dutch, and restrictive of it. / Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

<p>From Labov's (1963) finding that the centralization of the /ay/ and /aw/ diphthongs in Martha's Vineyard was emblematic of resistance to local economic and social change, to Mendoza-Denton's (2008) finding that variation in the realization of the /I/ vowel corresponds to gang affiliation among Latina girls in a Northern California high school, identity has been at the center of sociolinguistic analysis and theory for nearly a half century. Despite the centrality of this construct, sociolinguists have rarely stopped to ask about the epistemological, theoretical, and even political implications of identity. This dissertation offers a sustained, interdisciplinary critique of identity, both in linguistics and more generally in contemporary social theory. Through engagements with cultural anthropology, feminist theory, cultural studies, and linguistics, this critique calls attention to identity's epistemological baggage (e.g. collusion with neo-liberalism and Englightenment-era humanism) and theoretical tendencies (e.g. overestimation of agency) and suggests a turn to poststructuralist theory of subject formation. The dissertation is organized around three sections: historiography, theory, and empiricism, as follows.</p><p> The study begins with historiography, tracing the relationship between language and social analysis in a limited archive that includes the work of 19th and 20th Century language scholars, including William Dwight Whitney, Leonard Bloomfield, and Noam Chomsky. Focusing specifically on the relationship between Labov's variationist sociolinguistics and Chomsky's generative program, the historiography analyzes the conditions that led sociolinguistics to a form of social theory scaffolded around identity. </p><p>Poststructuralist theory of subject formation is introduced, with an emphasis on the work of Judith Butler (1990, 1997, 2004) and Michel Foucault (1975, 1976, 1981). A set of terms that animate this framework are introduced, including interpellation, subjectivization, discourse, subjectivity, subject position, subject type, power, and identity.</p><p>Two empirical studies of adolescent language are introduced and the findings are considered in light of the constellation of terms introduced in the prior section. The first is a case study focusing on the speech of one adolescent Mexican American female, "María," whose language use underwent reorganization over a three-year period coinciding with a change in community and school. Segmental and suprasegmental variables were analyzed from data collected from two time periods, T1 and T2. In order to account for modifications in "María's" vocalic production, two vowel variables were selected for acoustic analysis: pre-nasal and non-pre-nasal allophones of /æ/. These variables were selected because of their saliency in both Latino varieties of English (Thomas, Carter, & Coggshall 2006; Fought 2003; Thomas 2001). Midpoint measurements were taken for F1, F2, and F3 for a minimum of 25 tokens of each variable from T1 and T2 using PRAAT phonetics software (Boersma & Weenink 2009). Maria's production of prosodic rhythm was also analyzed using the Pairwise Variability Index (Lowe & Grabe 1995). Changes in F1 and F2 for both vocalic variables were statistically significant--both allophones of /æ/ were lowered and backed from T1 to T2. Conversely, no statistically significant difference was found in prosodic rhythm. These findings are analyzed in the context of the poststructuralist framework already set forth.</p><p>The second study is an intensive ethnographic investigation of a `majority minority' middle school in North Carolina that took place over a five-month period. Detailed ethnographic fieldnotes and unscripted interviews with 50 African American, white, and Latino speakers in social groups identified during observation constitute the data for this study. The analysis focuses on the subjectivizing effects of the institution, particularly the institutional discourses of `choice' and `value,' on the cultural and linguistic practices of its students. Using discourse analytic methods, the analysis shows that talk by students across all major social divisions (grade level, popularity status, gender, and ethnicity) is inflected by institutional discourses. </p><p>A complementary analysis considers the subjectivizing function of language ideology in the middle school context. Analysis of interview and ethnographic field data show three distinct discursive formations about language: `proper talk,' `ghetto talk,' and Spanish.</p> / Dissertation

