Magister Artium - MA / School feeding programmes have become a worldwide poverty reduction strategy that are designed to enhance human capital, i.e. nutrition and education. In South Africa, the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) began in 1994 and it was designed to enhance learning capacity, to support nutrition education in schools and to promote school gardens. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the expected impacts (nutrition and education) of the NSNP in Cape Town have been achieved. The study used the theory of change as an attempt to explore the expected impacts of the programme and it involved a qualitative research approach. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Note-taking and observations of non-verbal behaviour techniques were also used to capture any relevant information. The respondents were 4 school principals, 4 teacher coordinators, 4 food handlers, 4 members of the School Governing Body and one staff member from the Department of Basic Education (DBE) of the Western Cape. Findings from the global literature show that the impacts of school feeding programmes are quite mixed (between nutrition and education). This study has found that the NSNP in Cape Town has improved food security, i.e. reduced short-term hunger (but not necessarily nutrition) and it gave energy to the learners that helped them to actively participate in learning. It also eliminated some negative class behaviours and it functioned as an additional meal to some poor learners. On the education front, it enhanced school attendance, class participation and possibly improved learner performance. However, the programme has also experienced some challenges, i.e. the food quality and quantity, targeting system (the quintile system) that excluded some poor learners from receiving NSNP meals and food gardens were not producing sufficient food because they were small and poorly maintained. This study recommends that rigorous impact evaluation of the NSNP in Cape Town is required in order to address the challenges that were identified as well as to enhance the programme so that it can achieve the desired impacts.

INTRODUÇÃO: Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) consiste na transferência de recursos financeiros do Governo Federal, em caráter suplementar, aos estados, Distrito Federal e municípios, para a aquisição de gêneros alimentícios destinados à merenda escolar. Em 16 de junho de 2009 foi criada a Lei 11.947 que determina a utilização de, no mínimo, 30 por cento desses na compra de produtos da agricultura familiar. A Lei é relativamente recente e, portanto, o processo de operacionalização da compra da agricultura familiar pelo PNAE encontra-se em fase de implementação, sendo que alguns municípios lograram realizar as compras diretamente dos agricultores familiares, enquanto outros ainda não. OBJETIVO: Conhecer e descrever o processo de implementação da Lei 11.947/09 e alguns fatores que se relacionaram com a compra direta da agricultura familiar para o PNAE no âmbito escolar e da gestão municipal, em uma amostra probabilística dos municípios do estado de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo que envolveu metodologias quantitativas para a descrição e caracterização dos municípios avaliados. Foram excluídos municípios em que a nutricionista e/ou o funcionário do departamento de compras não aceitaram participar, bem como quando o secretário municipal de educação não autorizou a pesquisa junto às escolas. A amostra final se constituiu por 25 municípios que compraram alimentos dos agricultores familiares em 2012 (Grupo A) e 13 que não o fizeram (Grupo B), totalizando 38. Foram visitadas 162 escolas. Foram entrevistados nutricionista responsável técnica pelo PNAE, funcionário do departamento de compras, autoridade escolar e merendeiras de cada escola sorteada. Para esta pesquisa foram desenvolvidos sete questionários. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Setenta e dois por cento das nutricionistas dos municípios que compraram diretamente dos AF assistiram alguma palestra de divulgação da mesma, sendo que 94,4 por cento os consideraram pertinentes, em contra posição às do Grupo B com 54 por cento e 92,3 por cento , respectivamente. Ainda no âmbito escolar, apenas 6,6 por cento das merendeiras (Grupo A) já haviam ouvido falar que os alimentos que elas produzem deveriam ser comprados de agricultores familiares, o que não foi semelhante ao Grupo B, em que 42,1 por cento das colaboradoras estava ciente da origem correta dos produtos. Todas as escolas visitadas estavam adequadas ao preconizado segundo a resolução 38 no que se tratava a servir pelo menos de três porções de frutas e hortaliças por semana. Segundo 64 por cento das nutricionistas do Grupo A, houve mudanças benéficas no cardápio, após a implementação da Lei nos municípios, dentre elas: aumento de frutas verduras e legumes; melhora de qualidade e variabilidade dos alimentos, o que os tornou mais saudáveis. Embora o Grupo B não compra alimentos da agricultura familiar, 77 por cento assinalam melhorias em relação ao cardápio após a divulgação da Lei. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que o diálogo entre os diversos atores envolvidos no processo é a via mais importante para que o processo de implementação das compras pelo PNAE seja bem sucedido. Os agricultores familiares necessitam de mais apoio e garantias para vender para as prefeituras e essa segurança pode vir através de editais de chamada pública mais simples e claros para que entendam melhor. / INTRODUCTION: National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is the transfer of funds from the Federal Government, in supplementary form to the states, Federal District and municipalities, for the purchase of food for school meals. On June 16, 2009 the Law 11.947 was created, which determines the use of a minimal of 30 per cent of this for purchase of products originating from family farms. The Law is relatively new and, therefore, the process of operationalization of purchases by the PNAE from family farms finds itselfs in the implementation stage, where some municipalities have succeeded making purchases directly from these farmers, while others have not yet done so. