Background and Objectives: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is widely recognized as a serious health hazard. No safe level of exposure to ETS has been identified (USDHHS, 2006; WHO, 2007). The importance of smoke-free spaces in improving health outcomes for both smokers and non-smokers is clearly understood and as such, many individuals living in Ontario have made their homes smoke-free. Although those living in units within multi-unit dwellings (MUDs) have the option of making their own unit smoke-free, they may still be involuntarily exposed to ETS drifting from smoking units to their unit. The present study explores tenant’s perceptions of this drifting ETS and the potential market for smoke-free rental housing. Methods: Anonymous surveys were sent to 3724 households within rented MUDs (apartments and row housing) with five or more units in Kitchener, Ontario. In addition to demographic questions, the survey addressed respondents’ experiences with, perceptions of, and reactions to drifting ETS and their views on smoke-free rental housing. Three hundred and five surveys were returned, and 291 met the final inclusion criteria to be included in the analysis. Survey data were weighted by age and education level. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were run to answer the research questions. Results: Over half of the respondents who do not smoke in their unit on a daily basis indicated they were exposed to drifting ETS in their home at least ‘sometimes’. Of those who were exposed, 89.5% were bothered and nearly half were bothered ‘a lot’. This suggests drifting ETS is a concern for many tenants living in MUDs. The majority of tenants indicated they did not live in a smoke-free building however there was a strong interest in smoke-free rental housing. Nearly 90% of tenants showed at least some interest in smoke-free rental housing, and many tenants would prefer to live in a building with the strongest possible restrictions on smoking in place. Younger tenants, non-smokers, those who spent less time at home on weekends and those who perceived indoor smoking as a fire risk were more likely to be interested in smoke-free rental housing. Conclusions and Significance: This study provides insight into the magnitude of the problem of drifting ETS in MUDs and can be used to inform policy on smoke-free MUDs. Many respondents indicated they were exposed to drifting ETS and the majority of those who were exposed were bothered by this exposure. There also appears to be a strong market for smoke-free rental housing. The response rate for this study was low at 8.5% and as such the results must be interpreted with caution. Future research should be completed in other jurisdictions and with larger sample sizes. Landlord surveys and air quality monitoring studies are also needed. While additional research is needed, the current study suggests this is an important public health issue, and provides additional evidence supporting the need to explore policy options in the public and private realm for smoke-free housing.

This study prospectively examined the timing and predictors of returning to smoking after pregnancy in a group of women who quit smoking cigarettes during pregnancy. We interviewed women during the postpartum hospital stay and at their infants 2-week and 2-month health supervision visits. Urine cotinine levels were measured at each interview. Fifty-three women were interviewed during the postpartum stay, 37 women at the 2-week and 36 women at the 2 month visits. At the 2-week visit, 40.5% had returned to smoking, and at the 2-month visit, 47.2% had returned to smoking. Factors associated with a return to smoking at 2 weeks included a lower level of education (high school graduate/GED vs. some college education; 13/37 vs. 2/37, p=0.02), the presence of someone else in the household who smoked (14/37 vs. 1/37, p=0.001), formula-feeding their infant at the time of interview (14/37 vs. 1/37, p=0.003), having smoking discussed with a doctor or nurse during pregnancy (12/37 vs. 3/27, p=0.009), and being African-American vs. Caucasian or Hispanic (10/37 vs. 5/37, p=0.008). Predictors of a return to smoking at 2 months included the presence of someone else in the household who smoked (17/36 vs. 0/36, p<0.001) and smoking at least 1 cigarette during pregnancy after initially quitting (12/36 vs. 5/36, p=0.02). Women who quit smoking cigarettes during pregnancy are likely to resume in the days immediately after delivery. The presence of household smokers and formula feeding are the strongest predictors of resuming smoking within 2 weeks.

