The basic purpose of this study was to present an in-depth investigation of secondary school student teacher role expectations from a variety of perspectives.

This thesis is an ethnography that took place in an ‘underperforming’ school in the South of England. The school is located on a deprived estate, taking its pupils from an area in the bottom quintile with regard to deprivation indicators, and regularly features at the bottom of local league tables. Recently converted to academy status, the school was in the process of being rebuilt. The school in question is seen as abject by the broader community and features a large number of disruptive and disaffected students. The overarching research questions that this study focuses on are: What kind of person do resistant pupils want to be recognised as and what kind of place do they want school to be? Within this, the thesis examines how students develop an identity of non-participation as well as how they act in order to make their voice heard and affect the nature of the place they are in. In order to investigate these questions the paper draws on the work of Foucault (1979, 1982, 2003) who suggested that in order to understand how power relations work it is necessary to investigate resistance rather than trying to understand power from the perspective of its own rationality. This approach is useful since students in school do not resist specific institutions or groups, but specific instances of power personified by those that they come into immediate contact with on a day to day basis. It also mobilises concepts of space and place developed by Doreen Massey (2005) and Tim Ingold (2008) whereby space is a product of interrelations permanently under construction as opposed to simply a surface and place becomes a product of these intersections within the wider power geometry of space. This is particularly relevant to the context of a failing school, seen as abject by the surrounding community and struggling to maintain any improvement. The concept of voice as defined by Nick Couldry (2010) and the students’ belief that they lack control over their lives in school is also key in terms of understanding the motivations for their resistance. The thesis argues that the fact that the school is gradually being demolished and rebuilt is seen as a threat as well as an opportunity by the participants. Since the school was intimately bound up with their identity, the changes made were an assault on their identity. However, the cracks opened up by the construction work offered them opportunities to carve out places for themselves. The participants suggest that the lip service paid to student voice by the school is a key issue in causing students’ resistant behaviour. The students in the study find that their agency is denied by the school and this, coupled with their desire to be seen as adults with legitimate opinions about their schooling, results in their resistant behaviour.

The purpose of this study was to find out more about upper secondary school students ́ experience of peer response to media productions, eg movies and digital stories. We also explored how they learn peer response, how they use it and how peer response affects students’ choice of content for the media productions that they produce. The methods that we have used is an unstructured lesson observation, combined with discussions in two focus groups with 1st and 2nd grade students enroled at the Arts program at a secondary school in a metropolitan area in Sweden. The results of the study show that students experience peer response as positive but emphasises the importance of the teachers’ attitude and expertise as essential both to the students learning process as well as to their experience of giving and receiving feedback from a fellow student. The students find it difficult to be completely honest when they give response to a friend. The teachers’ response always outweighs the response from a fellow student and the students in this study do not use the peer response to revise and improve their media productions. The study shows that the students do not adapt the content of their media productions due to the fact that classmates will assess the result. They perceive media productions as something per definition accessible to the public, that is, the products will be showcased in public, for example, published on the internet. The students relate to this fact as they select content to their media productions. / Syftet med denna studie har varit att ta reda på mer om gymnasieelevers upplevelser av kamratrespons på medieproduktioner, t.ex. filmer och digitala berättelser. Vi har också undersökt hur de lär sig kamratrespons, hur de använder sig av den och på vilket sätt kamratrespons påverkar elevernas val av innehåll till de medieproduktioner som de producerar. Metoderna som vi har använt oss av är en ostrukturerad lektionsobservation i kombination med diskussioner i två olika fokusgrupper med elever från årskurs 1 och 2 på det Estetiska programmet på en gymnasieskola i ett storstadsområde. Resultatet av studien visar att eleverna upplever kamratrespons som någonting positivt men framhåller att lärarens attityd och expertis är avgörande för såväl övning som upplevelsen av att ge och ta emot respons från en kamrat. Eleverna upplever att det är svårt att vara helt ärlig när de ger respons till en kamrat. Lärarens respons väger alltid tyngre än kamraters och eleverna i studien använder sig heller inte av kamraternas respons för att omarbeta och förbättra sina medieproduktioner. Studien visar att eleverna inte anpassar innehållet till sina medieproduktioner utifrån vetskapen om att klasskamraterna kommer att ge respons. Eleverna uppfattar medieproduktioner som per definition publika, d.v.s. produkter som kommer att visas upp offentligt, exempelvis publiceras på internet och detta faktum förhåller sig eleverna till när de väljer innehåll till sina medieproduktioner.