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to describe the factors that made possible the direct purchase from family farms by the PNAE for schools and municipal management (nutritionist and the purchasing department of municipalities) in a sample of municipalities in the state of São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: This is a descriptive study that involves quantitative methodologies to describe and characterize the municipalities evaluated regarding the process of implementation of the Law 11.947/2009. We excluded counties where the dietitian and / or the employee\'s purchasing department refused to participate, as well as the municipal secretary of education not authorized research in the schools. The final sample was constituted by 25 municipalities that bought food from family farmers in 2012 (Group A) and 13 who did not (Group B), totaling 38. 162 schools were visited. Were interviewed by the dietitian responsible Technical Program, employee of the purchasing department, school authority and cooks drawn from each school. For this research were developed seven questionnaires. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Seventy -two percent of nutritionists municipalities who bought directly from AF attended any lecture disclosure of the same, and 94.4 per cent considered them relevant, contrary to the position of Group B with 54 per cent and 92.3 per cent , respectively. Even at school , only 6.6 per cent of the cooks ( Group A) had heard that the food they produce should be bought from farmers , which was not similar to Group B , in which 42.1 per cent of the collaborators was aware of the correct source of the products. All schools visited were appropriate according to the recommended resolution 38 when it came to serve at least three servings of fruits and vegetables per week. According to 64 per cent of nutritionists in Group A, there were beneficial changes on the menu, after the implementation of the Law on municipalities, among them: increased fruit and vegetables; improves quality and variability of food, which made them healthier. Although Group B does not buy food from family farms, 77 per cent indicate improvements over the menu after the disclosure of the Law. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the dialogue between the various agents involved in the process is the most important method for the implementation of the purchasing process by the PNAE to be successful. Family farmers require more support and guarantees for selling to local governments and these may come through simpler and clearer public notices edicts that facilitate understanding.

INTRODUÇÃO: Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) consiste na transferência de recursos financeiros do Governo Federal, em caráter suplementar, aos estados, Distrito Federal e municípios, para a aquisição de gêneros alimentícios destinados à merenda escolar. Em 16 de junho de 2009 foi criada a Lei 11.947 que determina a utilização de, no mínimo, 30 por cento desses na compra de produtos da agricultura familiar. A Lei é relativamente recente e, portanto, o processo de operacionalização da compra da agricultura familiar pelo PNAE encontra-se em fase de implementação, sendo que alguns municípios lograram realizar as compras diretamente dos agricultores familiares, enquanto outros ainda não. OBJETIVO: Conhecer e descrever o processo de implementação da Lei 11.947/09 e alguns fatores que se relacionaram com a compra direta da agricultura familiar para o PNAE no âmbito escolar e da gestão municipal, em uma amostra probabilística dos municípios do estado de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo que envolveu metodologias quantitativas para a descrição e caracterização dos municípios avaliados. Foram excluídos municípios em que a nutricionista e/ou o funcionário do departamento de compras não aceitaram participar, bem como quando o secretário municipal de educação não autorizou a pesquisa junto às escolas. A amostra final se constituiu por 25 municípios que compraram alimentos dos agricultores familiares em 2012 (Grupo A) e 13 que não o fizeram (Grupo B), totalizando 38. Foram visitadas 162 escolas. Foram entrevistados nutricionista responsável técnica pelo PNAE, funcionário do departamento de compras, autoridade escolar e merendeiras de cada escola sorteada. Para esta pesquisa foram desenvolvidos sete questionários. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Setenta e dois por cento das nutricionistas dos municípios que compraram diretamente dos AF assistiram alguma palestra de divulgação da mesma, sendo que 94,4 por cento os consideraram pertinentes, em contra posição às do Grupo B com 54 por cento e 92,3 por cento , respectivamente. Ainda no âmbito escolar, apenas 6,6 por cento das merendeiras (Grupo A) já haviam ouvido falar que os alimentos que elas produzem deveriam ser comprados de agricultores familiares, o que não foi semelhante ao Grupo B, em que 42,1 por cento das colaboradoras estava ciente da origem correta dos produtos. Todas as escolas visitadas estavam adequadas ao preconizado segundo a resolução 38 no que se tratava a servir pelo menos de três porções de frutas e hortaliças por semana. Segundo 64 por cento das nutricionistas do Grupo A, houve mudanças benéficas no cardápio, após a implementação da Lei nos municípios, dentre elas: aumento de frutas verduras e legumes; melhora de qualidade e variabilidade dos alimentos, o que os tornou mais saudáveis. Embora o Grupo B não compra alimentos da agricultura familiar, 77 por cento assinalam melhorias em relação ao cardápio após a divulgação da Lei. