Este trabalho é dedicado a entender alguns aspectos matemáticos dos seguintes modelos não lineares: a equação de Schrödinger não linear com potência dupla, isto é iu t + u xx + u|u| 2 + u|u| 4 = 0, (1) e uma perturbação de tipo delta deste modelo, à saber, iu t + u xx + Z(x)u + u|u| 2 + u|u| 4 = 0. (2) Para o primeiro modelo em (1), usando a teoria de integrais elpticas de Jacobi e o teorema da função implcita, obtemos uma famlia de ondas estacionárias u(x, t) = e iwt w (x), onde w : R R é uma função positiva e periódica de perodo L > 0, conhecida como o perfil da onda. Para L , mostramos que as ondas esta- cionárias periódicas tendem uniformemente sobre intervalos compactos à onda so- litária. Usando uma extensão da teoria de Angulo&Natali assim como as idéias de- senvolvidas por Weinstein, Bona, Grillakis, Shatah e Strauss, mostramos estabilidade orbital desas ondas por perturbações do mesmo perodo que a onda. Por fim, provamos um resultado de instabilidade orbital por perturbações subharmônicas. Para o segundo modelo em (2), usando a onda solitária w,0 no caso em que Z = 0, obtemos duas famlias de picos solitários. Nós observamos que quando Z 0, temos que w,Z w,0 , onde w,0 denota a onda solitária. Então, usando a teoria de perturbação analtica para operadores lineares não limitados, obtemos um resultado detalhado da estabilidade orbital de picos solitários. Além disto, apresentamos alguns problemas naturais que podem ser resolvidos fu- turamente. Em particular, nós propomos uma nova abordagem para resolver questões de estabilidade linear de soluções de equilbrio para certo tipo de equações parabólicas. / This work is devoted to understand some mathematical aspects of the following nonlinear models: the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with double power in its non-linearity, that is iu t + u xx + u|u| 2 + u|u| 4 = 0, (3) and a perturbation of delta type of this model, namely iu t + u xx + Z(x)u + u|u| 2 + u|u| 4 = 0. (4) For the first model, by using the theory of Jacobi elliptic integrals and the implicit function theorem, we obtain a family of standing waves u(x, t) = e iwt w (x), where w : R R is a positive periodic function of period L > 0, known as the wave profile. When L , we show that the periodic standing waves converge uniformly on compact intervals to the solitary waves. Moreover, using an extension of the Angulo&Natali stability theory, as well as, the stability ideas developed by Weinstein, Bona, Grillakis, Shatah and Strauss, we show the orbital stability of the standing waves for perturbations of the same period of the wave profile. Finally, an orbital instability result by subharmonic perturbations is proved. For the second model, by using the existence of the solitary wave w,0 in the case Z = 0, we obtain two families of solitary peaks. We observe that when Z 0, we have that w,Z w,0 , where w,0 denotes the solitary wave. Then, using the analytic perturbation theory of unbounded linear operators, we obtain an accurate result about orbital stability of solitary peaks. Furthermore, we give some natural problems that can be solved futurely. In par- ticular, we propose a new approach to solve question of linear stability of equilibrium solutions for certain type of parabolic equations.

Dans cette thèse, nous aborderons l'approximation de champ moyen pour des particules bosoniques. Pour un certain nombre d'états quantiques, la dérivation de la limite de champ moyen est connue, et il semble naturel d'étendre ces travaux à un cadre général d'états quantiques quelconques. L'approximation de champ moyen consiste à remplacer le problème à N corps quantique par un problème non linéaire, dit de Hartree, quand le nombre de particules est grand. Nous prouverons un résultat général pour un système de particules, confinées ou non, interagissant au travers d'un potentiel singulier. La méthode utilisée repose sur les mesures de Wigner. Notre contribution consiste en l'extension de la méthode des caractéristiques au cadre de champ de vitesse singulier associé à l'équation de Hartree. Cela complète les travaux d'Ammari et Nier et permet de prouver des résultats pour des potentiels critiques pour les équations de Hartree. En particulier, on s'intéressera à un système de bosons interagissant au travers d'un potentiel à plusieurs corps et nous démontrerons l'approximation de champ moyen sous une hypothèse de compacité forte sur ce dernier. Les résultats s’appuient en grande partie sur la flexibilité des mesures de Wigner, ce qui permet également de proposer une preuve alternative à l'approximation de champ moyen dans un cadre variationnel. / In this thesis, we justify the mean field approximation in a general framework for bosonic systems. The derivation of mean field dynamics is known for some specific quantum states. Therefore it is natural to expect the extension of these results for a general family of normal states. The mean field approximation for bosons consists in replacing the many-body quantum problem by a non linear one, so-called Hartree problem, when the number of particles tends to infinity. We establish a general result for bosons confined or not, interacting through a singular potential. The method used is based on Wigner measures. Our contribution consists in extending the characteristics method when the velocity field associated to the Hartree equation is subcritical or critical. It complements the work of Ammari and Nier and provides a result for critical potential for the Hartree equation. We also focus on bosonic systems interacting through a multi-body potential and we prove the mean field approximation under a strong assumption on this potential. All these results essentially rely on the flexibility of Wigner measures and we can give an alternative proof of the variational mean field approximation.