Comment se fait-il que des adolescents malgaches en territoire malgache discutent entre eux dans une langue autre que le malgache en situation informelle ? En s’appuyant sur les notions d’idéologie et d’idéologie linguistique, cette recherche vise à comprendre la domination linguistique dans un contexte de co-présence de deux langues dans un environnement scolaire. Une observation participante au sein d’une école française d’Antananarivo a permis d’interagir directement avec les élèves, les enseignants et les divers responsables de l’école.Que ce soit dans les pratiques effectives ou dans les discours épilinguistiques, le français tient toujours une place centrale, et ce même à l’extérieur de l'enceinte de l’établissement. Cette situation repose sur plusieurs facteurs : le rôle des parents, le désir de migration économique et le système scolaire lui-même. Il en résulte que les adolescents essayent d’affirmer une parfaite maîtrise du français pour pouvoir poursuivre leurs études en France. Cependant, a contrario mais dans le même but, les adolescents se présentent comme maîtrisant mal le malgache, pourtant langue nationale.Le français constitue une opportunité économique, la langue de l’emploi, de l’avenir. Certains accusent le néocolonialisme français, d’autres accusent le laxisme malgache. Les adolescents se trouvent pris dans un entre-deux culturel : ils s’affirment pas tout-à-fait français et plus vraiment malgaches. Si certains s’adaptent tant bien que mal à la situation qui leur est imposée, d’autres essayent de mener une sorte de conscientisation culpabilisante. D’autres encore essayent de trouver leur bonheur dans la situation de co-présence linguistique. C’est de ce dernier positionnement que vient la proposition de recherche interdisciplinaire pour un passage d’une situation de domination linguistique à une situation égalitaire de complémentarité. / Why do Malagasy teenagers in Malagasy territory talk to each other in a language other than malagasy in an informal situation ? Using theoretical tools based on linguistic ideology, this research aims to understand the linguistic dominance in a context linguistic coexistence in a school environment. A participatory observation in a french school in Antananarivo allowed to interact directly with students, teachers and various school officials.Whether in actual practice or in epilinguistic speeches, french language still holds the most important place, even when leaving the precincts of the school. This situation results from several influences : parents will, the desire for economic migration and the school objectives. As a result, adolescents try to display a perfect command of french to show their merit to continue their studies in France. However, there is a certain setback in which adolescents, for the same purpose, present themselves as poorly fluent in malagasy, yet a national language.French is considered as an economic opportunity, the language of employment, the language of the future. Some accuse French neocolonialism, others accuse Malagasy laxity. The teenagers are in a cultural interlude : not quite French and more truly Malagasy. While some adapt to the situation imposed on them somehow, others try to carry out a kind of conscientiousness guilt. Still others try to find their happiness in the situation of linguistic coexistence. From this last position comes the interdisciplinary research proposal for a transition from a situation of linguistic domination to an egalitarian situation of complementarity.

Plusieurs travaux récents ont montré que l’implication des parents dans la scolarité de leur enfant accroît la probabilité que celui-ci puisse progresser d’une manière optimale tant dans le domaine des apprentissages qu’au point de vue des attitudes. Cependant même si l’institution tend à renforcer les relations parents-enseignants, tous n’accèdent pas de la même façon aux situations de communication et aux instances de la vie scolaire. Il en résulte une tension tout à fait perceptible au sein de la communauté éducative. Elle s’observe à la fois entre les acteurs de l’institution scolaire eux-mêmes (enseignants et autres membres de l’équipe éducative) et entre ceux-ci et les parents d’élèves ou leurs représentants. Cette thèse adopte une démarche de type ethnographique en immersion dans le milieu de recherche (une école primaire et une école maternelle), pour montrer l’interdépendance des relations parents-enseignants et les enjeux qui y sont attachés. Elle s’appuie sur des observations réalisées in vivo, des entretiens de recherche menés auprès des enseignants et des parents, l’étude et le suivi des parcours des élèves, pour étudier la construction sociale et scolaire des relations parents-enseignants et pour mesurer les effets de l’implication parentale sur l’adaptation scolaire des élèves, en prenant plus particulièrement en compte le niveau d’étude des parents et leur appartenance sociale. Outre les différences quant à la nature et la qualité des relations parents-enseignants, elle souligne les liens entre l’implication des parents et l’adaptation des élèves. / Several recent studies showed that parents' involvement in their children schooling increases the likelihood that children can progress in optimal way in the field of learning and in the point of view of attitudes. However, even if the institution tends to strengthen the relationships between parents and teachers, both of them do not reach the same communication situations and the instances of school life. As a result, a quite noticeable tension takes place within the educational community. This tension was observed between the actors of the school themselves (teachers and other members of the educational team) and the parents or their representatives. This thesis adopts an approach of ethnographic immersion in the research environment (primary school and kindergarten) to show the interdependence of relationships between parents and teachers and the related stakes. It is based on the observations made in vivo, and the research interviews conducted between teachers and parents, the study on continuation of the students' achievements in order to study the social and scholar construction of the relationships between parents and teachers and to assess the effects of parents involvement in scholar adaptation of students, taking a particular account the parents educational level and their social status. In addition to the differences in the nature and quality of parents-teachers relations, the thesis highlights the relationship between the parental involvement and students adaptation.

This dissertation project is a critical anthropological analysis of the impact of colorism on the educational attainment and academic trajectory of African-American school students in Washington, DC by examining teacher expectations. Through a historical and contemporary lens of public education in DC, I examine the ways in which a black-white racial binary has been used by those in decision-making positions -- namely teachers, counselors, school administrators, Parents and Teachers Association members and other adult decision-makers -- as an indicator of a student's academic ability and their future educational attainment. What prompts this question is the abundance of academic programs in DC that, through a variety of extensive selection criteria, chose high-achieving students for placement in the city's college-preparatory, academic programs, who have a larger tendency to fit a particular phenotype (unless they are exceptionalized through other socioeconomic indicators). Two questions that my research addresses are: how phenotype is weighed against their actual versus perceived academic ability; and how do we explain the relative over-investment (i.e., redundancy of enrichment programs and resources) at one school over a lack of resources and programs at many other schools. I selected Washington, DC as the site for my doctoral research for two primary reasons: (1) its historic association for being one of the most (skin) color-conscious cities in the United States (Russell et al. 1992; Golden 2006; Kerr 2006); and (2) its historic and unique position as a testing ground for reform efforts in the public school system. I volunteered at a DC-area public school for the 2011-2012 academic year and became active in the various parental/community associations (i.e. the Parent/Teacher Association (PTA) and the Local School Advisory Team (LSAT) as a means of gaining first-hand knowledge of -- and experience with -- the various ways in which adults (i.e. teachers, counselors, parents and other school-based staff) place value and justify the assignment of resources to particular students and upon what basis (such as phenotype or socioeconomic background). In gaining access to and awareness of the dynamics of parental engagement at my field site, I began to analyze the role of race in the ways that such involvement is contained or policed by school officials. This dissertation project also takes into account students' awareness of such intersectional processes and whether the students categorize themselves and/or their peers according to a hierarchical scale of valorization. / text