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que o diálogo entre os diversos atores envolvidos no processo é a via mais importante para que o processo de implementação das compras pelo PNAE seja bem sucedido. Os agricultores familiares necessitam de mais apoio e garantias para vender para as prefeituras e essa segurança pode vir através de editais de chamada pública mais simples e claros para que entendam melhor. / INTRODUCTION: National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is the transfer of funds from the Federal Government, in supplementary form to the states, Federal District and municipalities, for the purchase of food for school meals. On June 16, 2009 the Law 11.947 was created, which determines the use of a minimal of 30 per cent of this for purchase of products originating from family farms. The Law is relatively new and, therefore, the process of operationalization of purchases by the PNAE from family farms finds itselfs in the implementation stage, where some municipalities have succeeded making purchases directly from these farmers, while others have not yet done so. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to describe the factors that made possible the direct purchase from family farms by the PNAE for schools and municipal management (nutritionist and the purchasing department of municipalities) in a sample of municipalities in the state of São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: This is a descriptive study that involves quantitative methodologies to describe and characterize the municipalities evaluated regarding the process of implementation of the Law 11.947/2009. We excluded counties where the dietitian and / or the employee\'s purchasing department refused to participate, as well as the municipal secretary of education not authorized research in the schools. The final sample was constituted by 25 municipalities that bought food from family farmers in 2012 (Group A) and 13 who did not (Group B), totaling 38. 162 schools were visited. Were interviewed by the dietitian responsible Technical Program, employee of the purchasing department, school authority and cooks drawn from each school. For this research were developed seven questionnaires. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Seventy -two percent of nutritionists municipalities who bought directly from AF attended any lecture disclosure of the same, and 94.4 per cent considered them relevant, contrary to the position of Group B with 54 per cent and 92.3 per cent , respectively. Even at school , only 6.6 per cent of the cooks ( Group A) had heard that the food they produce should be bought from farmers , which was not similar to Group B , in which 42.1 per cent of the collaborators was aware of the correct source of the products. All schools visited were appropriate according to the recommended resolution 38 when it came to serve at least three servings of fruits and vegetables per week. According to 64 per cent of nutritionists in Group A, there were beneficial changes on the menu, after the implementation of the Law on municipalities, among them: increased fruit and vegetables; improves quality and variability of food, which made them healthier. Although Group B does not buy food from family farms, 77 per cent indicate improvements over the menu after the disclosure of the Law. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the dialogue between the various agents involved in the process is the most important method for the implementation of the purchasing process by the PNAE to be successful. Family farmers require more support and guarantees for selling to local governments and these may come through simpler and clearer public notices edicts that facilitate understanding.

Foodborne diseases are a major challenge to school feeding programmes because inadequate food safety knowledge and skills of staff can result in unsafe food handling practices and cross-contamination, thus causing foodborne disease outbreaks. The aim of this study was to investigate the food safety and quality assurance measures of the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The research design was cross-sectional quantitative in nature. A total of 300 NSNP food service managers/coordinators and 440 food handlers were selected to participate in the study. Data collection was by means of a self-administered structured questionnaire and 192 food contact surface swap samples from 32 primary and secondary public schools. The majority of schools offering NSNP meals were located in informal settlements and most were found to lack basic resources such as electricity and potable tap water in their kitchens. 93% of food handlers did not know about Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). The NSNP food service managers in some schools, especially in schools located in rural settlements, were found to have little knowledge or awareness of HACCP. No school was found to have implemented the HACCP, and only a few staff had received food safety training. Inadequate food safety knowledge was worst in schools located in informal settlements due to a lack of training. Up to 60% of food handlers did not know the correct procedure for washing a cutting board after it had been used. In addition, just over 95% of the food handlers did not know how to sanitise utensils and cutting surfaces after cutting up raw meat. The lack of hygiene was confirmed by the presence of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli 015:H7, Salmonella and Shigella species on food contact surfaces. A total of 22 different bacteria genera were identified. It is essential to monitor NSNP kitchen hygiene practice to ensure the minimal contamination of food products and newly recruited food handlers should be trained on food handling practice and principles to ensure the safety of prepared food for school children. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Consumer Science)