Orientador: Marcos Tadeu de Oliveira Pimenta / Resumo: Para uma classe de equações quasilineares de Schrödinger, estabelecemos a existência de soluções positivas e nodais pelo método de Nehari. / Abstract: For a class of Schrödinger quasilinear equations, we established the existence of positive and nodal solutions by the Nehari method. / Mestre

Neste trabalho, estudamos propriedades de continuação única para as soluções da equação tipo Schrödinger com um ponto interação centrado em x=0, \\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Z+V)u, onde V=V(x,t) é uma função de valor real e -\\Delta_Z é o operador escrito formalmente como \\[-\\Delta_Z=-\\frac\\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+Z\\delta_0,\\] sendo \\delta_0 a delta de Dirac centrada em zero e Z qualquer número real. Logo, usamos estes resultados para ver o possível fenômeno de concentração das soluções, que explodem, da equação de tipo Schrödinger não linear com um ponto de interação em x=0, \\[\\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Zu+|u|^u),\\] com ho>5. Também, mostramos que para certas condições sobre o potencial dependente do tempo V, a equação linear em cima tem soluções não triviais. / In this work, we study unique continuation properties for solutions of the Schrödinger equations with an point interaction centered at $x=0$, \\begin\\label \\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Z+V)u, \\end where $V=V(x,t)$ is real value function and $-\\Delta_Z$ is the operator formally written \\[-\\Delta_Z=-\\frac\\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+Z\\delta_0,\\] and $\\delta_0$ is Dirac\'s delta centered at zero and $Z$ is a real number. Next, we use these results in order to study the possible profile of the concentration of blow up solutions for the non linear Schrödinger equation with a point interaction at $x=0$, \\[\\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Zu+|u|^u),\\] with $ho>5$. Besides, we show that the equation above has non trivial solutions for some conditions on the time dependent potencial $V$.

We study several unbounded operators with view to extending von Neumann's theory of deficiency indices for single Hermitian operators with dense domain in Hilbert space. If the operators are non-commuting, the problems are difficult, but special cases may be understood with the use representation theory. We will further study the partial derivative operators in the coordinate directions on the L2 space on various covering surfaces of the punctured plane. The operators are defined on the common dense domain of C∞ functions with compact support, and they separately are essentially selfadjoint, but the unique selfadjoint extensions will be non-commuting. This problem is of a geometric flavor, and we study an index formulation for its solution. The applications include the study of vector fields, the theory of Dirichlet problems for second order partial differential operators (PDOs), Sturm-Liouville problems, H.Weyl's limit-point/limit-circle theory, Schrödinger equations, and more.

QC 20100414

Neste trabalho, estudamos propriedades de continuação única para as soluções da equação tipo Schrödinger com um ponto interação centrado em x=0, \\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Z+V)u, onde V=V(x,t) é uma função de valor real e -\\Delta_Z é o operador escrito formalmente como \\[-\\Delta_Z=-\\frac\\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+Z\\delta_0,\\] sendo \\delta_0 a delta de Dirac centrada em zero e Z qualquer número real. Logo, usamos estes resultados para ver o possível fenômeno de concentração das soluções, que explodem, da equação de tipo Schrödinger não linear com um ponto de interação em x=0, \\[\\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Zu+|u|^u),\\] com ho>5. Também, mostramos que para certas condições sobre o potencial dependente do tempo V, a equação linear em cima tem soluções não triviais. / In this work, we study unique continuation properties for solutions of the Schrödinger equations with an point interaction centered at $x=0$, \\begin\\label \\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Z+V)u, \\end where $V=V(x,t)$ is real value function and $-\\Delta_Z$ is the operator formally written \\[-\\Delta_Z=-\\frac\\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+Z\\delta_0,\\] and $\\delta_0$ is Dirac\'s delta centered at zero and $Z$ is a real number. Next, we use these results in order to study the possible profile of the concentration of blow up solutions for the non linear Schrödinger equation with a point interaction at $x=0$, \\[\\partial_tu=i(\\Delta_Zu+|u|^u),\\] with $ho>5$. Besides, we show that the equation above has non trivial solutions for some conditions on the time dependent potencial $V$.