The aim of the thesis is to examine how children as social beings and actors form themselves within the framework of a school institution that adults have set up in order to shape them in deliberate ways through nurturing education. The study is based on long-term fieldwork in a Muslim faith school in Sweden. Muslim schools have aroused a great deal of debate in Swedish society. Opponents have argued that Muslim schools lead to segregation and social exclusion, that these schools risk not promoting the fundamental values of society and that children in these schools are met by religious propaganda. Advocates of these schools have maintained that in public schools the Muslim identity is eroded by ignorance, lack of understanding and racism. Muslim schools instead offer children knowledge of their culture and religion in a way that enhances their identity and makes them secure and whole human beings who can be integrated into society. The debate reflects that school institutions function as loci for contested forms of socialisation in society; national, ethnic, religious, or the struggle of other groups for cultural production and social reproduction in which they are united in the role and importance attached to the school institution in the shaping of young people. In the debate children appear as passive receivers and products of adults’ upbringing and education, which represents both threat and opportunity. The debate around Muslim schools reflects adult-centred ideas of socialisation, where the adults’ upbringing and education is placed at the centre of the process in which children are formed into social persons. What emerged from this study is that children are social actors who shape themselves and that this shaping is more of an informal social process than a formal education process. The study raises the profile of how the school constitutes an environment in which children are in the majority and adults in the minority; a social environment in which children have significantly more social contact and a greater number of social relations with each other than with adults. The school as a child-centred social environment is reflected in the fact that it is principally children who shape each other rather than adults shaping children. / Hur formas barn i en muslimsk skola? Muslimska skolor har väckt stor debatt i Sverige. Motståndare har uttryckt att dessa skolor leder till segregation, att de riskerar att inte förmedla samhällets värdegrund och att barn där möts av religiös propaganda. Förespråkare har hävdat att i den kommunala skolan bryts barns muslimska identitet sönder av okunskap, oförståelse och rasism mot muslimer. Genom muslimska skolor erbjuds barn istället kunskap om sin kultur och religion vilket stärker deras identitet och gör dem till trygga och hela människor som kan integreras i samhället. Debatten reflekterar hur skolinstitutionen fungerar som lokus för nationella, etniska, religiösa eller andra gruppers ”kamp” om kulturell produktion och social reproduktion i samhället. Den gemensamma nämnaren för förespråkare och motståndare till muslimska skolor är den roll och betydelse som skolinstitutionen tillmäts för att avsiktligt forma den uppväxande generationen. De delar en vuxencentrerad syn på socialisation. Barn framstår som sociala produkter av de normer och värderingar som lärare förmedlar i skolan, vilket utgör både hot och möjlighet. Den här studien problematiserar den vuxencentrerade synen på barns socialisation som kommer till uttryck i debatten kring muslimska skolor. Studien visar att barn är sociala aktörer som formar sig själva och att formning snarare är en informell social process än en lärarstyrd utbildningsprocess. Studien belyser skolan som en vardaglig miljö där barn är i majoritet och vuxna i minoritet; en social miljö där barn har betydligt fler relationer och intensivare umgänge med varandra än med vuxna. Att skolan i social bemärkelse är barncentrerad innebär att det där framförallt är barn som formar varandra än att vuxna formar barn. Studien bygger på ett längre fältarbete bland barn i en mellanstadieklass i en muslimsk friskola.

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Schools, Families and Inequality. Choice of Secondary Education in Contemporary Czech Society The dissertation work is concerned with the choice of secondary education in families, the influence of family and school on the choice of pupils born in the 1st half of 90s. A special importance of this phase is in that high schools in the Czech Republic are highly differentiated so the choice belongs to the crucial points of the school carrier. The type of the studied high school significantly influences learning aspirations and chances of the graduates to be accepted to further education, structures the field of possibilities in the life way of young people. The analysis is based on data obtained from two qualitative studies: 1. Focus groups with mothers of children in the ninth year of the compulsory education: students of (selective) multi-year grammar schools; pupils from basic schools (the main education stream); 2. Case studies carried out in two Prague schools focused on two classes in the eight and ninth year (2008-2010). The aim of both the studies was to map subjective perspectives of the participating actors - parents, pupils and teachers, to show different interests, attributed meanings, values in upbringing, education, abilities to distinguish types of high schools due to prospects of the new...

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