Thesis (M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality and Tourism))--Vaal Univrsity of Technology. / Inadequate food intake and unhygienic practices are usually associated with poor nutrition practices. Malnutrition stems from poor quality and quantity of foods, but is also contributed to by factors of inadequate maternal and child health care, lack of education and information and insufficient health services. The first phase of this study was to assess the nutritional status and nutritional knowledge of primary school children within a peri-urban community, through the implementation of a situational analysis. Validated 24-hour (hr) recall, food frequency (FFQ), nutrition knowledge and health questionnaires were used to conduct the situational analysis of this community. Parents (n=52) representative of 400 (13.0 percent) children voluntarily agreed to participate and 45 children completed the baseline survey. Results indicated a community faced with poverty as unemployment (60.9 percent) was high, education levels amongst the parents ranging between primary (33.3 percent) and secondary school (54.9 percent). The dietary patterns of the children revealed a carbohydrate-based diet with very few (n=2) consuming a variety of fruit and vegetables. Some nutrition knowledge amongst the children was evident, with a mean 60.2 percent in correct answers for the true/false questions. The children within the community were at risk of becoming stunted, with small numbers having deficiencies in iron. Therefore, it was decided to implement a nutrition education programme (NEP) in the second phase of the study to address malnutrition amongst primary school children. The objectives of the second phase were 1) to implement a NEP amongst the primary school children to assess the impact on nutrition knowledge and dietary practice, and 2) to determine the retention of knowledge after nine months and whether any correlation occurred between knowledge and dietary practices. The school environment was chosen to ensure attendance and create a suitable learning environment to which the children were already accustomed. Two groups, namely experimental (n=82) and control (n=91), were assigned for this study. The control group received no form of nutrition education during the intervention period. The experimental group received nine 45 minute lessons over a period of nine weeks. The nutrition education tools (NETs) were made up of a text and activity book, supplemented by a card and board game. Pre- and post-nutrition intervention knowledge and 24-hr recall questionnaires were completed to assess differences in nutrition knowledge and dietary practices between the two groups. The intervention made a significant impact on the nutrition knowledge of the experimental group, with a 13 percent improvement between pre and post results. Topics which required more emphasis included the importance of variety in the diet, the functions and sources of certain nutrients, and the classification of certain food groups and the daily serving requirements. In the long-term evaluation, nutrition knowledge was retained and related to topics of the inclusion of milk and fat on a daily basis, the serving size of starch, dairy products and fruit and vegetables, and the classification of low-fat snack items. Retention of knowledge was poor for the source of vitamin C. A few changes were made in the dietary choices of the children after the intervention, with the inclusion of more carbohydrates and one fruit. During the long-term evaluation, the children included more protein sources, but carbohydrates remained dominant within the Top 20 list. The energy distribution in the long term changed towards more energy being supplied from protein (15.6 percent) and fat (34.4 percent), compared with post results of 13.7 and 25.8 percent respectively. The multivariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between the protein intake of the Top 20 list and the question relating to the number of eggs (p=0.00) to be consumed daily, as well as the link between vitamin C (p=0.00) and fruit and vegetable intake. A limitation is that a small number of children (n=27) could not complete the post test, with another 34 children not present to complete the long-term evaluation. The children had very little control of the dietary patterns as their mothers were primarily responsible for food procurement, preparation and feeding. A recommendation is to commence the intervention in the beginning of the year and to consider a co-ordinated approach with parents to encourage dietary changes. / Vaal University of Technology and SANPAD

O mercado de compras institucionais, que exerce papel relevante para o desenvolvimento local e para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar em todo o país, teve, através da Lei 11.947/2009, um incremento substancial: a partir de sua vigência, em 2010, esta lei, que delimita as diretrizes do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, determinou que ao menos 30% das verbas federais destinadas para a compra da alimentação escolar da rede escolar dos municípios e dos estados, devem ser utilizadas para compras diretas da agricultura familiar, de assentados da reforma agrária de povos e comunidades tradicionais. Com tal medida, abriu-se um mercado institucional de R$ 3,8 bilhões por ano a estes atores, responsáveis pela produção de 70% dos alimentos básicos do país, segundo dados do IBGE. Além da possibilidade de incremento de renda, a comercialização para o PNAE estimula a agricultura familiar a organizar-se de forma coletiva, via associações e cooperativas, e a ocupar um espaço de destaque junto à sociedade e ao setor público, através do reconhecimento e da valorização de seus múltiplos papéis como a produção de alimentos saudáveis e segurança alimentar, da preservação do meio ambiente e da manutenção de tradições sociais e culturais do campo. Os recursos do PNAE para os municípios e estados variam de acordo