This thesis is devoted to the study of excitations in atomic and polariton Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). These two specimens are prime examples for equilibrium and non equilibrium BEC. The corresponding condensate wave function of each system satisfies a particular partial differential equation (PDE). These PDEs are discussed in the beginning of this thesis and justified in the context of the quantum many-body problem. For high occupation numbers and when neglecting quantum fluctuations the quantum field operator simplifies to a semiclassical wave. It turns out that the interparticle interactions can be simplified to a single parameter, the scattering length, which gives rise to an effective potential and introduces a nonlinearity to the PDE. In both cases, i.e. equilibrium and non equilibrium, the main model corresponding to the semiclassical wave is the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE), which includes certain mathematical adaptions depending on the physical context of the consideration and the nature of particles/quasiparticles, such as additional complex pumping and growth terms or terms due to motion. In the course of this work I apply a variety of state-of-the-art analytical and numerical tools to gain information about these semiclassical waves. The analytical tools allow e.g. to determine the position of the maximum density of the condensate wave function or to find the critical velocities at which excitations are expected to be generated within the condensate. In addition to analytical considerations I approximate the GPE numerically. This allows to gain the condensate wave function explicitly and is often a convenient tool to study the emergence of excitations in BEC. It is in particular shown that the form of the possible excitations significantly depends on the dimensionality of the considered system. The generated excitations within the BEC include quantum vortices, quantum vortex rings or solitons. In addition multicomponent systems are considered, which enable more complex dynamical scenarios. Under certain conditions imposed on the condensate one obtains dark-bright soliton trains within the condensate wave function. This is shown numerically and analytical expressions are found as well. In the end of this thesis I present results as part of an collaborative effort with a group of experimenters. Here it is shown that the wave function due to a complex GPE fits well with experiments made on polariton condensates, statically and dynamically.

We clear up two issues regarding the eigenvalue problem for the Manakov system; these problems relate directly to the existence of the soliton [sic] effect in fiber optic cables. The first issue is a bound on the eigenvalues of the Manakov system: if the parameter ξ is an eigenvalue, then it must lie in a certain region in the complex plane. The second issue has to do with a chirped Manakov system. We show that if a system is chirped too much, the soliton effect disappears. While this has been known for some time experimentally, there has not yet been a theoretical result along these lines for the Manakov system. / Ph. D.

Dans cette thèse, on construit un grand nombre de solutions globales pour de nombreuses équations de Schrödinger sur-critiques. Le principe consiste à rendre la donnée initiale aléatoire, selon les mêmes méthodes que Nicolas Burq, Nikolay Tzvetkov et Laurent Thomann afin de gagner de la dérivabilité.On considère d'abord l'équation de Schrödinger cubique en dimension 3. En partant de variables aléatoires gaussiennes et de la base de L^2(R^3) formée des fonctions d'Hermite tensorielles, on construit des ensembles de solutions globales pour des données initiales qui sont moralement dans L^2(R^3). Les points clefs de la démonstration sont l'existence d'une estimée bilinéaire de type Bourgain pour l'oscillateur harmonique et la transformation de lentille qui permet de se ramener à prouver l'existence locale de solutions à l'équation de Schrödinger avec potentiel harmonique.On étudie ensuite l'effet régularisant pour prouver un théorème analogue où le gain de dérivée vaut 1/2-2/(p-1) où p correspond à la non linéarité de l'équation. Le gain est donc plus faible que précédemment mais la base de fonctions propres quelconques. De plus, la méthode s'appuyant sur des estimées linéaires, on établit le résultat pour des variables aléatoires dont la queue de distribution est à décroissance exponentielle.Enfin, on démontre des estimées multilinéaires en dimension 2 pour une base de fonctions propres quelconques ainsi que des inégalités de types chaos de Wiener pour une classe générale de variables aléatoires. Cela nous permet d'établir le théorème pour l'équation de Schrödinger quintique, avec un gain de dérivée égal à 1/3, dans le même cadre que la partie précédente. / In this thesis, we build a large number of global solutions for many supercritical Schrödinger equations. The method is to make the random initial data, using the same methods that Nicolas Burq, Nikolay Tzvetkov and Laurent Thomann in order to obtain differentiability. First, we consider the cubic Schrödinger equation in three dimensional. Using Gaussian random variables and the basis of L^2(R^3) consists of tensorial Hermite functions, we construct sets of solutions for initial data that are morally in L^2(R^3). The main ingredients of the proof are the existence of Bourgain type bilinear estimates for the harmonic oscillator and the lens transform which can be reduced to prove a local existence of solutions for the Schrödinger equation with harmonic potential. Next, we study the smoothing effect to prove an analogous theorem which the gain of differentiability is equalto 1/2-2/(p-1) which p is the nonlinearity of the equation. This gain is lower than previously but the basis of eigenfunctions are general. As the method uses only linear estimates, we establish the result for a general class of random variables.Finally, we prove multilinear estimates in two dimensional for a basis of ordinaries eigenfunctions and Wienerchaos type inequalities for classical random variables. This allows us to establish the theorem for the quinticSchrödinger equation, with a gain of differentiability equals to 1/3, in the same context as the previous chapter.