Buying and selling of used goods is something that has been done for centuries. Throughout the last 20 years, rapid growth of second-hand products consumption has got the attention of researchers and raised the question why customers buy second-hand products. The growth of the Internet has developed different applications, and this combined with the introduction of new electronic devices, provides users with buying and selling facilities of goods over the Internet and mobile devices. The uses of social networks and smart-phones have also revolutionized the second-hand product market among all economic classes. The consumption of second-hand products is increasing daily. Therefore it is important to pay attention to the factors that affect the purchase of second-hand products since it is not a simple form of mercantilism. It's a lifestyle, a way to acquire goods that we need and get rid of those that we do not see as useful anymore. The purpose of this study is to create new knowledge in the area of second-hand products consumption and customer buying behavior by identifying factors that influence the customer in buying second-hand products. In order to fulfill the research purpose, a quantitative research approach and cross sectional research design were adopted. Questionnaires were designed using Google survey tool and through this method 169 questionnaires were collected from respondents. After which, SPSS was used to perform the required tests of descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, bivariate correlation, single item measurement and multiple regression analysis. It was observed that price was the most important factor influencing customers when purchasing second-hand products; risk is the second most influencing factor and brand is the third and location come last as most influencing factor.  The results show that the factors such as brand, price and purchase intention of second-hand products have no association and influence on each other during the purchase decision. In contrast, risk and location factors have a weak association with each other but both factors lack association with brand, price and intention. This study contributes to the existing literature on second-hand products consumption and customer buying behavior as well as touching upon theories of brand, price, risk, and seller location.

abstract: In recent years, the length of time people use and keep belongings has decreased. With the acceptance of short-lived furniture and inexpensive replacements, the American mentality has shifted to thinking that discarding furniture is normal, often in the guise of recycling. Americans are addicted to landfills. The high cost of landfill real estate and other considerable ecological impacts created by the manufacturing of furniture should persuade people to give their belongings a longer life, but in reality, furniture is often prematurely discarded. This grounded theory study takes a multi-method approach to analyze why some types of furniture are kept longer and to theorize about new ways to design and sell furniture that lasts well past its warranty. Case studies bring new insight into designer intention, manufacturer intent, the world of auction-worthy collectables and heirlooms, why there is a booming second-hand furniture market and the growing importance of informed interior designers and architects who specify or help clients choose interior furnishings. An environmental life cycle assessment compares how the length of furniture life affects environmental impacts. A product's life could continue for generations if properly maintained. Designers and manufacturers hoping to promote longevity can apply the conclusions of this report in bringing new pieces to the market that have a much longer life span. This study finds areas of opportunity that promote user attachment, anticipate future repurposing, and provide services. This thinking envisions a paradigm for furniture that can re-invent itself over multiple generations of users, and ultimately lead to a new wave of desirable heirloom furniture. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.D. Design 2011

This diploma thesis deals with restaurants employee's attitude to smoking and restaurant smoking ban. The main goal of my diploma thesis is to reveal these restaurant employee's attitudes. I composed a theofetical part for fulfilling this goal, where all the crucial terms, related to smoking, second-hand smoking, health consequences and smoking precaution are explained. Current anti-smoke legislation and occupational safety and health in restaurants are analysed at the end of the theoretical part. In the practical part, there I describe the set main goal and other goals of the thesis, its hypotheses and methodology. The survey is carried out via a self-constructed. questionnaire, which was handed to randomly chosen restaurants employees in České Budějovice. I used statistical methods - chi-square tests - to assess all the gained data and test the hypotheses that had been settled in advance. The results are consequently assessed and interpreted.

Background It has become increasingly a problem that fashion products reach their end-of-life when they are still usable. Today, a fast-changing wardrobe has gained importance which is directly linked to overloaded landfills of textile waste and scarcity of natural resources. The pressure on companies to act upon this unsustainable consumption pattern is increasing. Different strategies are currently in the development. Within reverse supply chains, products are collected from the original user for value recovery. This study focuses is in particular on the reuse of clothing without additional treatments. Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the value stream of a traditional fashion retailer entering the second-hand business. At the same time, possible challenges and potential areas of improvement should be identified. The reuse of garments should provide consumers a more sustainable alternative for consumption. To serve this purpose, a case study was conducted to describe key activities and formulate suggestions. Methodology The research was conducted as a qualitative case study. The data collection included personal communication, process observation and an in-depth semi-structured interview. The findings were analyzed using a value stream mapping method. Findings and Discussion The data collection offered a holistic insight into the processes and motivation that are involved in the second-hand concept of the studied retailer. The findings concerning the reverse logistics were depicted in the current-state value stream map. This was adjusted to a possible future-state map based on improvements which were elaborated with the reviewed literature. Additionally, a recommendation for a performance measurement framework was developed. Research limitations The studied retail concept was still at its start-up stage at the time of the research. Therefore, only a limited amount of empirical data was available to collect. Furthermore, the research was conducted over a short period of time and the impact of the recommended improvements for the value stream could not be observed and evaluated. A future research is suggested to focus on the monitoring of the implementation of the future-state map. The success can be assessed with the help of the proposed performance measurement framework and based on that a new future-state map should be created to ensure continuous improvement.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / Introduction: Annually, hundred thousands of people worldwide die as a result of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure. There is no safe exposure level to SHS yet in Bulawayo, smokers have been observed smoking without restraint thus exposing non-smokers to SHS. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and contributing factors of SHS exposure among adults in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted and participants were randomly selected from residents who visited the 13 municipal revenue halls. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Home SHS exposure prevalence was 22% and females were 2.11 times more likely than males to be exposed at home. Prevalence of SHS exposure in public transportation, health facilities, educational and food premises was 40.9%, 26.3%, 42,9% and 36.8% respectively. Conclusion: SHS exposure in Bulawayo was high and there is need to reduce SHS exposure to non-smoking adults. Keywords: Second hand smoke (SHS), Bulawayo, Prevalence, Exposure, Adult