com o número de alunos na rede pública. As escolas, por sua vez, através do setor de nutrição, elaboram seus cardápios, prioritariamente em sintonia com as tradições alimentares regionais e com a produção da agricultura familiar local, definindo os produtos que serão adquiridos anualmente. Este estudo, desenvolvido na região do Médio Paranapanema nos municípios paulistas de Ourinhos, Chavantes e Salto Grande, teve como objetivo central verificar os impactos do PNAE sobre os agricultores familiares, considerando-se a ótica da multifuncionalidade. Para tanto, além das revisões bibliográficas, foram realizadas entrevistas com 17 representantes do setor público (das secretarias de educação e de agricultura, dos setores de alimentação escolar e de compras e dos serviços da assistência técnica e extensão rural nos municípios) e visitas ao centro de distribuição de alimentos de Ourinhos, às cozinhas municipais de Chavantes e de Salto Grande e a 21 unidades de produção familiar. Junto às famílias de agricultores familiares, foram realizadas 56 entrevistas durante visitas à seus estabelecimentos. Com o decorrer da pesquisa foi possível verificar a construção das relações institucionais entre prefeituras e agricultores, bem como as principais dificuldades e conquistas encontradas nesta empreitada. Por sua vez, junto aos agricultores, foram verificados alguns impactos do PNAE sobre a preservação do meio ambiente sobre a paisagem, bem como sobre as técnicas produtivas e suas relações com a segurança alimentar e produção de alimentos saudáveis. O PNAE, por fim, exerceu forte impacto sobre a renda das famílias, o que, por sua vez, se refletiu positivamente sobre o aspecto de manutenção do tecido social e cultural e, mais fortemente, sobre as questões de reprodução social e econômica das famílias, gerando novos arranjos na distribuição de trabalho entre os membros da família, com novas e melhores perspectivas para as mulheres e para os jovens. / The market institutional purchases, which plays an important role in local development and the strengthening of family farming throughout the country, had, through the Law 11947/2009, a substantial increase: from its term in 2010, this law which defines the guidelines of the National school feeding Programme, determined that at least 30% of federal funds intended for the purchase of school meals the school network of municipalities and states, should be used to direct purchases of family farming, the settlers agrarian reform peoples and traditional communities. It opened up an institutional market of R $ 3.7 billion a year to these actors, responsible for producing 70% of basic food of the country, according to IBGE data. Besides the possibility of income growth, marketing for PNAE allows family farmers to organize themselves collectively through associations and cooperatives, and occupy a prominent space in the society and the public sector, through the recognition and appreciation of their key role on the production of healthy food and food security, preserving the environment and maintaining social and cultural traditions of the field. The PNAE resources to municipalities and states vary according to the number of students in the public local network. Schools, in turn, through the nutrition sector, develop their menus, primarily in line with the regional food traditions and the production of local family farms, and define the products to be purchased annually. This study was developed in the Middle Paranapanema region in the tows of Ourinhos, Chavantes and Salto Grande, had as its central objective to verify the PNAE\'s impacts on farmers, considering the perspective of multifunctionality. Therefore, in addition to literature reviews, interviews were conducted with 17 people from the public sector (with the education departments, agriculture departments, school feeding sector, purchasing department and technical assistance and rural extension in the municipalities), visits to the center Ourinhos distribution of food and municipal kitchens Chavantes and Salto Grande and especially visits to 21 family production units, where each establishment became a cross walk. With families of farmers were conducted 56 interviews. In the course of the research it was possible to verify the construction of institutional relations between municipalities and farmers, as well as the main difficulties and achievements found in this endeavor. Turn to farmers, there was some PNAE impacts on the preservation of the environment and the landscape, as well as the production techniques and their relationship with food security and healthy food production. The PNAE finally had a strong impact on household income, which, in turn, is positively reflected on the aspect of maintaining the social and cultural fabric and more strongly on issues of social and economic reproduction of families, generating new arrangements in the distribution of work among family members, with new and better prospects for women and young people.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-11T18:26:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Morgana Mara Vaz da Silva Maselli.pdf: 1850065 bytes, checksum: 18dd8e33999d6d853db0bb00d5da600f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T18:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Morgana Mara Vaz da Silva Maselli.pdf: 1850065 bytes, checksum: 18dd8e33999d6d853db0bb00d5da600f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-19 / The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) started in the 1950s is the world?s largest public school program and the oldest Brazilian food program. A major change in the PNAE occurred in the 1990s when the resource management and program execution has become responsibility of the states and municipalities. Another change, which brought great attention to the program and that was the focus of this work, took place with the enactment of Law n?11.947/09, which made it mandatory