Magister Legum - LLM / This study is on the insider trading framework of Tanzania. The researcher has made enquiries whether the Tanzania legal framework governing insider trading provides strong enough enforcement mechanisms, including remedies and measures against malpractices found on the securities market to attract investor confidence. Critical analysis is done of the Capital Markets and Securities Act, 79 of 1994 (RE 2002) in conjunction with an investigation into the Capital Markets and Securities Authority (CMSA) a body corporate charged with the duties among others, of protecting the integrity of the securities market and maintaining surveillance over securities to ensure orderly, fair and equitable dealings in securities. The researcher uses a comparative approach from other jurisdictions considered as international best standards of the English and South African insider trading legislation. Discussions on the study are presented in chapters. Chapter one is the general introduction to the Study. It is the reproduction of the research proposal. Chapter Two is on the overview of insider trading framework of Tanzania. An analysis is made on the provisions of the Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994 (RE 2002). It is revealed that the enforcement mechanisms are inadequate and ineffective. The Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994, (RE 2002) neither defines nor provides the interpretation to legal concepts such as insider, inside information and publication. Civil remedies and criminal penalties provided in the Tanzania Capital Market and Securities Act, 79 of 1994, (RE 2002) are inadequate for deterrent purposes to combat insider trading practices. In chapter three the researcher examines the Capital Market and Securities Authority (CMSA) in terms of fulfillments of its roles, functions, and powers. It is submitted that the CMSA and the DSE have never contributed much to resolving the problem of securities market abuses. Chapter four extend the study to the English and South Africa insider trading legislation considered as international best practice and therefore comparable. The researcher has observed that flaws in areas of prohibition, enforcements, defences and the lacuna on identified concepts of insider trading make the Tanzanian insider trading legislation remain more symbolic than real in terms of its efficiency to combating insider trading practices. Chapter five provides the conclusions and recommendations on the study. The researcher has provided recommendations on curbing the problem of insider trading in Tanzania, including repealing and enacting a new strong and effective insider trading legislation.

This diploma thesis comprise description and comaparison of main international stock exchanges and their indexes, also Czech stock exchange, activities connected to trading on stock exchange, instruments used for trend setting, potency of statistical estimation of exchange rates and evaluation of available virtual trading in securities as an instrument for beginning investors.

Magister Legum - LLM / The regulation of market abuse is currently an ever evolving subject, to such an extent that it has been placed as a high priority for regulators worldwide.¹ The Financial Markets Act 19 of 2012 (FMA) of South Africa² prohibits improper practices and is aimed at ensuring that market participants operate in a market that is free, safe and fair. In light of the above and as per example, all members of the stock exchange ensure that they accordingly adhere to the aims of the FMA by exercising functions such as due diligence and having a shared goal in embedding the values entrenched in the FMA.³ The purpose of this dissertation is aimed at assessing the key elements of the transformation process that the South African financial markets have embarked on, since the introduction of the FMA. More specifically, the paper aims to focus on the elements in relation to market abuse practices.⁴ The paper seeks to: 1. provide an overview analysis of the current market abuse control enforcement framework in relation to some selected aspects of the financial markets in South Africa. 2. look at the regulation employed in one of the biggest trading products namely, equities and current lacuna, the legislation that governs high frequency trading under these trading products and in general. 3. review whether regulation in South Africa on market abuse practices are robust enough to deal with key market abuse practices such as insider trading and market manipulation that manifested during the recent global financial crisis. 4. provide a comparative review of the current market leaders regulatory mechanisms on market abuse.