本研究中學生網際網路使用行為的主要目的有三：在瞭解中學生網路使用行為特性、中學生使用聊天室的互動特性，網路聊天室與學習的關係。文獻探討方面，本研究以資訊社會為背景，探討資訊素養問題，然後使用者與環境兩方面進行探討。從網路空間，鎖定在聊天室的網路環境下，使用者從青少年、匿名性到虛擬社群角度，經由使用符號在聊天室產生互動的分析，包括互動禮儀等相關主題。研究方法分調查與質性研究兩方面，調查方面針對台北市內外中學生經由網頁網路調查，質化部分分為觀察法，觀察聊天室的環境、訪談法，訪談中學生中學教師以及空大使用聊天室環境進行教學的教師。 研究結果發現：一、中學生網路使用的特性方面，使用經驗主要「半年至三年」，使用時段為18：00-21：00，最常從事的活動為聊天交友，上網地點以「家中」最多。2.使用網路交友動機主要為：想交新朋友、排遣寂寞感、打發時間、好奇等。3.中學生學會使用電腦網路與聊天室的都以朋友為主要來源。4.中學生選擇聊天室的條件包括：功能較豐富，畫面多采多姿，人數適中，主題相符，與室內對象的互動感覺不錯的人數越多等。 二、中學生使用聊天室的互動特性：1.聊天室互動與面對面互動皆需語言與非語言符號，但呈現方式不同。中學生使用者在「追求速度」以及「夠炫」的價值觀驅使下，產生當前的網路次級語言。2.使用匿名主要原因是「保護自己、隱密」，匿名產生兩極化現象，化名的命名包括：與姓名有關、與自己的表徵相關、自己想的理想名字、戲劇或故事角色中的名字、比較奇特沒有重複的名字等。化名以自己的考量為出發，而非為以吸引聊天對象，而除了化名外，在性別、年齡、職業。學歷上，大多數不使用假身份。3.互動對象上，「男女都有」最多，幾乎都為學生，以15-18歲高中生最多。網友數量上，十位以上最多。在網友與面對面情境的朋友差異上，大部分傾向認為面對面情境的朋友瞭解較深，而對網友持半信半疑的態度，但仍有認為網友較能無所顧忌的聊天，及交往容易而較能認同網友。 4.聊天社群遵循的互動禮儀，主要分為三個層次：第一層次為「基本原則」，以不造成身心傷害或不愉快的基本規則，大都屬於網路禮貌（netquette）的範圍，包括不暴露真實身份，不激怒對方，不羞辱對方，及自我保護等。第二層次為「順利原則」，不讓雙方產生誤解或困窘的規則，包括：1.成員發言權利平等，2.同時多人對談，3.「插話」行為的正常，4.高度的流動性，5.主題規範言論範圍，6.「舉止」文雅卻開放，7.關係的速成與脆弱，8.聊天室的社群關係（「我們一體」）。第三層次為「愉快原則」：此為更高的層次即是讓對方在互動中覺得愉快，包括：1.儘速的回應，2.善用聊天室的功能，3.使用網路次級用語。 三、網路聊天室與學習的關係方面：使用聊天室所習得的資訊素養上，在操作能力方面，是網路的操作熟練度；在技能上主要在「打字速度」，並且有較多的機會從中學習表達自我，抒發內在的情感，對網路的資訊採「半信半疑」的「後設處理」態度。適法性與倫理問題，則與聊天室的禮儀有關。使用聊天室的缺點在：1對資訊類科學生，可能無心學習程式設計等基礎課程2.網路次級用語，對傳統的國文教育，影響使用錯別字，不會斷句等。3.下課時間上網聊天，容易將聊天時後無論正向或負向的情緒，帶到下一堂課。4沈迷者無法自拔，影響功課。使用聊天室的好處在：1.相關的網路使用更為順手。2.機會學習電子郵件的使用、ICQ聊天，等相關軟體環境。3.短期內的「記憶」能力可能較佳。 教學的作法與注意事項方面，就環境特性而言包括：1.空間解放，2.時間解放，3.使用化名，4.兩極化現象，5.善用聊天室功能。就互動特性而言：1.輕鬆的氣氛，2.創造學習社群的「我們一體」感，3.社會建構主義式教學，4.協同教學，5.教師扮演導引的角色，6.教師仍擁有的絕對權力，7.人數的限制，8.善用「面子」問題，9.鼓勵正向自我坦露，10.激發集體智慧。11.先以閒聊開場。 建議方面，對中學生學校教育的建議：1.資訊素養的培養，2.與人交往的技巧，3..多元化的休閒活動，4.教師應親自使用網路，5.網路使用行為良好習慣的培養，6.多元使用教學管道，7.網路在學習上的運用。對中學生網路使用行為的輔導建議：1.對同學平時的關心與瞭解，2.傾聽多於建議，施以適時的輔導，3.注意交友狀況，4. 指導學生正當的情緒抒發行為，提供多重的抒發管道，5.多與他人接觸，學習人際相處之道，6.建立網路使用行為的責任，7.使用網路自我保護行為的教導。 / There are there main purposes of the research:1. To understand the characteristics of behavior of secondary school student using Internet, 2.the characteristics of interaction of secondary school student using chat room, 3.and the relationship of the chat room with learning. The research begins with the information society and information literacy. Then it analyzes the human interaction through Internet from two aspects: the environment and the people in it. The environment started with the human-computer interaction (HCI) , then it is based on the characteristics of cyberspace and further focused on the chat room. The user of the Internet discussed including 'anonymity', 'virtual community' and the 'youth'. The research methods include survey, observation and interview. The research results are found as follows: Most secondary school students using Internet at home at 18:00-21:00, and they have been using Internet for half to three years. The motivation of using Internet to make friends for: 1.making new friends,2. to let go of the loneliness,3. playing around and 4.curiosity etc. The interaction in chat room takes both language and non-language symbol. For the purpose of 'speed' and to 'show off', youth create and use sub-language in the Internet, it represented a kind of 'collective intelligence'. The anonymity is served to protect and conceal the users themselves. But except alias most youth user show their real status in chat room. The people they interact with including both sexes and most are students. Most users think their classmates are more familiar with than net friends, but still others think net friends are easier to talk any secrets without worrying they might tell other people users know around. There are three levels about ritual in the internet: 1.basic principle；2.smooth principle；3.pleasure principle. Every principle and its rules contain are also discussed. The negative effect of using chat room includes: 1. For students major in computer too early to use Internet may let them disconcentrate on program design, 2. Chatters of chat room always use bad Chinese grammar, 3.When chatting between two courses, the mood will affected even next course begins,4. Users who indulge in it will badly affect their learning. The positive effect of using chat room including: 1.they can use Internet more smoothly, 2. They Have more chances to learn to use e-mail, ICQ etc., 3.they may remember things better for a short period of time. When teaching through chat room, it will help teachers to achieve the aim by noticing following notes: 1.create the easy atmosphere, 2.forming 'we-us' learning community, 3.social constructivism teaching, 4.corporate teaching. 5.the leading role of teacher, 6.absolute power for teacher, 7.limitating the number participators, 8.make best of 'face value', 9.encouraging positive self-expression, 10.arousing collective intelligence, 11. courses begin with chatting. Suggestions for secondary school, for secondary school student and for further study are also described.