investment of at least 30% of school feeding resources with acquisition of family farming products. This change was the result of the insertion of PNAE in public policies of Food and Nutritional Security, which strengthened the role of the program as an instrument to strengthening family agriculture and guaranteeing the right to healthy food for public school students in the country. This policy opens the possibility of a large institutional market for products from family farms and can assist in the process of collective organization of this category of farmers. The implementation is an important element of the policy cycle, in which decisions are taken and strategies sets through which the objectives of a public policy can be achieved. In this dynamic process there are involved different social actors who need to talk to another. This leads us to reflect on the obstacles and challenges in implementing this policy. We decided to conduct evaluation of the implementation process of the acquisition of family farming products, with approach focused on the dynamics of social actors involved in implementing this policy in the Rio de Janeiro?s municipality. We present a literature review of PNAE trajectory and the difficulties already encountered in the implementation of the acquisition of family farming in large cities, such as the difficulty of dealing with the Public Call instrument, issuing Daps for family farmers and the logistics of delivering products. Then prepared a history of agriculture in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, addressing aspects of agricultural production and existing public policies for this sector. We reconstitute a history of the implementation process of the PNAE?s acquisition of family farming the city, starting from the narratives of farmers, the Consea-Rio and municipal managers. Finally, we present an assessment of (non) implementation of this acquisition, because despite some attempts put in place, the city still does not acquire genres of family farming for school feeding. The balance is the result of analysis of the interaction between the regulatory framework of PNAE at the national level, with political, social and economic characteristics of the local context and indicates the established negotiations and strategies designed for the policy to take effect. We note that the lack of knowledge of City Hall about the reality of family farming and the difficulty of dealing with the normative instruments can be a barrier to implementation. As well as the poor organization of municipal farmers in formal groups and the high degree of urbanization of the municipality. / O Programa Nacional de Alimenta??o Escolar (PNAE) iniciado na d?cada de 1950 ? o maior programa p?blico de alimenta??o escolar do mundo e o mais antigo programa brasileiro de alimenta??o. Uma grande mudan?a no PNAE ocorreu na d?cada de 1990 quando a gest?o dos recursos e a execu??o do programa passou a ser de responsabilidade dos estados e munic?pios. Outra mudan?a de impacto, que trouxe grande aten??o ao programa e que foi foco deste trabalho, deu-se com a promulga??o da Lei n?11.947/09, que tornou obrigat?rio o investimento de no m?nimo 30% dos recursos da alimenta??o escolar com aquisi??o de produtos da agricultura familiar. Esta mudan?a foi fruto da inser??o do PNAE nas pol?ticas p?blicas de seguran?a alimentar e nutricional, que buscou refor?ar o papel do programa como um instrumento de fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e de garantia do direito a uma alimenta??o saud?vel por alunos da rede p?blica de ensino do pa?s. Esta pol?tica abre a possibilidade de um volumoso mercado institucional para os produtos da agricultura familiar, podendo colaborar com o processo de organiza??o coletiva desta categoria de agricultores. A implementa??o ? um elemento importante do policy cycle, em que s?o tomadas decis?es e definidas estrat?gias atrav?s das quais poder?o ser atingidos os objetivos de uma pol?tica p?blica. Neste processo din?mico est?o envolvidos distintos atores sociais que precisam dialogar entre si. Isto nos leva a refletir sobre os entraves e desafios para a implementa??o desta pol?tica. Optamos por realizar avalia??o do processo de implementa??o da compra da agricultura familiar, com abordagem focada nas din?micas dos atores sociais envolvidos na implementa??o desta pol?tica no munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro. Apresentamos uma revis?o bibliogr?fica da trajet?ria do PNAE e as dificuldades j? encontradas na implementa??o da compra da agricultura familiar em munic?pios de grande porte, tais como a dificuldade de lidar com o instrumento Chamada P?blica, a emiss?o de Daps para os agricultores familiares e a log?stica de entrega dos produtos. Em seguida elaboramos um hist?rico da agricultura no munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro, abordando os aspectos da produ??o agr?cola e das pol?ticas p?blicas existentes para este setor. Reconstitu?mos um hist?rico do processo de implementa??o da compra da agricultura familiar para o PNAE no munic?pio partindo das narrativas dos agricultores, do Consea-Rio e dos gestores municipais. Ao final, apresentamos um balan?o da (n?o) implementa??o desta compra, posto que, apesar de algumas tentativas colocadas em pr?tica, a prefeitura ainda n?o adquire g?neros da agricultura familiar para alimenta??o escolar. O balan?o ? fruto da an?lise da intera??o entre a estrutura normativa do PNAE em n?vel nacional, com as caracter?sticas pol?ticas, sociais e econ?micas do contexto local e indica as negocia??es estabelecidas e as estrat?gias desenhadas para que a pol?tica seja efetivada. Indicamos que o pouco conhecimento da Prefeitura acerca da realidade da agricultura familiar e a dificuldade de lidar com os instrumentos normativos pode ser um entrave ? implementa??o. Assim como a pouca organiza??o dos agricultores do munic?pio em grupos formais e o alto grau de urbaniza??o do munic?pio.