Den mänskliga klimatpåverkan i Sverige påstås vara i genomsnitt åtta ton per person årligen, vilket är långt ifrån Parisavtalets mål som innebär att den genomsnittliga globala utsläppen bör som högst vara ett ton per person. Under år 2017 uppskattades svenskarnas klimatpåverkan från klädinköp till 4,2 miljoner ton koldioxidekvivalenter sammanlagt under plaggets livslängd. Genom att fördubbla denna livslängd med hjälp av återanvändning skulle klimatpåverkan kunna minskas till nästan hälften, där ett sätt att återanvända är att handla begagnat. Många kan däremot uppleva en stor osäkerhet i detta då varor kan vara piratkopierade.  Syftet med detta projekt är därmed att bidra till tryggare begagnathandel som är både miljövänlig och plånboksvänlig samt förminska handel med piratkopiering. Målet i projektet  är en applikation som skall kunna identifiera märkesvarors äkthet med hjälp av QR-koder och en därtill kopplad databas.  Resultatet av arbetet är en applikation, Safe Second, som kan identifiera märkesvaror samt miljömärkta varor. Applikationen är tillgänglig för Androidenheter där Android Studio är plattformen som har använts för implementation av både frontend och backend. Ingående i backend är databasen där information lagras samt upphämtas, denna är skapad med Firebase Realtime Database. I applikationen har en funktion för lagerstatus även blivit implementerad och uppdateras i realtid, i syfte att kunna underlätta samt öka intresset kring handel i fysiska second hand-butiker, vilket antas kommer att fungera utifrån 93,4% av testpersoner i en enkätundersökning. / The human climate impact in Sweden is claimed to be an average of eight tons per person annually, far from the Paris Agreement's goal, which means that the average global emissions should be a maximum of one ton per person. In 2017, the Swedes' climate impact from clothing purchases was estimated at 4,2 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents in total during the garment's lifespan. By doubling this lifespan with the help of reuse, the climate impact could be reduced to almost half, where one way of reuse is to shop second-hand. Many, on the other hand, may experience great uncertainty in this as goods can be pirated. The purpose of this project is thus to contribute to safer second-hand trade that is both environmentally friendly and wallet-friendly and to reduce trade in piracy. The goal of the project is an application that will be able to identify the authenticity of branded goods with the help of QR codes and a database attached to it. The result of the work is an application, Safe Second, which can identify branded goods and eco-labeled goods. The application is available for Android devices, where Android Studio is the platform that has been used for the implementation of both frontend and backend. The backend includes the database where information is stored and retrieved; this is created with Firebase Realtime Database. In the application, a function for stock status has been implemented and updated in real-time to facilitate and increase interest in trading in physical second-hand stores, which is assumed to work based on 93,4% of test subjects in a survey.

This study analysed the second hand clothing culture and clothing swaps that have gained popularity in recent years. Through interaction design, a solution is sought to the problem that secondhand shopping has become popular and thereby less affordable for people with a low income. By means of the five phases of design Thinking, a final concept has been designed. In which an early version of a prototype has been developed. The final concept helps solve the problem by making clothing swapping easier and more efficient, this is done through a combination of drop off locations and the use of an app. It demonstrates how interaction design can be used in clothing swaps and make them accessible to anyone interested.

Many young people in the Stockholm metropolitan area struggle with accessing the formal housing market and are therefore relying on short-term, second-hand contracts. By drawing on ten semi-structured interviews this essay explores the second-hand tenant’s ability to feel a sense of belonging towards their home. The tenants are often unable to just be in their home and instead feel they need to conform to the landlord’s ideas of proper behaviour.Through the unequal power relations between landlord and tenant the tenants rarely feel at ease in their home. By using a phenomenological conceptualisation of home, I reason that home loses its ability to anchor a person’s sense self in the world and as a result the tenants become more isolated and detached.