Many secondary school teachers are currently facing students' lack of interest in the subjects taught. Research findings have also repeatedly shown that students' motivation for school work decreases as the length of the studies increases. Furthermore, students' level of motivation reaches a very low level during adolescence despite the fact that many of them make choices regarding their future careers. This thesis focuses on the relation between the motivation of students for school work and the attitudes and skills of teachers - their educational styles, and whether the relationship between students and them is positive or negative. The theoretical part of this paper introduces and describes the above mentioned concepts - educational styles and motivation - or more precisely, what kinds of motivation there are, and how these affect not only the learning process itself, but also the performance, results, and performance goals, all of which are closely linked. The practical part consists of a research investigation focused on verifying the link between students' motivation for school work and the educational styles used by their teachers. Key words motivation, education style, adolescence, achievement goals, academic achievements, learning process, teacher, secondary school student

The main purpose of this diploma thesis is to obtain information on how Matfyz can improve its cooperation with high school students and their physics teachers to increase students' interest in physics. To obtain these information a questionnaire was sent to physics teachers, who had been mentioned by Matfyz students as teachers who had had a positive effect on them. The questionnaire itself consists of four parts - events for students, events for physics teachers, Mat- fyz activities, and teaching. The data was processed using both quantitative and qualitative methods, whereas larger part of research was build on quantitative methods. The collected data showed that according to respondents the most im- portant task is to focus on non-Prague students. Thus, organizers should organize events in various places in the Czech Republic or use modern technologies and organize events on-line (that also applies to events for physics teachers). High school students might also meet with scientists and university physics students, visit laboratories except for visitors' days (e. g. during excursions, internships) or have an opportunity to find out how physics in companies is used. Respondents expressed support for writing a new physics textbook on Matfyz, one containing more difficult parts for talented students.