O mercado de compras institucionais, que exerce papel relevante para o desenvolvimento local e para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar em todo o país, teve, através da Lei 11.947/2009, um incremento substancial: a partir de sua vigência, em 2010, esta lei, que delimita as diretrizes do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, determinou que ao menos 30% das verbas federais destinadas para a compra da alimentação escolar da rede escolar dos municípios e dos estados, devem ser utilizadas para compras diretas da agricultura familiar, de assentados da reforma agrária de povos e comunidades tradicionais. Com tal medida, abriu-se um mercado institucional de R$ 3,8 bilhões por ano a estes atores, responsáveis pela produção de 70% dos alimentos básicos do país, segundo dados do IBGE. Além da possibilidade de incremento de renda, a comercialização para o PNAE estimula a agricultura familiar a organizar-se de forma coletiva, via associações e cooperativas, e a ocupar um espaço de destaque junto à sociedade e ao setor público, através do reconhecimento e da valorização de seus múltiplos papéis como a produção de alimentos saudáveis e segurança alimentar, da preservação do meio ambiente e da manutenção de tradições sociais e culturais do campo. Os recursos do PNAE para os municípios e estados variam de acordo com o número de alunos na rede pública. As escolas, por sua vez, através do setor de nutrição, elaboram seus cardápios, prioritariamente em sintonia com as tradições alimentares regionais e com a produção da agricultura familiar local, definindo os produtos que serão adquiridos anualmente. Este estudo, desenvolvido na região do Médio Paranapanema nos municípios paulistas de Ourinhos, Chavantes e Salto Grande, teve como objetivo central verificar os impactos do PNAE sobre os agricultores familiares, considerando-se a ótica da multifuncionalidade. Para tanto, além das revisões bibliográficas, foram realizadas entrevistas com 17 representantes do setor público (das secretarias de educação e de agricultura, dos setores de alimentação escolar e de compras e dos serviços da assistência técnica e extensão rural nos municípios) e visitas ao centro de distribuição de alimentos de Ourinhos, às cozinhas municipais de Chavantes e de Salto Grande e a 21 unidades de produção familiar. Junto às famílias de agricultores familiares, foram realizadas 56 entrevistas durante visitas à seus estabelecimentos. Com o decorrer da pesquisa foi possível verificar a construção das relações institucionais entre prefeituras e agricultores, bem como as principais dificuldades e conquistas encontradas nesta empreitada. Por sua vez, junto aos agricultores, foram verificados alguns impactos do PNAE sobre a preservação do meio ambiente sobre a paisagem, bem como sobre as técnicas produtivas e suas relações com a segurança alimentar e produção de alimentos saudáveis. O PNAE, por fim, exerceu forte impacto sobre a renda das famílias, o que, por sua vez, se refletiu positivamente sobre o aspecto de manutenção do tecido social e cultural e, mais fortemente, sobre as questões de reprodução social e econômica das famílias, gerando novos arranjos na distribuição de trabalho entre os membros da família, com novas e melhores perspectivas para as mulheres e para os jovens. / The market institutional purchases, which plays an important role in local development and the strengthening of family farming throughout the country, had, through the Law 11947/2009, a substantial increase: from its term in 2010, this law which defines the guidelines of the National school feeding Programme, determined that at least 30% of federal funds intended for the purchase of school meals the school network of municipalities and states, should be used to direct purchases of family farming, the settlers agrarian reform peoples and traditional communities. It opened up an institutional market of R $ 3.7 billion a year to these actors, responsible for producing 70% of basic food of the country, according to IBGE data. Besides the possibility of income growth, marketing for PNAE allows family farmers to organize themselves collectively through associations and cooperatives, and occupy a prominent space in the society and the public sector, through the recognition and appreciation of their key role on the production of healthy food and food security, preserving the environment and maintaining social and cultural traditions of the field. The PNAE resources to municipalities and states vary according to the number of students in the public local network. Schools, in turn, through the nutrition sector, develop their menus, primarily in line with the regional food traditions and the production of local family farms, and define the products to be purchased annually. This study was developed in the Middle Paranapanema region in the tows of Ourinhos, Chavantes and Salto Grande, had as its central objective to verify the PNAE\'s impacts on farmers, considering the perspective of multifunctionality. Therefore, in addition to literature reviews, interviews were conducted with 17 people from the public sector (with the education departments, agriculture departments, school feeding sector, purchasing department and technical assistance and rural extension in the municipalities), visits to the center Ourinhos distribution of food and municipal kitchens Chavantes and Salto Grande and especially visits to 21 family production units, where each establishment became a cross walk. With families of farmers were conducted 56 interviews. In the course of the research it was possible to verify the construction of institutional relations between municipalities and farmers, as well as the main difficulties and achievements found in this endeavor. Turn to farmers, there was some PNAE impacts on the preservation of the environment and the landscape, as well as the production techniques and their relationship with food security and healthy food production. The PNAE finally had a strong impact on household income, which, in turn, is positively reflected on the aspect of maintaining the social and cultural fabric and more strongly on issues of social and economic reproduction of families, generating new arrangements in the distribution of work among family members, with new and better prospects for women and young people.