In the banking world trades of securities are finalized every day, on behalf of the banks themselves or of their clients. When the trades have been booked by the front office the confirmations sent by the counterparty have to be checked and connected to the correct trade by hand, posing the question whether this process could not be automated using machine learning techniques. There is no straightforward solution to this problem since the confirmations differ between counterparties, and can contain different enriched information or even be in different formats. This thesis addresses the problem of matching trades with their corresponding confirmations via deep learning methods. A model is trained using contrastive learning methods on generated pairs of trades and confirmations, with the goal of matching the pairs in the latent space by using nearest neighbor classification. Accuracy is measured by dividing the correctly classified samples by the total number of samples in a testing batch. The model achieves an accuracy as high as 97.8% over 100 trade-confirmation samples with a 30-dimensional latent space, and it is shown that similar contrastive methods can indeed be used in order to solve this problem. / Banker handlar varje dag med värdpapper av olika slag, antingen för sin egen vinning eller för sina kunders. När en affär har blivit beslutad mellan två parter så bokförs denna i bägge parternas interna system. En konfirmation kommer sedan skickas från den andra parten som manuellt måste paras ihop med affären vilket väcker frågan om huruvida detta inte kan automatiseras med hjälp av maskininlärning. Det finns inte en uppenbar lösning på detta problemet då konfirmationsmeddelandena kan skiljer sig åt mellan olika parter och kan innehålla olika tillagd information eller till och med vara i olika format. En model tränas genom att använda kontrast-inlärning på genererade par av affärer och konfirmationer av affärer för att kunna para ihop paren i det latenta rummet genom att se vilka grannar som ligger närmast. Nogrannheten mäts genom att dela antalet korrekt klassificerade exempel med det totala antalet par i en grupp test-par. Modellen uppnår en noggrannhet så hög som 97.8% på 100 affärs-konfirmationspar med ett 30-dimensionellt latent rum, och det visas att kontrast-inlärning kan användas för att lösa problemet. Det är dock svårt att säga mycket om hur väl modellen kan generalisera de inlärda kunskaperna eftersom träningsdatan behövde genereras och därför saknar en del av komplexiteten av ett äkte data set.

Intresset för att handla med värdepapper har under senare år ökat succesivt bland svenska hushåll. För banker innebär detta en möjlighet till att öka intäkterna, men på grund av att bankerna verkar i en konkurrensintensiv bransch behöver bankerna arbeta proaktivt för att bemöta kundernas preferenser. Tidigare forskning har framhävt att bankens varumärke, relativa prissättning och digitala användarvänlighet är framträdande faktorer vid kundens val av bank i allmänhet. I denna studie appliceras dessa faktorer och testar deras påverkan för kundens val av bank för värdepappershandel. För att testa faktorernas påverkan har en kvantitativ studie genomförts via en internetenkät som resulterade i empiriska data från 130 respondenter. Resultatet har sedan presenterats genom statistiska metoder för att sedan analyseras. Resultatet som presenteras påvisar att bankernas relativa prissättning är en påverkande faktor till kundens val av bank för värdepappershandel. Däremot kunde resultatet inte påvisa att varumärke och användarvänlighet har en påverkan på kundens val av bank för värdepappershandel vilket gör att resultatet för denna studie skiljer sig från vad tidigare forskning påvisat för kundens val av bank. För att kunderna skall välja banken för att bedriva värdepappershandel är det en god idé för bankerna att arbeta kostnadseffektivt för att kunna erbjuda låga priser och således bli konkurrenskraftiga inom värdepappershandeln. / The interest in trading in securities had increased gradually in recent years among Swedish households. For banks, this means an opportunity to increase revenues, but due to the fact that banks operate in a competitive industry, the banks need to work proactively to meet customer preferences. Previous research has emphasized that the bank’s brand, relative pricing and digital user-friendliness are prominent factors in the customer’s choice of bank in general. In this study, these factors are applied to test their impact on the customer’s choice of bank for securities trading. To test the influence of the factors, a quantitative study was conducted through an internet survey which resulted in empirical from 130 respondents. The results are presented using statistical methods and are thereafter analyzed. The results presented show that the banks’ relative pricing is a determining factor in the customer’s choice of bank for securities trading. However, the results could not show that brand and user-friendliness have a significant impact on the customer’s choice of bank for securities trading, which means that the result for this study differ from previous research findings for customer’s choice of bank. In order for customers to choose the bank to conduct securities trading, it is a good idea for the banks to work cost-effectively to be able to offer low prices and thus become competitive in securities trading.