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Modern day society is characterised by the availability of technology and the abundance of information in all formats that require all individuals using it to poses information literacy skills (ILS).ILS enable people the ability to locate, analyse, evaluate access and retrieve the desired information to satisfy a need. Research on IL in academic and school libraries has gained momentum in the field of Information Science where as little has been documented concerning public libraries and IL. This therefore calls for more research on IL in public libraries. Public libraries serve a wide and diverse community of which students are a part. In instances where school libraries are either non-existent or not developed, students seek assistance from the public library within their community. This study sought to investigate the role of public libraries in enhancing the ILS of senior secondary school students in the Central District in Botswana. The fact that school libraries in Botswana are underdeveloped to produce competent and confident students equipped with ILS that could be used in the work environment and continuous lifelong learning, motivated the study. A concern that there exists a gap in research concerning public libraries and IL within the Botswana context necessitated this study. The study used a survey research design where both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were adopted. This involved the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The purpose of a mixed methods approach was based on the idea that qualitative results could assist in explaining and interpreting the findings of a quantitative study. Data collection involved three sets of closed ended questionnaires and observations in all schools and public libraries. The population of the study consisted of public librarians, teacher librarians and students. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) to generate statistics. The findings of the study revealed that the public libraries in the Central District in Botswana are above average in terms of materials and use. It brought to light that senior secondary school students use the public libraries for school purposes and get assistance when they seek for it. Public librarians do not have special classes aimed at enhancing the ILS of students. The public libraries offer IL in the form of computer training, they do this as, and when students register, just like the other members of the community. The library’s contribution to enhancement of the students’ ILS, (study skills, reading skills and use of reference works) is somewhat limited. Limited resources, lack of reading culture, low budgets, and lack of support from government negatively challenge the full potential impact of IL enhancement. / Information Science / M. Inf. Sc.

Den psykiska hälsan har haft en negativ utveckling och sedan coronapandemin har den försämrats ytterligare, även bland ungdomar. Trots att den psykiska hälsan i allmänhet är god så uppger många ungdomar att de mår dåligt. Den psykiska hälsan påverkar såväl individen som samhällsutvecklingen. Bland ungdomar påverkar den psykiska hälsan skolprestationen och skoltrivsel, något som påverkar ungdomarnas framtidsmöjligheter. Det sociala stödet anses vara en skyddande faktor för ungdomars psykiska hälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka socialt stöd, psykiskt välbefinnande och stress bland gymnasieungdomar i mellersta Sverige och studera om det föreligger samband mellan dessa. Totalt 120 gymnasieungdomar deltog i en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie. Datainsamling bestod av en enkätundersökning. Resultatet analyserades med Spearman’s rangkorrelationsanalys. Resultatet visar att det finns ett positivt samband mellan socialt stöd och psykiskt välbefinnande. Vidare visar resultatet på ett svagt negativt samband mellan socialt stöd och stress. Sammanfattningsvis, det föreligger ett samband mellan socialt stöd, psykiskt välbefinnande och stress. Sambandet är starkare mellan socialt stöd och psykiskt välbefinnande än mellan socialt stöd och stress. Detta indikerar på att det finns andra faktorer som har starkare samband med ungdomarnas stressnivå, men att det sociala stödet är betydelsefullt för den psykiska hälsan. / Mental health has had a negative development and since the corona pandemic it has deteriorated further, also among young people. Although mental health is generally good, many adolescents state that they don’t feel good. Mental health affects both the individual and the development of society. Among adolescents, mental health affects school performance and enjoyment of school, something that affects young people's future opportunities. Social support is considered a protective factor for adolescents’ mental health. The purpose of the study was to investigate social support, psychological well-being, and stress among upper secondary school students in middle Sweden and to study whether there is a correlation between these. A total of 120 upper secondary school students participated in a quantitative cross-sectional study. Data collection consisted of a questionnaire survey. The result was analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation analysis. The results show that there is a positive relationship between social support and psychological well-being. Furthermore, the results show a weak negative relationship between social support and perceived stress. In conclusion, there is a relationship between social support, psychological well-being, and stress. The relationship is stronger between social support and psychological well-being than between social support and stress. This indicates that there are other factors that have a stronger connection with adolescents’ stress experience, but that social support is important for mental health.

Aggression in South African schools is a matter of great concern. A review of the existing literature indicated that physical exercises contribute to people’s well-being. This study thus investigated to what extent physical exercises could be used to address the aggression of students in a secondary school. An empirical investigation was done by means of a mixed methods case study design. A purposive sample of 25 students was chosen from students in grades 9 to 11. The students completed an adapted Buss-Perry questionnaire on aggression to determine their levels of aggression. Thereafter they embarked on a 10 week physical exercise programme (30 sessions of 40 minutes each), before completing the same questionnaire. The results indicated that the programme alleviated their feelings of aggression, especially in the boys. Qualitative interviews with 10 of the participants who benefitted most from the exercises indicated how they experienced the programme. Recommendations were made for similar programmes and for future research. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)