Introdução: Partindo do reconhecimento do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável e da inadequação do atual padrão alimentar no Brasil, a presente pesquisa situa a agricultura familiar na contramão do modelo agroalimentar predominante e enfatiza o duplo potencial do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA). Objetivo: Compreender as contribuições do PNAE e do PAA para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e a promoção do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável. Método: Foi realizado estudo compreensivo dos dois Programas com abordagem quanti-qualitativa. A primeira etapa compreendeu a sistematização de dados de cada Programa no estado de São Paulo, partindo de dados disponibilizados pelo PAA-Data e SISPAA e, no caso do PNAE, de parte dos dados coletados no âmbito da pesquisa \"O encontro entre o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e a Agricultura Familiar\". A segunda etapa focou o estudo da experiência de implementação dos dois Programas em Guarulhos, incluindo visitas às áreas de cultivo e unidades recebedoras e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gestores públicos, agricultores familiares e merendeiras/cozinheiras, baseadas em roteiros com perguntas norteadoras. Resultados: As compras governamentais realizadas pelo PAA-CDS e pelo PNAE têm permitido alcançar boa parte das finalidades esperadas de ambos Programas, cumprindo papel relevante tanto sob a ótica da política agrícola, como da superação da insegurança alimentar e nutricional, ainda que com diferenças significativas entre os dois Programas e comportando desafios em curso. Os resultados reforçam a heterogeneidade da agricultura familiar e sugerem distintos perfis de agricultores familiares que acessam cada Programa no estado de São Paulo. Ambos Programas comercializam predominantemente alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, favorecendo o acesso à alimentação saudável. / Introduction: Recognizing the human right to adequate and healthy food, and the inadequacy of current dietary patterns in Brazil, this project situates family farming in opposition to the predominant agri-food model and emphasizes the dual potential of the National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) and the Food Acquisition Programme (PAA). Objective: Comprehend the contributions of PNAE and PAA to strengthen family farming and to promote the human right to adequate and healthy food. Method: Comprehensive study was carried out on both programs with quantitative-qualitative approach. The first stage included the systematization of data from each Program in the state of São Paulo, based on data provided by PAA-Data and SISPAA and, in the case of PNAE, part of the data collected in the scope of the research \"The meeting between the National Program Of School Feeding (PNAE) and Family Agriculture\". The second stage focused Guarulhos experience of implementation on both Programmes, including visits to cultivation areas and receiving units, and semi-structured interviews with public managers, family farmers and cooks based on scripts with guiding questions. Results: The government purchases made by the PAA-CDS and the PNAE have allowed to reach a good part of the expected purposes of both Programmes, fulfilling a relevant role both from the perspective of the agricultural policy, and to overcome the food and nutritional insecurity, although with significant differences between the two Programmes and ongoing challenges. The results reinforce the heterogeneity of family agriculture and suggest different profiles of family farmers who access each Program in the state of São Paulo. Both Programmes commercialize predominantly in natura or minimally processed foods, favoring the access to healthy food.

School feeding is a tool which, today, effectively enables many millions of poor children worldwide to attend school in developed and developing countries alike. This study evaluated the perceptions of learners on the school feeding programme in one circuit in a district of Limpopo Province. It describes the benefits of school feeding and how this well-proven tool can be improved and specifically targeted to address some of the key constraints to universal secondary school completion. The findings suggest that school feeding programmes contribute to the education and well-being of children as hungry children do not grow; cannot learn; and face many health risks. School feeding can bring children into school and out of hunger; providing food for children at school can relieve immediate short-term hunger which is very beneficial for learning to take place. Alleviating short-term hunger among children at school helps to improve their performance in school tests and to promote a normal progression from grade to grade in completing their basic education. The study used individual interviews, document analysis and observation to obtain data from selected participants from two schools in the Nzhelele East Circuit in the Vhembe District. Responses to questions were analysed and a statistical analysis provided positive answers which revealed that the school feeding programme was effective; that more should be done to improve its delivery; that there should be a stable infrastructure and that the geographical location of the community should be taken into consideration when it comes to menu options. A number of recommendations are made to improve the implementation of the school feeding programme. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)