Rapid rate of digitalization, emerging financial technology and changes in consumer behaviour have begun to transform the existing paradigm in the financial industry. Incumbent banks have found it difficult to keep up with this change however and are now faced with the challenge of deciding on what digital financial services build internally, buy externally or develop through partnerships. This study attempts to get a general overview of what factors traditional Swedish retail banks need to consider before deciding on a build, buy or partner strategy in order to digitize their financial services offering. This is done through a case study, where the empirical data consists of interviews with the retail division of a Swedish bank looking to digitize their securities trading offering as a response to a transforming industry. A few interviews were also conducted with people outside of the bank to increase the generalizability somewhat. The findings of the study identified 16 factors to be considered by traditional banks when faced with the challenge of deciding on whether to build, buy or partner in order to digitize their securities trading offering. Out of these, 9 factors were deemed to be especially important; Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Flexibility, Uncertainty, Supplier/Partner Relationship, Economies of Scale, Specialized Resources, Integration, Asset Specificity and Regulation. Several of the factors identified were shown to influence the build, buy or partner decision both positively and negatively and their impact should therefore be carefully evaluated and weighed against each other by managers before making a final decision on a build, buy or partner strategy. / Ökad digitaliseringstakt, ny finansiell teknologi och förändringar i kundbeteenden driver på en transformering inom finansindustrin. Traditionella banker har haft svårt att följa med i denna utveckling, och ställs nu inför utmaningen att bestämma vilka digital finansiella tjänster de bör bygga internt, köpa in externt eller utveckla tillsammans med en extern aktör genom ett partnerskap. Denna studie syftar till att få en generell överblick över vilka faktorer som svenska storbanker behöver överväga innan de beslutar sig för en bygg-, köp- eller partnerstrategi för att digitalisera sitt erbjudande av finansiella tjänster. Detta görs i form av en case studie, där den empiriska datan till största del består av intervjuer med nyckelpersonal från en svensk bank som ingår i ett projekt att försöka digitalisera deras värdepappershandelserbjudande som ett svar på en industri i förändring. Ett fåtal intervjuer genomfördes också med personer utanför banken för att öka generaliserbarheten av studien något. Resultatet av studien identifierade 16 faktorer som bör övervägas av traditionella banker som ställs inför beslutet om att bygga, köpa eller ingå i ett partnerskap för att digitalisera sitt värdepappershandelserbjudande. Av dessa anses 9 faktorer vara särskilt viktiga; Långsiktiga Konkurrensfördelar, Flexibilitet, Osäkerhet, Leverantörs-/Partnerrelation, Stordriftsfördelar, Specialiserade Resurser, Integration, Funktionsspecificitet och Regelverk. Resultatet indikerar också att flera av de identifierade faktorer kan påverka beslutet om en bygg-, köp- eller partnerstrategi både positivt och negativt. Deras påverkan bör därför utvärderas noggrant och jämföras mot varandra innan ett slutligt beslut tas gällande en bygg, köp eller partnerstrategi.

The introduction of contracts for difference, CFDs, in the Nordic market has meant a tremendous freedom for both large investors and small investors. CFDs, like many other financial derivatives, allow speculation on price movements in virtually all global markets with easy access to leverage, which is the same as borrowed capital. CFDs carry high risk and hence should only be used by qualified traders.  Swedish CFD providers have been criticized for mass marketing their services with lack of regard for the industry's sustainability. The legal requirements placed on CFD providers for customer's creditworthiness and knowledge are also said to be weak, given the products complexity and high risk. Thus, the purpose with this research is to respond to the criticism by examining the level of risk management, and the level of strategic awareness among CFD traders. The epistemological orientation of this research conforms to the philosophy of positivism, and the research approach is consistent with the deductive approach. The research is based on a quantitative data collection method were a survey was carried out with CMC Markets’ customers with 233 respondents.After examining the usage of risk management tools, position sizing and monitoring; the results suggest that the level of risk management among CFD traders is moderately high. For a trading strategy to function, and hence be successful, it is important that traders are consistent with the various components that a trading strategy consists of. After examining to what extent the CFD traders positions are based on rules and signals as well as loyalty to them, to what extent they optimize their trading strategy, and lastly to what extent they use available strategy methods I came to the conclusion that there is a relatively low level of strategic awareness.Keywords: CMC Markets, Finance, CFDs, Investment, Derivative, Securities Trading, CFD Trading, Stocks, Risk management, Strategic awareness, Trading strategy, Technical analysis, Fundamental analysis